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Currently, it is crucial for the lubricant formulation industry to explore cost-effective and environmentally friendly methodologies for analyzing the tribological properties of engine aviation lubricants under high-temperature and high-pressure operating conditions. This study demonstrates the feasibility of employing molecular dynamic simulations to gain essential insights into the evolution of the tribological properties of lubricants during operation. A three-layer molecular model was devised, comprising nickel aluminide molecules in the top and bottom layers, and polyol ester in the core. The impact of sliding velocities ranging from 20 km/h to 100 km/h was investigated under varying temperature and pressure conditions. Concentration, temperature and velocity profiles, radial distribution function, mean square displacement, and friction coefficient were calculated and analyzed in detail. Notably, the highest friction coefficients - ranging from 2.5 to 0.75 - were observed at the lowest temperature and pressure conditions tested. Conversely, other sections of the gas turbine exhibited substantially lower friction coefficients - ranging from 0 to 0.01.Simulations demonstrate that increasing pressure and temperature reduce polymer chain mobility, leading to stronger internal interactions within the lubricant. Consequently, lubricant adsorption onto metal surfaces decreases. Furthermore, the lubricant performs exceptionally well when its molecules encounter higher velocities and temperatures. Based on the results obtained, the research demonstrates that the presented technique provides both quantitative and qualitative tribological information essential for understanding a system molecular behavior, serving as a guiding framework for researchers in the field.
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Lubricantes , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Lubricantes/química , Fricción , Presión , Temperatura , LubrificaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Despite being at elevated risk for HIV, men who have sex with transgender women (MSTW) are an overlooked population in the global HIV response. Venue-based HIV interventions have previously had success reaching other HIV priority populations, including transgender women (TW). Similar approaches could be applied for MSTW. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prospective acceptability of venue-based HIV testing and prevention interventions for MSTW and TW in Lima, Peru. METHODS: In this exploratory qualitative study, we conducted in-depth interviews (IDI) and focus group discussions (FGD) with three types of participants: MSTW (7 IDIs, 1 FGD), TW (1 FGD), and owners of social venues frequented by MSTW/TW in Lima (2 IDIs). We elicited participants' attitudes and perceptions related to the following four hypothetical interventions delivered at social venues in Lima: rapid HIV testing; HIV self-test distribution; condom/lubricant distribution; and enrolment in a mobile app supporting HIV prevention. We performed a mixed deductive-inductive thematic analysis using the framework method, then applied the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability to classify the overall acceptability of each intervention. RESULTS: Condom/lubricant distribution and app-based HIV prevention information were highly acceptable among all participant types. The two HIV testing interventions had relatively lower acceptability; however, participants suggested this could be overcome if such interventions focused on ensuring discretion, providing access to healthcare professionals, and offering appropriate incentives. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, MSTW and TW shared similar favourable attitudes towards venue-based HIV interventions. Venue-based outreach warrants further exploration as a strategy for engaging MSTW and TW in HIV prevention activities.
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Infecciones por VIH , Personas Transgénero , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/diagnóstico , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Perú/epidemiología , Estudios Prospectivos , Prueba de VIH , LubricantesRESUMEN
Lubricants play a pivotal role in human reproductive health, particularly concerning their impact on sperm parameters. In this systematic review, we assess the implications of both synthetic and natural or organic lubricants on sperm health and fertility, based on a compilation of 20 distinct studies. Synthetic lubricants, including K-Y Jelly, Replens, and Astroglide, predominantly containing ingredients like methylparaben and glycerin, have been linked to detrimental effects on sperm motility and chromatin integrity. Chemical characteristics, notably osmolality and pH, are central to understanding these effects. Despite the World Health Organization's osmolality recommendation of 380 mOsm/kg, many commercial products surpass this. Natural solutions offer varied results, while olive oil exhibits unfavorable effects on sperm health, egg white proves non-toxic, potentially benefitting sperm health. Conversely, Pre-Seed, widely endorsed in the research community, generally demonstrates minimal adverse impact on sperm. The review highlights the significance of lubricant selection in evidence-based reproductive strategies.
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Lubricantes , Motilidad Espermática , Espermatozoides , Lubricantes/toxicidad , Masculino , Humanos , Espermatozoides/efectos de los fármacos , Motilidad Espermática/efectos de los fármacos , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacos , Fertilidad/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine if the use of lubricating gel on the speculum during the cervicovaginal cytology examination interferes with the results obtained, as well as whether it reduces reported discomfort in patients. DATA SOURCES: A systematic review was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations, with a search in the Pubmed/Medline, Scielo, Cochrane Library, Embase databases of articles published between January 2011 and May 2022. The keywords used were cytology, speculum, lubricant, result, and pain. SELECTION OF STUDIES: The initial search resulted in 306 articles, of which were excluded three because they were duplicates, 257 after reading the title and abstract and 41 after reading the full text. Thus, five articles were selected for the study: four randomized clinical trials and one metanalysis. DATA COLLECTION: The selection of articles was performed by two investigators. The 5 selected articles were read in full and submitted to a comparative analysis. DATA SYNTHESIS: Screening through cervicovaginal cytology allows for early diagnosis and reduction of associated mortality, but the procedure can be associated with pain. A small amount of aqueous lubricating gel in the speculum can be used to reduce the discomfort associated with performing cervicovaginal cytology. CONCLUSION: The use of lubricating gel in the speculum does not seem to be associated with a change in the cytology result and reduces the discomfort associated with its insertion into the vagina.
OBJETIVO: Determinar se o uso de gel lubrificante no espéculo durante o exame de citologia cervicovaginal interfere com os resultados obtidos e se diminui o desconforto relatado por pacientes. FONTES DE DADOS: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática segundo as recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), com pesquisa nas bases de dados Pubmed/Medline, Scielo, Cochrane Library, Embase, de artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2011 e julho de 2022. Utilizaram-se as palavras-chave citologia, espéculo, lubrificante, resultado e dor. SELEçãO DOS ESTUDOS: A pesquisa inicial resultou em 306 artigos, dos quais foram excluídos três por se encontrarem duplicados, 257 após a leitura do título e do resumo e 41 após a leitura integral. Assim, foram selecionados cinco artigos para o estudo: quatro ensaios clínicos aleatorizados e uma metanálise. COLETA DE DADOS: A seleção dos artigos foi realizada por dois investigadores. Os cinco artigos selecionados foram lidos na íntegra e submetidos a uma análise comparativa. SíNTESE DOS DADOS: O rastreio através da citologia cervicovaginal permite um diagnóstico precoce e redução da mortalidade associada, mas a sua realização pode estar associada a dor. Uma pequena quantidade de gel lubrificante aquoso pode ser utilizada no espéculo para diminuir o desconforto associado à realização da citologia cervicovaginal. CONCLUSãO: A utilização de gel lubrificante não está associada a alteração do resultado da citologia e diminui o desconforto associado à sua introdução na vagina.
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Lubricantes , Dolor , Femenino , Humanos , Dolor/etiología , VaginaRESUMEN
Abstract Objective To determine if the use of lubricating gel on the speculum during the cervicovaginal cytology examination interferes with the results obtained, as well as whether it reduces reported discomfort in patients. Data sources A systematic review was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations, with a search in the Pubmed/Medline, Scielo, Cochrane Library, Embase databases of articles published between January 2011 and May 2022. The keywords used were cytology, speculum, lubricant, result, and pain. Selection of studies The initial search resulted in 306 articles, of which were excluded three because they were duplicates, 257 after reading the title and abstract and 41 after reading the full text. Thus, five articles were selected for the study: four randomized clinical trials and one metanalysis. Data collection The selection of articles was performed by two investigators. The 5 selected articles were read in full and submitted to a comparative analysis. Data synthesis Screening through cervicovaginal cytology allows for early diagnosis and reduction of associated mortality, but the procedure can be associated with pain. A small amount of aqueous lubricating gel in the speculum can be used to reduce the discomfort associated with performing cervicovaginal cytology. Conclusion The use of lubricating gel in the speculum does not seem to be associated with a change in the cytology result and reduces the discomfort associated with its insertion into the vagina.
Resumo Objetivo Determinar se o uso de gel lubrificante no espéculo durante o exame de citologia cervicovaginal interfere com os resultados obtidos e se diminui o desconforto relatado por pacientes. Fontes de dados Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática segundo as recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), com pesquisa nas bases de dados Pubmed/Medline, Scielo, Cochrane Library, Embase, de artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2011 e julho de 2022. Utilizaram-se as palavras-chave citologia, espéculo, lubrificante, resultado e dor. Seleção dos estudos A pesquisa inicial resultou em 306 artigos, dos quais foram excluídos três por se encontrarem duplicados, 257 após a leitura do título e do resumo e 41 após a leitura integral. Assim, foram selecionados cinco artigos para o estudo: quatro ensaios clínicos aleatorizados e uma metanálise. Coleta de dados A seleção dos artigos foi realizada por dois investigadores. Os cinco artigos selecionados foram lidos na íntegra e submetidos a uma análise comparativa. Síntese dos dados O rastreio através da citologia cervicovaginal permite um diagnóstico precoce e redução da mortalidade associada, mas a sua realização pode estar associada a dor. Uma pequena quantidade de gel lubrificante aquoso pode ser utilizada no espéculo para diminuir o desconforto associado à realização da citologia cervicovaginal. Conclusão A utilização de gel lubrificante não está associada a alteração do resultado da citologia e diminui o desconforto associado à sua introdução na vagina.
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Humanos , Femenino , Instrumentos Quirúrgicos , Dimensión del Dolor , Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud , Lubricantes/administración & dosificación , Biología CelularRESUMEN
To describe the experience in a recently created ocular graft-versus-host disease unit in a tertiary hospital and to detail ocular surface features and complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). This retrospective study included all patients who underwent allo-HSCT, with or without chronic GVHD and were being monitored in the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit in the UNICAMP Clinical Hospital (Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil) from 2015 to 2020. Patients were concomitantly evaluated by hematology and ophthalmology teams of the Ocular GVHD Unit. Hematologists performed a comprehensive systemic evaluation searching and grading mouth, skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver and genitalia GVHD. While ophthalmologists evaluated ocular symptoms through specific questionnaire (Ocular Surface Disease Index-OSDI) and a protocol of distinct ocular surface parameters for dry eye disease (1) and ocular complications, which encompassed meniscometry, non-invasive tear break-up time (NITBUT) measurement, conjunctival hyperemia quantification, meibography, fluorescein and lissamine staining and Schirmer's test. Patients were diagnosed with chronic GVHD using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Criteria for Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease. The International Chronic Ocular GVHD Consensus Group (ICOGCG) score was obtained at the onset of ocular disease presentation or afterwards. A total of 82 patients underwent allo-HSCT (97.6% full matched and 2.4% haploidentical), mainly for cases of leukemia and 73.2% had chronic GVHD. Mean onset time for chronic GVHD was 232 ± 7.75 days. The mouth, skin, and eyes were the main organs involved (63%, 50%, and 48%, respectively). Symptom scores and all ocular surface parameters differ in patients with and without chronic GVHD and along different timepoints of the follow-up. Ocular complications mostly involved were severe DED and meibomian gland dysfunction, conjunctival scarring, cataract and infections resulting in keratitis and corneal perforation. As therapeutic strategies, 73% patients received preservative-free lubricants, 27% autologous serum, 48% topical steroids, 27% oral tetracycline derivatives, 22% mucolytic eye drops and 3 patients needed bandage contact lens. Ocular GVHD is a complex and challenging disease with varied manifestations, resulting in a broad range of ocular test endpoints, and inconsistent treatment responses. The main ocular presentations were dry eye, meibomian gland dysfunction and cataracts. The therapeutic approach often involves topical steroids and autologous serum tears. It is important to monitor these patients closely, so the ocular GVHD Unit may improve the care, providing prompt identification of ocular manifestations and faster treatment of complications.
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Síndromes de Ojo Seco , Enfermedad Injerto contra Huésped , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas , Disfunción de la Glándula de Meibomio , Brasil , Síndromes de Ojo Seco/diagnóstico , Síndromes de Ojo Seco/etiología , Síndromes de Ojo Seco/terapia , Expectorantes/uso terapéutico , Fluoresceína/metabolismo , Enfermedad Injerto contra Huésped/diagnóstico , Enfermedad Injerto contra Huésped/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad Injerto contra Huésped/etiología , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/efectos adversos , Humanos , Lubricantes/uso terapéutico , Soluciones Oftálmicas/uso terapéutico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tetraciclinas/uso terapéutico , Trastornos de la Visión/complicacionesRESUMEN
In this study, soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD), a mixture of free fatty acids and acylglycerides, and isoamyl alcohol were evaluated as substrates in the synthesis of fatty acid isoamyl monoesters catalyzed by Eversa (a liquid formulation of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase). SODD and the products were characterized by the chemical and physical properties of lubricant base stocks. The optimal conditions to produce isoamyl fatty acid esters were determined by response surface methodology (RSM) using rotational central composite design (RCCD, 23 factorial + 6 axial points + 5 replications at the central point); they were 1 mol of fatty acids (based on the SODD saponifiable index) to 2.5 mol isoamyl alcohol, 45 °C, and 6 wt.% enzymes (enzyme mass/SODD mass). The effect of the water content of the reactional medium was also studied, with two conditions of molecular sieve ratio (molecular sieve mass/SODD mass) selected as 39 wt.% (almost anhydrous reaction medium) and 9 wt.%. Ester yields of around 50 wt.% and 70 wt.% were reached after 50 h reaction, respectively. The reaction products containing 43.7 wt.% and 55.2 wt.% FAIE exhibited viscosity indices of 175 and 163.8, pour points of -6 °C and -9 °C, flash points of 178 and 104 °C, and low oxidative stability, respectively. Their properties (mainly very high viscosity indices) make them suitable to be used as base stocks in lubricant formulation industries.
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Lubricantes , Aceite de Soja , Esterificación , Ácidos Grasos/química , Lipasa/química , Aceite de Soja/químicaRESUMEN
Lubricants are materials able to reduce friction and/or wear of any type of moving surfaces facilitating smooth operations, maintaining reliable machine functions, and reducing risks of failures while contributing to energy savings. At present, most worldwide used lubricants are derived from crude oil. However, production, usage and disposal of these lubricants have significant impact on environment and health. Hence, there is a growing pressure to reduce demand of this sort of lubricants, which has fostered development and use of green lubricants, as vegetable oil-based lubricants (biolubricants). Despite the ecological benefits of producing/using biolubricants, availability of the required raw materials and agricultural land to create a reliable chain supply is still far from being established. Recently, biomass from some microalgae species has attracted attention due to their capacity to produce high-value lipids/oils for potential lubricants production. Thus, this multidisciplinary work reviews the main chemical-physical characteristics of lubricants and the main attempts and progress on microalgae biomass production for developing oils with pertinent lubricating properties. In addition, potential microalgae strains and chemical modifications to their oils to produce lubricants for different industrial applications are identified. Finally, a guide for microalgae oil selection based on its chemical composition for specific lubricant applications is provided.
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Biomasa , Lubricantes , Microalgas , Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Reactores Biológicos , Biotecnología , Lubricantes/química , Lubricantes/aislamiento & purificación , Lubrificación , Microalgas/química , Microalgas/crecimiento & desarrollo , FotosíntesisRESUMEN
The esterification reactions catalyzed by lipases are among the most significant biochemical processes of industrial relevance. The lipases have the function of versatility by catalyzing a diversity of reactions with extreme ease, obtaining quality products with high yield. Therefore, enzyme-catalyzed esterification has gained increasing attention in many applications, due to the importance of derived products. More specifically, lipase-catalyzed esterification reactions have attracted interest in research over the past decade, due to the increased use of organic esters in the chemical and biotechnology industry. These esters can be obtained by three techniques: extraction from natural sources, chemical and enzymatic syntheses. Biotechnological processes have offered several advantages and are shown as a competitive alternative to chemical methods due to high catalytic efficiency, mild operating conditions, and selectivity of natural catalysts. These an industrial point of view, reactions catalyzed by enzymes are the most economical approach to achieve green products with no toxicity and no harm to human health. Thus, this review presents a descriptive evaluation of the trends and perspectives applied to enzymatic esterification, mainly for the synthesis of esters with different properties, such as aromatics, emulsifiers, and lubricants using the esterification process. An emphasis is given to essential factors, which affect the lipase-catalyzed esterification reaction. In which, the parameters are dependent on the lipase source, a form of the biocatalyst (free or immobilized), the polarity of the reaction medium, the molar ratio between alcohol and acid, among other variables, are also discussed.
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Enzimas Inmovilizadas , Ésteres , Biocatálisis , Biotransformación , Enzimas Inmovilizadas/metabolismo , Esterificación , Ésteres/metabolismo , Etanol , Humanos , Lipasa/química , LubricantesRESUMEN
Entender el desgaste prematuro en reemplazos articulares debido a una lubricación deficiente, que puede resultar en valores de fricción altos, es un tema amplio e intrincado de abordar. Además, si el lubricante es el fluido sinovial, los mecanismos de lubricación que ocurren son aún más complejos de develar. En este artículo se revisa el estado de conocimiento actual de la lubricación sinovial, así como las características reológicas del fluido lubricante. Asimismo, se mencionan algunas técnicas experimentales y métodos numéricos con los que se ha estudiado el problema de la lubricación. En algunas simulaciones numéricas de la lubricación en reemplazos articulares no se considera el efecto del esfuerzo cortante del líquido sinovial ya que se asume que tiene un comportamiento newtoniano, sin embargo, otras investigaciones han demostrado que al asumir un comportamiento no newtoniano el proceso de lubricación se afecta significativamente. Con todo esto, incorporar todos los factores que pueden afectar la lubricación en reemplazos articulares, en simulaciones numéricas hasta la fecha es un reto. A través de diversas investigaciones se buscan nuevos materiales, diseños y técnicas de análisis que permitan incrementar la vida útil de los implantes para así reducir las cirugías de revisión(AU)
derstanding premature wear in joint replacements due to poor lubrication, which can result in high friction values, is a broad and intricate topic to address. In addition, if the lubricant is the synovial fluid, the lubrication mechanisms that occur are even more complex to unveil. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on synovial lubrication, as well as the rheological characteristics of the lubricating fluid. It is also made a mention of some experimental techniques and numerical methods with which the problem of lubrication has been studied. In some numerical simulations of lubrication in joint replacements the effect of the shear stress of the synovial fluid is not considered since it is assumed to have a Newtonian behavior; however, other research has shown that by assuming a non-Newtonian behavior the lubrication process is significantly affected. With all this, incorporating all the factors that can affect lubrication in joint replacements, in numerical simulations to date is a challenge. Through various investigations, new materials, designs and analysis techniques are sought to increase the useful life of implants in order to reduce revision surgeries(AU)
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Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro/métodos , Lubricantes/uso terapéutico , Prótesis Articulares , Artroplastia/métodosRESUMEN
Los presentes lineamientos técnicos han sido elaborados en función de garantizar la cobertura y el acceso universal en salud. Sin embargo, la prevención de ITS/VIH, en particular en los grupos de población clave y vulnerable, se ve impactada por el estigma y discriminación, desigualdad en materia de género, violencia, falta de poder de decisión de las comunidades y vulneraciones de los derechos humanos, derechos sexuales y derechos reproductivos. Es debido a lo anterior, que se han identificado acciones necesarias plasmadas en este documento, para superar dichas barreras de acceso en estos grupos de población
These technical guidelines have been prepared in order to guarantee the coverage and universal access in health. However, STI/HIV prevention, particularly in groups of key and vulnerable population, is impacted by stigma and discrimination, inequality in of gender, violence, lack of decision-making power of the communities and violations of the rights human rights, sexual rights and reproductive rights. It is due to the above, that they have been identified necessary actions embodied in this document, to overcome these barriers of access in these population groups
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Condones , Condones Femeninos , Grupos de Población , Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos , Lubricantes , Violencia , Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual , VIH , Discriminación SocialRESUMEN
This paper proposes a greener approach to the intensification of base oil recovery for truck engines (32,500 km of use) using ethanol, propan-2-ol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol, and butan-1-ol as solvents for the extraction of base oil, combining mechanical stirring (220 rpm) and ultrasound (25 °C, 24 kHz, and 400 W). The results indicated that the recovery yields of the base oil, using the mechanical stirring and ultrasound (MS-US) system, for ethanol, propan-2-ol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol, and butan-1-ol were approximately 3.1, 25.6, 71.6, and 85.5%, respectively. By contrast, the recovery yields using only mechanical stirring were 8.8, 28.9, 58.9, and 76.1%, respectively. The system with pre-extraction could effectively remove Ca (85.3-93.0%), Mg (67.2-82.9%), Na (31.7-62.5%), and Zn (0.0-71.7%). Finally, the results showed a reduction of almost 100% for the concentrations of Al, Cr, Fe, and Mo in the pre-extraction system. The mechanical stirring (5 min) and ultrasound (5 min) system were able to intensify the extraction process using environmentally friendly solvents.
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Etanol , Lubricantes , SolventesRESUMEN
The performance of the previously optimized magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregate of Eversa (Eversa-mCLEA) in the enzymatic synthesis of biolubricants by transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) with different alcohols has been evaluated. Eversa-mCLEA showed good activities using these alcohols, reaching a transesterification activity with isoamyl alcohol around 10-fold higher than with methanol. Yields of isoamyl fatty acid ester synthesis were similar using WCO or refined oil, confirming that this biocatalyst could be utilized to transform this residue into a valuable product. The effects of WCO/isoamyl alcohol molar ratio and enzyme load on the synthesis of biolubricant were also investigated. A maximum yield of around 90 wt.% was reached after 72 h of reaction using an enzyme load of 12 esterification units/g oil and a WCO/alcohol molar ratio of 1:6 in a solvent-free system. At the same conditions, the liquid Eversa yielded a maximum ester yield of only 34%. This study demonstrated the great changes in the enzyme properties that can be derived from a proper immobilization system. Moreover, it also shows the potential of WCO as a feedstock for the production of isoamyl fatty acid esters, which are potential candidates as biolubricants.
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Enzimas Inmovilizadas/química , Lubricantes/química , Aceites/química , Residuos , Alcoholes/química , Catálisis , Culinaria , Enzimas Inmovilizadas/metabolismo , Esterificación , Ésteres/química , Lipasa/química , Lipasa/metabolismo , Metanol/química , Pentanoles/química , Solventes , Aceite de Soja/química , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de FourierRESUMEN
In this work, a capacitive sensor made of recycled material is proposed to monitor oil quality in automotive workshops in order to reduce the waste of useful lubricant oil caused by shorter periods of use than those established by the manufacturers. The sensor was fabricated from a recycled aluminum heat sink and used to measure the permittivity of oil samples. The proposed method was compared with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis to evaluate degradation parameters, as described in standard practice ASTM E-2412. The obtained results showed good agreement between both techniques, validating the use of the proposed sensor to evaluate oil condition. The use of permittivity measurements could be used to evaluate oil quality in an easier, faster, and economical way compared with other laboratory tests.
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Lubricantes , Reciclaje , Aluminio , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de FourierRESUMEN
Lubricant oils are among oil-based products that are not fully consumed during its use, thereby producing non-biodegradable residues which can cause contamination of natural systems. This study evaluated the toxicity of new and used lubricating oil (0.01 and 0.1 mL L-1) in adult Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), by assessing the effects on oxidative stress, biotransformation enzymes (liver and gills), and histopathological alterations on hepatic and pancreatic tissues after 3 and 7 days of exposure. Results showed that 3-days exposure to 0.1 mL L-1 of used and new lubricating oil increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in liver of O. niloticus, respectively. In gills, catalase (CAT) was decreased in fish exposed to 0.1 mL L-1 of non-used oil after 3 days, but pronounced increases in CAT was detected after 7 days-exposure to both new and used oil. Shorter exposure to both concentrations of new and used oil also raised glutathione-S-transferase activity (GST) in gills. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) was induced in liver of fish exposed to 0.1 mL L-1of used oil after 3 and 7 days, however a reduced response of this enzyme was detected in gills of animals from both oil treatments. In vitro analysis showed that hepatic EROD was inhibited by lubricating oil exposures, with more pronounced responses in treatments containing used oil. Hepatic lesions, such as cytoplasmic vacuolization, nuclei abnormally, changes in hepatocytes shape, steatosis, cholestasis, eosinophilic inclusions and necrosis were mainly increased by 7 days exposure to used lubricating oil at higher concentration.
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Cíclidos/fisiología , Gasolina/toxicidad , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/patología , Lubricantes/toxicidad , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Automóviles , Biotransformación/efectos de los fármacos , Catalasa/genética , Catalasa/metabolismo , Cíclidos/genética , Cíclidos/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/genética , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/metabolismo , Branquias/efectos de los fármacos , Branquias/patología , Glutatión Transferasa/genética , Glutatión Transferasa/metabolismo , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Superóxido Dismutasa/genética , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Evaluating the efficacy of the fractional CO2 laser, promestriene, and vaginal lubricant to treat urinary symptoms in women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a randomized clinical trial with 72 postmenopausal women aged 50 years or older. The participants were randomized to one intervention each in three treatment groups fractional CO2 laser, promestriene, and vaginal lubricant. Urinary symptoms were assessed prior to treatment and 2 weeks after treatment completion using validated questionnaires, the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ-UI SF), and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Overactive Bladder (ICIQ-OAB). RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in the total ICIQ-UI SF score in the intragroup comparison (baseline vs. week 14) of the CO2 laser group (P = 0.004). This group also showed a statistically significant reduction in nocturia (1.33 ± 0.87 vs. 1.00 ± 0.76, respectively; P = 0.031). In the intergroup comparison after treatment, nocturia in the lubricant group had worsened compared with that of the other two groups (P = 0.002). Regarding the total ICIQ-OAB score, the results of the CO2 laser group were superior to those of the lubricant group in the intergroup comparison (7.76 ± 3.36, P = 0.020; analysis of variance P = 0.038). CONCLUSION: The results were significantly different between the intravaginal fractional CO2 laser and topical estrogen groups for treating urinary symptoms related to the genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Further controlled and randomized studies are needed. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.