RESUMEN
Legionella is an opportunistic waterborne pathogen that causes Legionnaires' disease. It poses a significant public health risk, especially to vulnerable populations in health care facilities. It is ubiquitous in manufactured water systems and is transmitted via inhalation or aspiration of aerosols/water droplets generated from water fixtures (e.g., showers and hand basins). As such, the effective management of premise plumbing systems (building water systems) in health care facilities is essential for reducing the risk of Legionnaires' disease. Chemical disinfection is a commonly used control method and chlorine-based disinfectants, including chlorine, chloramine, and chlorine dioxide, have been used for over a century. However, the effectiveness of these disinfectants in premise plumbing systems is affected by various interconnected factors that can make it challenging to maintain effective disinfection. This systematic literature review identifies all studies that have examined the factors impacting the efficacy and decay of chlorine-based disinfectant within premise plumbing systems. A total of 117 field and laboratory-based studies were identified and included in this review. A total of 20 studies directly compared the effectiveness of the different chlorine-based disinfectants. The findings from these studies ranked the typical effectiveness as follows: chloramine > chlorine dioxide > chlorine. A total of 26 factors were identified across 117 studies as influencing the efficacy and decay of disinfectants in premise plumbing systems. These factors were sorted into categories of operational factors that are changed by the operation of water devices and fixtures (such as stagnation, temperature, water velocity), evolving factors which are changed in-directly (such as disinfectant concentration, Legionella disinfectant resistance, Legionella growth, season, biofilm and microbe, protozoa, nitrification, total organic carbon(TOC), pH, dissolved oxygen(DO), hardness, ammonia, and sediment and pipe deposit) and stable factors that are not often changed(such as disinfectant type, pipe material, pipe size, pipe age, water recirculating, softener, corrosion inhibitor, automatic sensor tap, building floor, and construction activity). A factor-effect map of each of these factors and whether they have a positive or negative association with disinfection efficacy against Legionella in premise plumbing systems is presented. It was also found that evaluating the effectiveness of chlorine disinfection as a water risk management strategy is further complicated by varying disinfection resistance of Legionella species and the form of Legionella (culturable/viable but non culturable, free living/biofilm associated, intracellular replication within amoeba hosts). Future research is needed that utilises sensors and other approaches to measure these key factors (such as pH, temperature, stagnation, water age and disinfection residual) in real time throughout premise plumbing systems. This information will support the development of improved models to predict disinfection within premise plumbing systems. The findings from this study will inform the use of chlorine-based disinfection within premise plumbing systems to reduce the risk of Legionnaires disease.
Asunto(s)
Cloro , Desinfectantes , Legionella , Purificación del Agua , Cloraminas/farmacología , Cloro/farmacología , Compuestos de Cloro/farmacología , Desinfectantes/farmacología , Desinfección/métodos , Legionella/efectos de los fármacos , Óxidos/farmacología , Microbiología del Agua , Purificación del Agua/métodos , Abastecimiento de AguaRESUMEN
The majority of antibiotics are natural products, with microorganism-generated molecules and their derivatives being the most prevalent source of drugs to treat infections. Thus, identifying natural products remains the most valuable resource for novel therapeutics. Here, we report the discovery of a series of dormant bacteria in honey that have bactericidal activity toward Legionella, a bacterial pathogen that causes respiratory disease in humans. We show that, in response to bacterial products secreted by Legionella, the honey bacteria release diffusible antimicrobial molecules. Remarkably, the honey bacteria only produce these molecules in response to Legionella spp., when compared to a panel of 24 bacterial pathogens from different genera. However, the molecules induced by Legionella have broad activity against several clinically important pathogens, including many high-priority pathogens. Thus, Legionella spp. are potent drivers of antimicrobial molecule production by uncharacterized bacteria isolated from honey, providing access to new antimicrobial products and an unprecedented strategy for discovering novel antibiotics. IMPORTANCE: Natural products generated by microorganisms remain the most viable and abundant source of new antibiotics. However, their discovery depends on the ability to isolate and culture the producing organisms and to identify conditions that promote antibiotic production. Here, we identify a series of previously undescribed bacteria isolated from raw honey and specific culture conditions that induce the production of antimicrobial molecules that are active against a wide variety of pathogenic bacteria.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos , Miel , Legionella , Legionella/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Humanos , Productos Biológicos/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Air spaces and material surfaces in a pathogen-contaminated environment can often be a source of infection to humans, and disinfection has become a common intervention focused on reducing the contamination levels. In this study, we examined the efficacy of SAIW, a unique electrolyzed water with chlorine-free, high pH, high concentration of dissolved hydrogen, and low oxygen reduction potential, for the inactivation of several viruses and bacteria. Infectivity assays revealed that initial viral titers of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza A virus, herpes simplex virus type 1, human coronavirus, feline calicivirus, and canine parvovirus, were reduced by 2.9- to 5.5-log10 within 30 s of SAIW exposure. Similarly, the culturability of three Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Legionella) dropped down by 1.9- to 4.9-log10 within 30 s of SAIW treatment. Mechanistically, treatment with SAIW was found to significantly decrease the binding and subsequent entry efficiencies of SARS-CoV-2 on Vero cells. Finally, we showed that this chlorine-free electrolytic ion water had no acute inhalation toxicity in mice, demonstrating that SAIW holds promise for a safer antiviral and antibacterial disinfectant.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Desinfectantes/farmacología , Desinfección/métodos , SARS-CoV-2/efectos de los fármacos , Inactivación de Virus/efectos de los fármacos , Agua/farmacología , Animales , Calicivirus Felino/efectos de los fármacos , Calicivirus Felino/crecimiento & desarrollo , Chlorocebus aethiops , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Electrólisis , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/crecimiento & desarrollo , Herpesvirus Humano 1/efectos de los fármacos , Herpesvirus Humano 1/crecimiento & desarrollo , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Virus de la Influenza A/efectos de los fármacos , Virus de la Influenza A/crecimiento & desarrollo , Legionella/efectos de los fármacos , Legionella/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ratones , Parvovirus Canino/efectos de los fármacos , Parvovirus Canino/crecimiento & desarrollo , SARS-CoV-2/crecimiento & desarrollo , Salmonella/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella/crecimiento & desarrollo , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Células Vero , Carga ViralRESUMEN
The growth of Legionella dumoffii can be inhibited by Galleria mellonella apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) which is an insect homologue of human apolipoprotein E., and choline-cultured L. dumoffii cells are considerably more susceptible to apoLp-III than bacteria grown without choline supplementation. In the present study, the interactions of apoLp-III with intact L. dumoffii cells cultured without and with exogenous choline were analyzed to explain the basis of this difference. Fluorescently labeled apoLp-III (FITC-apoLp-III) bound more efficiently to choline-grown L. dumoffii, as revealed by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The cell envelope of these bacteria was penetrated more deeply by FITC-apoLp-III, as demonstrated by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy analyses. The increased susceptibility of the choline-cultured L. dumoffii to apoLp-III was also accompanied by alterations in the cell surface topography and nanomechanical properties. A detailed analysis of the interaction of apoLp-III with components of the L. dumoffii cells was carried out using both purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and liposomes composed of L. dumoffii phospholipids and LPS. A single micelle of L. dumoffii LPS was formed from 12 to 29 monomeric LPS molecules and one L. dumoffii LPS micelle bound two molecules of apoLp-III. ApoLp-III exhibited the strongest interactions with liposomes with incorporated LPS formed of phospholipids isolated from bacteria cultured on exogenous choline. These results indicated that the differences in the phospholipid content in the cell membrane, especially PC, and LPS affected the interactions of apoLp-III with bacterial cells and suggested that these differences contributed to the increased susceptibility of the choline-cultured L. dumoffii to G. mellonella apoLp-III.
Asunto(s)
Apolipoproteínas/farmacología , Colina/farmacología , Suplementos Dietéticos , Legionella/efectos de los fármacos , Mariposas Nocturnas/microbiología , Animales , Membrana Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Fluorescencia , Colorantes Fluorescentes/metabolismo , Legionella/ultraestructura , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Liposomas , Microscopía de Fuerza Atómica , Azúcares/análisisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Since 2000, the National Health System has adopted international guidelines for assessing Legionella spp. in hospital water systems. The control of water contamination by Legionella spp. is still a matter of research concerning the most effective method in preventing nosocomial infections. AIM: To compare three different decontamination methods by monitoring colony-forming unit count and number of hospital-acquired legionellosis cases. A secondary objective was to evaluate the long-term effects of the preventive measures on the water pipes. METHODS: A protocol was developed for the selection of high-risk sampling sites and for the testing of three disinfection methods over the course of 19 years: hyperchlorination and thermal shock (period A, 2000-2005); copper-silver ionization (period B, 2006-2010); and integration of pre-filtering, filtering, pipe-protecting products, and remote control with chlorine dioxide (ClO2) (period C, 2011-2018). FINDINGS: The use of shock disinfection and hyperchlorination led to a decrease in contamination level immediately after the procedure, but then it rose again to the previous level in two months. Both copper-silver ionization and ClO2 disinfection showed a stable and durable decrease in contamination level. Throughout these three phases, six cases of Legionella spp. occurred during period A, six cases during period B, and three cases during period C. With regard to the damage of water pipes, effective copper-silver levels caused corrosion and calcification in water pipes. CONCLUSION: Both copper-silver ionization and ClO2 properly controlled Legionella spp. contamination. ClO2 significantly reduced the number of positive sites (P < 0.001) without damaging the pipelines.
Asunto(s)
Infección Hospitalaria/prevención & control , Descontaminación/métodos , Desinfectantes/farmacología , Control de Infecciones/métodos , Legionelosis/prevención & control , Compuestos de Cloro/farmacología , Cobre/farmacología , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Humanos , Legionella/efectos de los fármacos , Óxidos/farmacología , Plata/farmacología , Factores de Tiempo , Microbiología del AguaRESUMEN
Objective: Legionella is a waterborne pathogen that causes a severe form of pneumonia called Legionnaires' diseases, which is normally acquired by inhalation of aerosols containing Legionella originating from natural and man-made water systems. The aim of this study was to describe the level of antimicrobial susceptibility of environmental Legionella spp. strains to preferred and recommended therapeutic agents to treat Legionella disease. Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 60 environmental Legionella spp. strains were tested using the broth dilution method. Susceptibility testing was performed for 12 antimicrobial agents: macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin [AZI], and clarithromycin [CLA]), fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and gemifloxacin), a ketolide (telithromycin), cefotaxime (CEF), tigecycline (TIG), doxycycline (DOX), and rifampicin (RIF). Results: All tested strains of Legionella spp. were inhibited by low concentrations of fluoroquinolones and macrolides. Regarding the macrolides, CLA was the most active antibiotic, and AZI was the least active. RIF was the most effective antibiotic against the isolates in vitro. All isolates were inhibited by the following antibiotics (in decreasing order of their MICs): DOX>CEF>TIG. Conclusions: No resistance against these drugs was detected, and all isolates were inhibited by low concentrations of the tested antibiotics. Susceptibility testing of environmental Legionella spp. isolates must be monitored often to detect and evaluate the possible development of antibiotic resistance.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Legionella/efectos de los fármacos , Microbiología del Agua , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , MarruecosRESUMEN
A 44-year-old right-handed man with a 5-day history of non-productive cough associated with subjective fevers/chills and night sweats presented to the emergency department with slurred speech. Radiography and urine antigen testing confirmed the diagnosis of Legionella pneumonia The hospital course was complicated by acute hypoxic respiratory failure that required 7 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Following extubation, the patient had dysarthria and developed new parkinsonism features. Brain imaging revealed a non-specific focal lesion in the left frontal lobe of unclear significance. Ciprofloxacin was decided as the final antibiotic of choice for its favourable central nervous system profile. Levodopa-carbidopa was initiated to help activate the basal ganglia. The patient had complete resolution of pneumonia and transient parkinsonism. He was able to regain most of his baseline functional status with intensive rehabilitation.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de los Legionarios/complicaciones , Trastornos Parkinsonianos/microbiología , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/microbiología , Adulto , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Antiparkinsonianos/uso terapéutico , Carbidopa/uso terapéutico , Ciprofloxacina/uso terapéutico , Combinación de Medicamentos , Quimioterapia Combinada , Disartria , Humanos , Legionella/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedad de los Legionarios/tratamiento farmacológico , Levodopa/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Trastornos Parkinsonianos/tratamiento farmacológico , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Diagnosed and reported Legionella pneumonias are slightly increasing during recent years. This might at least partially be due to more frequently used diagnostic tests.In severe pneumonia, nucleic acid amplification based methods should supplement the L. pneumophila serogroup-1 urinary antigen test because of their improved spectrum and sensitivity.Recent in vitro data suggest enhanced efficacy of levofloxacin when compared to macrolides. This complements recent clinical cohort data. Thus levofloxacin (750-1000âmg/d) is regarded the treatment of choice for confirmed legionellosis. Second line options are azithromycin or moxifloxacin. Treatment duration of 7 days should be sufficient in most cases.Development of resistance is rare and no routine resistance testing is necessary.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos , Legionella/efectos de los fármacos , Legionelosis , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Humanos , Legionelosis/diagnóstico , Legionelosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Legionelosis/microbiología , Levofloxacino/farmacología , Levofloxacino/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Aim: Data are limited regarding the antibiotic susceptibility of Legionella pneumophila in India. The aim of this study was to determine the drug susceptibility of environmental L. pneumophila isolates in India for antibiotics commonly used in clinical practice for Legionnaires' disease treatment. Materials & methods: The activities of seven antibiotics against 46 environmental isolates of L. pneumophila were evaluated by using E-test on buffered charcoal yeast extract-α agar. Results: Among the L. pneumophila isolates tested, no tendency toward drug resistance was observed. Rifampicin was the most potent drug followed by levofloxacin, while doxycycline and tetracycline were found to be the less active agents. Conclusion: Susceptibility testing of Legionella environmental isolates could be beneficial to notify resistance to antibiotics in the environment before it becomes evident in clinical strains.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Microbiología Ambiental , Legionella pneumophila/efectos de los fármacos , Legionella pneumophila/aislamiento & purificación , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Fluoroquinolonas/farmacología , Humanos , India , Legionella/efectos de los fármacos , Legionella/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedad de los Legionarios/microbiología , Levofloxacino/farmacología , Macrólidos/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Rifampin/farmacología , Centros de Atención Terciaria , Tetraciclina/farmacología , Agua , Microbiología del AguaRESUMEN
The prevention of Legionella colonization of water systems is one of the goals of hospital management. Among chemical disinfection methods, chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has been largely used to control Legionella spp. in water systems. We performed a retrospective study to analyse data deriving from the surveillance plan of the water system in a large academic hospital in Rome (Italy) during the period August 2011 and August 2018. We collected the data deriving from the routine water samples used to monitor Legionella spp. colonization. Data from the water samples collected from 163 selected sampling points (hot water tanks, the return loop and distal outlets) was analysed using a life table analysis in order to investigate the duration of the effectiveness of the ClO2 method in eradicating Legionella spp. The colonization of the water sample by Legionella spp. was considered as the outcome. Our results show that in 81,59% of the sampling points Legionella spp. were never detected at four years of follow up. Chemical and physical characteristics of the water were also compared between the samples which were positive for Legionella spp. and those which were not. No association was found between these factors. The knowledge of the duration over time of the effectiveness of the ClO2 disinfection method could support decision-making processes in the framework of Risk Management activities in hospitals. Future studies could also be conducted in hospitals to compare the long-term cost-effectiveness of different Legionella spp. colonization prevention methods.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos de Cloro/farmacología , Desinfectantes/farmacología , Desinfección , Agua Potable/microbiología , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Legionella/fisiología , Óxidos/farmacología , Abastecimiento de Agua , Desinfección/estadística & datos numéricos , Hospitales Universitarios , Legionella/efectos de los fármacos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Ciudad de Roma , Microbiología del AguaRESUMEN
The family Legionellaceae consists of Gram-negative bacteria that are widely distributed in aquatic environments around the world. This family consists of a single genus, Legionella, that is recognized as an important cause of community-acquired pneumonia and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Legionella consists of intracellular pathogens, thus cellular pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of an antibiotic against these bacteria as well as uptake and subcellular distribution into macrophages should be considered for a successful outcome of disease. Treatment strategies for Legionella infection require a combination of multiple antibiotics. Hence, because of the possible development of resistance to the drugs during therapy, a new alternative targeted therapy is yielding promising results. In this study, a comprehensive in silico target identification pipeline was performed on members of the family Legionellaceae to identify the best targets. Using a homology-based computational pipeline method, new drug targets were identified. Of 4,358 analyzed proteins, 18 proteins, including proteins involved in metabolism (amino acid, energy, and lipid metabolisms), cellular transport, cell division, and cell motility, were selected as the final putative drug targets. These proteins play an important role in the survival and propagation of Legionella infection. In conclusion, homology-based methods could improve the identification of novel drug targets and the drug discovery process, which can potentially be effective for the prevention and treatment of Legionella infections.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Legionellaceae/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Bacterianas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Biología Computacional , Simulación por Computador , Tracto Gastrointestinal/microbiología , Humanos , Legionella/efectos de los fármacos , Legionella/genética , Legionellaceae/genética , Enfermedad de los Legionarios/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad de los Legionarios/microbiología , Proteoma , Homología de Secuencia de Ácido NucleicoAsunto(s)
Fiebre de Origen Desconocido/etiología , Enfermedad de los Legionarios/complicaciones , Viaje , Anciano , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Fiebre de Origen Desconocido/tratamiento farmacológico , Fiebre de Origen Desconocido/microbiología , Humanos , Legionella/efectos de los fármacos , Legionella/fisiología , Enfermedad de los Legionarios/tratamiento farmacológico , Levofloxacino/uso terapéutico , Tailandia , Resultado del Tratamiento , TurquíaRESUMEN
trans-Translation is a ribosome-rescue system that is ubiquitous in bacteria. Small molecules defining a new family of oxadiazole compounds that inhibit trans-translation have been found to have broad-spectrum antibiotic activity. We sought to determine the activity of KKL-35, a potent member of the oxadiazole family, against the human pathogen Legionella pneumophila and other related species that can also cause Legionnaires' disease (LD). Consistent with the essential nature of trans-translation in L. pneumophila, KKL-35 inhibited the growth of all tested strains at submicromolar concentrations. KKL-35 was also active against other LD-causing Legionella species. KKL-35 remained equally active against L. pneumophila mutants that have evolved resistance to macrolides. KKL-35 inhibited the multiplication of L. pneumophila in human macrophages at several stages of infection. No resistant mutants could be obtained, even during extended and chronic exposure. Surprisingly, KKL-35 was not synergistic with other ribosome-targeting antibiotics and did not induce the filamentation phenotype observed in cells defective for trans-translation. Importantly, KKL-35 remained active against L. pneumophila mutants expressing an alternate ribosome-rescue system and lacking transfer-messenger RNA, the essential component of trans-translation. These results indicate that the antibiotic activity of KKL-35 is not related to the specific inhibition of trans-translation and its mode of action remains to be identified. In conclusion, KKL-35 is an effective antibacterial agent against the intracellular pathogen L. pneumophila with no detectable resistance development. However, further studies are needed to better understand its mechanism of action and to assess further the potential of oxadiazoles in treatment.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Benzamidas/farmacología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/efectos de los fármacos , Legionella pneumophila/efectos de los fármacos , Legionella/efectos de los fármacos , Oxadiazoles/farmacología , Línea Celular , Humanos , Legionella/crecimiento & desarrollo , Legionella pneumophila/crecimiento & desarrollo , Enfermedad de los Legionarios , Macrólidos/farmacología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/microbiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Biosíntesis de ProteínasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Prevention of legionellosis remains a critical issue in healthcare settings where monochloramine (MC) disinfection was recently introduced as an alternative to chlorine dioxide in controlling Legionella spp. contamination of the hospital water network. Continuous treatments with low MC doses in some instances have induced a viable but non-culturable state (VBNC) of Legionella spp. AIM: To investigate the occurrence of such dormant cells during a long period of continuous MC treatment. METHODS: Between November 2010 and April 2015, 162 water and biofilm samples were collected and Legionella spp. isolated in accordance with standard procedures. In sampling sites where MC was <1.5mg/L, VBNC cells were investigated by ethidium monoazide bromide (EMA)-real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and 'resuscitation' test into Acanthamoeba polyphaga CCAP 1501/18. According to the Health Protection Agency protocol, free-living protozoa were researched in 60 five-litre water samples. FINDINGS: In all, 136 out of 156 (87.2%) of the samples taken from sites previously positive for L. pneumophila ST269 were negative by culture, but only 47 (34.5%) negative by qPCR. Although no positive results were obtained by EMA-qPCR, four out of 22 samples associated with MC concentration of 1.3 ± 0.5mg/L showed VBNC legionella resuscitation. The presence of the amoeba A. polyphaga in the hospital water network was demonstrated. CONCLUSION: Our study is the first report evidencing the emergence of VNBC legionella during a long period of continuous MC treatment of a hospital water network, highlighting the importance of keeping an appropriate and uninterrupted MC dosage to ensure the control of legionella colonization in hospital water supplies.
Asunto(s)
Cloraminas/farmacología , Desinfectantes/farmacología , Legionella/efectos de los fármacos , Legionella/aislamiento & purificación , Microbiología del Agua , Acanthamoeba/aislamiento & purificación , Acanthamoeba/microbiología , Azidas/metabolismo , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Hospitales , Legionella/fisiología , Viabilidad Microbiana/efectos de los fármacos , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodosAsunto(s)
Parto Obstétrico/métodos , Legionelosis/diagnóstico , Neumonía Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Canadá , Exantema/etiología , Femenino , Fiebre/etiología , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Legionella/efectos de los fármacos , Legionella/aislamiento & purificación , Legionelosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Parto , Neumonía Bacteriana/terapia , Respiración Artificial , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria del Recién Nacido/complicaciones , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria del Recién Nacido/terapia , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Microbiología del AguaRESUMEN
Legionella spp. are an important cause of pulmonary and rarely extrapulmonary infections. L. cincinnatiensis has only been implicated in five cases to date. We herein report the first case of L. cincinnatiensis septic arthritis in a 90-year old lady with a past medical history of chronic kidney disease. She developed septic arthritis of her left wrist after having received intraarticular corticosteroid injections and oral corticosteroids administered for presumed chondrocalcinosis. Appropriate antimicrobial treatment of L. cincinnatiensis septic arthritis was delayed until identification of this organism in joint biopsies by broad-range bacterial PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene with subsequent rDNA sequence analysis and by culture on special media. Reviewing all reported cases of septic arthritis caused by Legionella spp. other than L. cincinnatiensis it is notable that diagnosis was established by PCR in the majority of cases and only subsequently confirmed by special culture. Although most patients were immunosuppressed, outcome was favourable. Treatment consisted of a fluoroquinolone alone or in combination with rifampicin or a macrolide. Our case highlights the need for a high index of suspicion for infections with unusual/fastidious organisms when symptoms are suggestive of septic arthritis but conventional methods fail to identify a causative organism.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Artritis Infecciosa/tratamiento farmacológico , Legionella/fisiología , Legionelosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Artritis Infecciosa/microbiología , Femenino , Fluoroquinolonas/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Legionella/efectos de los fármacos , Legionella/genética , Legionelosis/diagnóstico , Legionelosis/microbiología , Macrólidos/uso terapéutico , ARN Bacteriano/análisis , ARN Ribosómico 16S/análisis , Rifampin/uso terapéutico , Suiza , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of waterborne strains of Legionella to eight antimicrobials commonly used in legionellosis therapy. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 66 environmental Legionella strains, isolated from fountains and cooling towers of public facilities (hotels, schools, and shopping malls) in Macau and Guangzhou, were tested using the microdilution method in buffered yeast extract broth. The MIC50/MIC90 values for erythromycin, cefotaxime (CTX), doxycycline (DOC), minocycline (MIN), azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin (LEV), and moxifloxacin were 0.125/0.5 mg/L, 4/8 mg/L, 8/16 mg/L, 4/8 mg/L, 0.125/0.5 mg/L, 0.031/0.031 mg/L, 0.031/0.031 mg/L, and 0.031/0.062 mg/L, respectively. Legionella isolates were inhibited by either low concentrations of macrolides and fluoroquinolones, or high concentrations of CTX and tetracycline drugs. LEV was the most effective drug against different Legionella species and serogroups of L. pneumophila isolates. The latter were inhibited in decreasing order by MIN > CTX >DOC, while non-L. pneumophila isolates were inhibited by CTX> MIN >DOC. In this study, we evaluated drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria from the environment. This may help predict the emergence of drug resistance, improve patient outcomes, and reduce hospitalization costs.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Agua Potable/microbiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Legionella/efectos de los fármacos , China , Legionella pneumophila/efectos de los fármacos , Macao , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Legionnaires' disease (LD) is recognized as an important hospital-acquired disease. Despite the several methods available, the optimal method to control hospital-acquired LD is not well established and their overall efficacy requires further evaluation. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review all controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of interventions to prevent hospital-acquired LD in patients at high risk of developing the disease and its effects on environmental colonization. METHODS: A database search was performed through PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (inception-November 2014). Eligible studies included all controlled studies evaluating interventions to prevent hospital-acquired LD in patients at high risk or evaluating the effect on environmental colonization. Both individual and pooled risk estimates were reported using risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS: There were no studies evaluating the risk reduction in hospital-acquired LD, but 4 studies evaluated the influence of copper-silver ionization and ultraviolet light in the reduction of environmental reservoirs of Legionella. The meta-analysis showed a significant 95% risk reduction of Legionella positivity in environmental samples using copper-silver ionization (RR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01-0.17) and 97% risk reduction with ultraviolet light (RR, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.002-0.41). CONCLUSIONS: The best available evidence suggests that copper-silver ionization and ultraviolet light are effective in reducing Legionella positivity in environmental samples. Nevertheless, the low quality of evidence weakens the robustness of conclusions.
Asunto(s)
Infección Hospitalaria/epidemiología , Infección Hospitalaria/prevención & control , Control de Infecciones/métodos , Enfermedad de los Legionarios/epidemiología , Enfermedad de los Legionarios/prevención & control , Cobre/farmacología , Desinfectantes/farmacología , Microbiología Ambiental , Hospitales , Humanos , Legionella/efectos de los fármacos , Legionella/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plata/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Omadacycline is a first-in-class aminomethylcycline antibiotic that circumvents common tetracycline resistance mechanisms. In vitro omadacycline has potent activity against Gram-positive aerobic bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant and multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. It is also active against common Gram-negative aerobes, some anaerobes and atypical bacteria including Legionella spp. and Chlamydia spp. Ongoing Phase III clinical trials with omadacycline are investigating once daily doses of 100 mg intravenously followed by once-daily doses of 300 mg orally for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. This paper provides an overview of the microbiology, nonclinical evaluations, clinical pharmacology and initial clinical experience with omadacycline.