RESUMEN
The objective of this studywas to identify the harvesting system applied for Tectona grandisandits adaptationsto describe the harvesting activities, characterization of the machines used and costing. The costs raised in this work were divided by activity and cost component. The work resulted in the description of the forest felling, this being carried out using three chainsaws of the Stihl brand, model MS 660 with the chainsaw teams adjusted to the scheme (1+1), an operator and a helper. As an adaptation of the system, the extraction was performed from inside the field to the storage yard, and executed with a Massey Ferguson tractor, model MF 275,of medium size with high axle, 4x2 rear-wheel drive, 75 horsepower and torque of approximately 28 kgfm adapted with a winch and use of drag chain, a tractor driver and two assistants. Labor wasthe most expensivecost, representing 80.82% of the total harvest cost. Gross profit per hectare was R$ 15,525.00, of which 30.76% was consumed by operating costs, being labor the most significant. Selling raw logs, as it was performed in this work, significantly decreases the price of the cubic meter.(AU)
O objetivo deste estudofoi identificar o sistema de colheita aplicado para Tectona grandis, suas adaptações, descrever as atividades de colheita, caracterização das máquinas utilizadas e o levantamento de custos. Os custos levantados neste trabalho foram divididos por atividade e por componente de custo. O trabalho resultou na descrição do corte florestal, este sendo executado com o auxílio de três motosserras da marca Stihl, modelo MS 660 com as equipes de motosseristas ajustadas para o esquema (1+1) um operadore um ajudante. Como uma adaptação do sistema, a extração foi realizada de dentro do talhão até o pátio de estocagem, e foi realizada com um trator Massey Ferguson, modelo MF 275,de tamanho médio com eixo alto, tração traseira 4x2, potência de 75 cavalos e torque de aproximadamente de 28 kgfm adaptado com guincho e uso de corrente para arraste, um tratorista e dois rabicheiros. Amão de obrarepresentou omaior custo, 80,82% do custo total da colheita. O lucro bruto por hectare foi de R$ 15.525,00, sendo 30,76% deste, consumido por custos operacionais, do qual o mais significativo foi a mão de obra. A venda em toras brutas como foi neste trabalho diminui significativamente o preço do metro cúbico.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Productos Agrícolas , Lamiales/clasificación , BosquesRESUMEN
Genlisea hawkingii, which is a new species of Genlisea subgen. Tayloria (Lentibulariaceae) from cerrado in southwest Brazil, is described and illustrated. This species has been found in only one locality thus far, in the Serra da Canastra, which is located in the Delfinópolis municipality in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The new species is morphologically similar to Genlisea violacea and G. flexuosa, but differs from them in having a corolla with a conical and curved spur along with sepals with an acute apex and reproductive organs that only have glandular hairs. Moreover, it is similar to G. uncinata's curved spur. G. hawkingii is nested within the subgen. Tayloria clade as a sister group to all the other species of this subgenus. Therefore, both morphological and phylogenetic results strongly support G. hawkingii as a new species in the subgen. Tayloria.
Asunto(s)
Lamiales/clasificación , Filogenia , Brasil , Conservación de los Recursos NaturalesRESUMEN
Background and Aims: The 'orchid-like' bladderworts ( Utricularia ) comprise 15 species separated into two sections: Orchidioides and Iperua . These robust and mostly epiphytic species were originally grouped within the section Orchidioides by the first taxonomical systems. These species were later split into two sections when sect. Iperua was proposed. Due to the lack of strong evidence based on a robust phylogenetic perspective, this study presents a phylogenetic proposal based on four different DNA sequences (plastid and nuclear) and morphology to test the monophyly of the two sections. Methods: In comparison with all previous phylogenetic studies, the largest number of species across the sections was covered: 11 species from sections Orchidioides and Iperua with 14 species as an external group. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inferences were applied to DNA sequences of rps16 , trnL-F , matK , the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and three morphological characters: (1) the crest of the corolla; (2) the primary organs in the embryo; and (3) tubers. Additionally, a histochemical analysis of the stolons and tubers is presented from an evolutionary perspective. Key Results: The analyses showed the paraphyly of sect. Iperua , since Utricularia humboldtii is more related to the clade of sect. Orchidioides . Utricularia cornigera is grouped in the sect. Iperua clade based on chloroplast DNA sequences, but it is nested to sect. Orchidioides according to ITS dataset. Morphological characters do not support the breaking up of the 'orchid-like' species into two sections, either. Moreover, the stolon-tuber systems of both sections serve exclusively for water storage, according to histological analyses. Conclusions: This study provides strong evidence, based on DNA sequences from two genomic compartments (plastid and nucleus) and morphology to group the Utricularia sect. Orchidioides into the sect. Iperua . The tubers are important adaptations for water storage and have been derived from stolons at least twice in the phylogenetic history of 'orchid-like' bladderworts.
Asunto(s)
Evolución Biológica , Lamiales/clasificación , Núcleo Celular/genética , ADN de Cloroplastos/genética , Lamiales/anatomía & histología , Lamiales/genética , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Tubérculos de la Planta/anatomía & histología , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
Lentibulariaceae is the richest family of carnivorous plants spanning three genera including Pinguicula, Genlisea, and Utricularia. Utricularia is globally distributed, and, unlike Pinguicula and Genlisea, has both aquatic and terrestrial forms. In this study we present the analysis of the chloroplast (cp) genome of the terrestrial Utricularia reniformis. U. reniformis has a standard cp genome of 139,725bp, encoding a gene repertoire similar to essentially all photosynthetic organisms. However, an exclusive combination of losses and pseudogenization of the plastid NAD(P)H-dehydrogenase (ndh) gene complex were observed. Comparisons among aquatic and terrestrial forms of Pinguicula, Genlisea, and Utricularia indicate that, whereas the aquatic forms retained functional copies of the eleven ndh genes, these have been lost or truncated in terrestrial forms, suggesting that the ndh function may be dispensable in terrestrial Lentibulariaceae. Phylogenetic scenarios of the ndh gene loss and recovery among Pinguicula, Genlisea, and Utricularia to the ancestral Lentibulariaceae cladeare proposed. Interestingly, RNAseq analysis evidenced that U. reniformis cp genes are transcribed, including the truncated ndh genes, suggesting that these are not completely inactivated. In addition, potential novel RNA-editing sites were identified in at least six U. reniformis cp genes, while none were identified in the truncated ndh genes. Moreover, phylogenomic analyses support that Lentibulariaceae is monophyletic, belonging to the higher core Lamiales clade, corroborating the hypothesis that the first Utricularia lineage emerged in terrestrial habitats and then evolved to epiphytic and aquatic forms. Furthermore, several truncated cp genes were found interspersed with U. reniformis mitochondrial and nuclear genome scaffolds, indicating that as observed in other smaller plant genomes, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, and the related and carnivorous Genlisea nigrocaulis and G. hispidula, the endosymbiotic gene transfer may also shape the U. reniformis genome in a similar fashion. Overall the comparative analysis of the U. reniformis cp genome provides new insight into the ndh genes and cp genome evolution of carnivorous plants from Lentibulariaceae family.