RESUMEN

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (isoniazid/rifampin[RIF]-resistant TB) ravages developing countries. Fitness is critical in clinical outcomes. Previous studies on RIF-resistant TB (RR-TB) showed competitive fitness gains and losses, with rpoB-S450L as the most isolated/fit mutation. This study measured virulence/resistance genes, phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) levels and their relationship with rpoB S450L ATCC25618 RR-TB strain fitness. After obtaining 10 different RR-TB GenoType MTBDRplus 2.0-genotyped isolates (with nontyped, S441, H445 and S450 positions), only one S450L isolate (R9, rpoB-S450L ATCC 25618, RR 1 µg/mL) was observed, with H445Y being the most common. A competitive fitness in vitro assay with wild-type (wt) ATCC 25618: R9 1:1 in 50 mL Middlebrook 7H9/OADC was performed, and generation time (G) in vitro and relative fitness were obtained. mRNA and PDIM were extracted on log and stationary phases. Fitness decreased in rpoB S450L and H445Y strains, with heterogeneous fitness cues in three biological replicas of rpoB-S450L: one high and two low fitness replicas. S450L strain had significant pknG increase. Compared with S450L, wt-rpoB showed increased polyketide synthase ppsA expression and high PDIM peak measured by HPLC-MS in log phase compared to S450L. This contrasts with previously increased PDIM in other RR-TB isolates.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Lípidos/biosíntesis , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Tuberculosis Resistente a Múltiples Medicamentos/genética , Antituberculosos/metabolismo , Antituberculosos/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Rifampin/metabolismo , Rifampin/uso terapéutico

RESUMEN

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-farrowing lipid supplementation for three days on performance parameters of sows and piglets and the survival rate of litters. Four hundred hyperprolific sows were randomly distributed in blocks according to their body condition score, weight, and parity order. Three levels of soybean oil were added on top at the time of feed supply and compared to the control treatment. The levels were: 250 mL, 500 mL, and 1,000 mL, in addition to the control that contained only the crude fat present in the feed (5.04%). Sows were weighed and evaluated for their body condition score at the beginning and end of the lactation period, and their piglets were weighed at birth, after 24 h, and at weaning to determine colostrum yield of the sow and daily weight gain of piglets during the lactation period. Survival rate of litters was also evaluated. Weight loss of gilts decreased linearly as the level of supplemented oil increased. The other parameters evaluated were not affected by treatments, suggesting that the supplemented soybean oil was used for growth rather than milk production of gilts. Additionally, it had no effect on the performance of multiparous females. Under the experimental conditions of this study, soybean oil supplementation for gilts in the first three days before farrowing decrease their weight loss but does not change their body condition score, colostrum yield, and performance and survival of their litters.(AU)

Asunto(s)

Animales , Femenino , Porcinos/fisiología , Aceite de Soja/efectos adversos , Calostro/química , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Lípidos/biosíntesis

RESUMEN

The sebaceous gland (SG) is involved in different inflammatory, infectious and neoplastic processes of the skin and can be related to specific diseases, e.g., diabetes mellitus. Sometimes, the histological diagnosis requires complementary tests due to the ability of diseases to mimic other tumors. We evaluated the sebaceous gland density in Non-obese diabetic mice to analyze the N-acetylcystein effects and swimming exercise treatment in sebaceous glands healing, using specific staining in histochemistry and immunohistochemistry reactions in the identification of the lipid expression in the sebaceous gland. We investigated the intracytoplasmic lipid expression and analysis of gland density from SG in dorsal skin samples from the Non-obese diabetic (NOD mice) and diabetic animals submitted to antioxidant treatment and physical exercise. For histological analysis of the sebaceous glands, specific staining in histochemistry with sudan black and immunohistochemistry reaction with adipophilin were used in the evaluation. Statistical analysis showed significant proximity between the values of the control group and the diabetic group submitted to the swimming exercise (DS group) and similar values between the untreated diabetic group (UD group) and diabetic group treated with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (DNa group), which did not prevent possible differences where p < 0.01. Adipophilin (ADPH) immunohistochemistry permitted more intense lipid staining in SGs, the preservation of the SG in the control group, and a morphological deformed appearance in the UD and DNa groups. However, weak morphological recovery of the SG was observed in the DS-Na group, being more expressive in the DS group. In conclusion, the groups submitted to physical exercises showed better results in the recovery of the analyzed tissue, even being in the physiological conditions caused by spontaneous diabetes.

Asunto(s)

Acetilcisteína/farmacología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/metabolismo , Lípidos/biosíntesis , Glándulas Sebáceas/efectos de los fármacos , Natación/fisiología , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Glucemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangre , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos NOD , Perilipina-2/metabolismo , Glándulas Sebáceas/anatomía & histología , Glándulas Sebáceas/metabolismo , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/metabolismo

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: The extraction of the hemicellulose fraction of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) by acid hydrolysis was evaluated in an autoclave and a Parr reactor aiming the application of the hydrolysate as a carbon source for lipid production by Lipomyces starkeyi. RESULTS: The hydrolysis that resulted in the highest sugar concentration was obtained by treatment in the Parr reactor (HHR) at 1.5% (m/v) H2SO4 and 120 °C for 20 min, reaching a hemicellulose conversion of approximately 82%. The adaptation of the yeast to the hydrolysate provided good fermentability and no lag phase. The fermentation of hemicellulose-derived sugars (HHR) by L. starkeyi resulted in a 27.8% (w/w) lipid content and YP/S of 0.16 g/l.h. Increasing the inoculum size increased the lipid content by approximately 61%, reaching 44.8% (w/w). CONCLUSION: The hemicellulose hydrolysate from SCB is a potential substrate for L. starkeyi to produce lipids for biodiesel synthesis based on the biorefinery concept.

Asunto(s)

Lipomyces/metabolismo , Aceites/metabolismo , Polisacáridos/química , Saccharum/química , Adaptación Fisiológica , Biocombustibles , Reactores Biológicos , Celulosa/química , Celulosa/metabolismo , Fermentación , Calor , Hidrólisis , Lípidos/biosíntesis , Lipomyces/crecimiento & desarrollo , Polisacáridos/metabolismo , Azúcares/química , Azúcares/metabolismo , Ácidos Sulfúricos/química

RESUMEN

AIMS: This research aimed to determine the potential use of wastes from the potato chips industry as a carbon source to develop an economical culture medium for the production of biomass, lipids and arachidonic acid (ARA) by Mortierella alpina. METHODS AND RESULTS: A synthetic culture medium was optimized using a Plackett-Burman and central composite rotatable design, and used as a base to evaluate and characterize the potential use of wastes from the potato chips industry as carbon sources for the production of biomass, lipids and ARA by M. alpina. The waste was selected among other solid and liquid hydrolysed residues/by-products, and local low-cost alternatives for nitrogen sources were also evaluated. After 6 days of fermentation, the biomass concentration reached 20 g l-1 with 40% of total lipids, and a 35% ARA content in the lipids fraction. Savings in production were calculated using a sensitivity analysis for the alternative culture medium in different scenarios. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a 7% savings in culture media expenses in the production of ARA-enriched biomass of M. alpina, compared to the conventional synthetic culture medium, when waste from the potato chips industry was used as an alternative source of carbon and macro/microelements, supplemented with a low-cost yeast extract alternative. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The demonstration of the use of potato chips wastes as a low-cost carbon source for the biomass, lipids and ARA production, suggesting an eco-friendly alternative for the use of agri-food wastes for valuable metabolites production.

Asunto(s)

Ácido Araquidónico/biosíntesis , Mortierella/metabolismo , Eliminación de Residuos/métodos , Solanum tuberosum , Ácido Araquidónico/economía , Biomasa , Carbono/metabolismo , Medios de Cultivo/economía , Medios de Cultivo/metabolismo , Fermentación , Lípidos/biosíntesis , Lípidos/economía , Mortierella/crecimiento & desarrollo , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Solanum tuberosum/química

RESUMEN

Cyanobacteria are essential for the vast number of compounds they produce and the possible applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetical, and food industries. As Lyngbya species' characterization is limited in the literature, we characterize this cyanobacterium's growth and biomass. L. purpureum was grown and analyzed under different salinities, culture media, and incubation times to determine the best conditions that favor its cell growth and the general production of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and some pigments as phycocyanin and chlorophyll a. In this study, each analyzed biomolecule's highest content was proteins 431.69 mg g-1, carbohydrates 301.45 mg g-1, lipids 131.5 mg g-1, chlorophyll a 4.09 mg g-1, and phycocyanin 40.4 mg g-1. These results can provide a general context of the possible uses that can be given to biomass and give an opening to investigate possible biocompounds or bio metabolites that can be obtained from it.

Asunto(s)

Biomasa , Lyngbya/efectos de los fármacos , Lyngbya/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/biosíntesis , Carbohidratos/biosíntesis , Clorofila A/biosíntesis , Medios de Cultivo , Lípidos/biosíntesis , Lyngbya/metabolismo , Ficocianina/biosíntesis , Solución Salina

RESUMEN

KEY MESSAGE: A sugarcane MYB present in the culm induces suberin biosynthesis and is involved both with fatty acid and phenolics metabolism. Few transcription factors have been described as regulators of cell wall polymers deposition in C4 grasses. Particularly, regulation of suberin biosynthesis in this group of plants remains poorly understood. Here, we showed that the sugarcane MYB transcription factor ShMYB78 is an activator of suberin biosynthesis and deposition. ShMYB78 was identified upon screening genes whose expression was upregulated in sugarcane internodes undergoing suberization during culm development or triggered by wounding. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of ShMYB78 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves induced the ectopic deposition of suberin and its aliphatic and aromatic monomers. Further, the expression of suberin-related genes was induced by ShMYB78 heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. ShMYB78 was shown to be a nuclear protein based on its presence in sugarcane internode nuclear protein extracts, and protoplast transactivation assays demonstrated that ShMYB78 activates the promoters of the sugarcane suberin biosynthetic genes ß-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (ShKCS20) and caffeic acid-O-methyltransferase (ShCOMT). Our results suggest that ShMYB78 may be involved in the transcriptional regulation of suberin deposition, from fatty acid metabolism to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, in sugarcane internodes.

Asunto(s)

Lípidos/biosíntesis , Nicotiana/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Saccharum/genética , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Núcleo Celular , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Lípidos/genética , Filogenia , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Nicotiana/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Three yeast strains were isolated from decaying wood of Chilean Valdivian forest and identified as Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Scheffersomyces coipomensis, and Sugiyamaella paludigena. These strains were able to efficiently grow on the major monomers contained in Pinus spp. and Eucalyptus spp. wood that includes glucose (Glc), xylose (Xyl), and mannose (Man), showing at 28 °C higher uptake rates for Man, and in some cases for Glc, than for Xyl, used as single carbon sources. Nevertheless, in cultures performed on sugar mixtures, the strains displayed a notable preference for Glc. Additionally, in sugar mixtures, the absence of regulatory mechanisms in sugar assimilation (e.g., catabolic repression) was observed and documented when the activities of several enzymes involved in sugar assimilation (i.e., phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphomannose isomerase, and xylulokinase) were determined. The activity of the key enzymes involved in the onset of lipid accumulation (i.e., NAD+-ICDH) and in fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis (i.e., ATP:CL) indicated a significant accumulation of storage lipids (i.e., up to 24%, w/w) containing oleic and palmitic acids as the major components. The present paper is the first report on the potential of M. guilliermondii, S. coipomensis, and S. paludigena as oleaginous yeasts. We conclude that the new isolates, being able to simultaneously assimilate the major lignocellulosic sugars and efficiently convert them into oily biomass, present a biotechnological potential which deserve further investigation.

Asunto(s)

Bosques , Lignina/metabolismo , Lípidos/biosíntesis , Azúcares/metabolismo , Levaduras/metabolismo , Eucalyptus/microbiología , Pinus/microbiología , Madera/microbiología , Levaduras/aislamiento & purificación

RESUMEN

Background: Oleaginous yeasts can be grown on different carbon sources, including lignocellulosic hydrolysate containing a mixture of glucose and xylose. However, not all yeast strains can utilize both the sugars for lipogenesis. Therefore, in this study, efforts were made to isolate dual sugar-utilizing oleaginous yeasts from different sources. Results: A total of eleven isolates were obtained, which were screened for their ability to utilize various carbohydrates for lipogenesis. One promising yeast isolate Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans S2 was selected based on its capability to use a mixture of glucose and xylose and produce 44.86 ± 4.03% lipids, as well as its tolerance to fermentation inhibitors. In order to identify an inexpensive source of sugars, nondetoxified paddy straw hydrolysate (saccharified with cellulase), supplemented with 0.05% yeast extract, 0.18% peptone, and 0.04% MgSO4 was used for growth of the yeast, resulting in a yield of 5.17 g L−1 lipids with conversion productivity of 0.06 g L−1 h−1 . Optimization of the levels of yeast extract, peptone, and MgSO4 for maximizing lipid production using Box­Behnken design led to an increase in lipid yield by 41.59%. FAME analysis of single cell oil revealed oleic acid (30.84%), palmitic acid (18.28%), and stearic acid (17.64%) as the major fatty acids. Conclusion: The fatty acid profile illustrates the potential of T. mycotoxinivorans S2 to produce single cell oil as a feedstock for biodiesel. Therefore, the present study also indicated the potential of selected yeast to develop a zero-waste process for the complete valorization of paddy straw hydrolysate without detoxification

Asunto(s)

Trichosporon/metabolismo , Oryza , Xilosa/aislamiento & purificación , Trichosporon/química , Aceites/química , Lipogénesis , Biocombustibles , Fermentación , Glucosa/aislamiento & purificación , Hidrólisis , Lignina/metabolismo , Lípidos/biosíntesis

RESUMEN

Some Rhodotorula spp. have been characterized as oleaginous yeasts. Under certain culture conditions they can accumulate neutral lipids, which are mainly triglycerides (TAG). Microbial TAG that can be used as raw material for biodiesel synthesis are attractive for the biofuel industry. In this study, the ability to synthesize lipids of Rhodotorula glutinis R4, isolated in Antarctica, was compared with eight strains belonging to the genera Rhodotorula and Yarrowia with the aim of proposing a novel source of oils for biodiesel synthesis. All strains were cultured under nitrogen (N) limiting conditions and an excess of carbon (C) in the culture medium. We found that yeasts accumulated between 9-48.9 % (w/w) of lipids. Among them, R. glutinis R4 showed the highest growth (14 g L-1, µmax 0,092 h-1) and lipid production (7 g L-1; 47 % w/w). Microbial oils produced by R. glutinis R4 are similar to vegetable oils, with 61 % of oleic acid, indicating that it is adequate for biodiesel synthesis. Our results demonstrate that biodiesel derived from R. glutinis R4 complies with international fuel standards ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. Therefore, this work demonstrates that Rhodotorula glutinis R4 is a novel and valuable source of microbial oils for biodiesel synthesis.

Asunto(s)

Biocombustibles , Lípidos/biosíntesis , Rhodotorula/metabolismo , Lípidos/genética , Rhodotorula/genética , Especificidad de la Especie

RESUMEN

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different carbon dioxide (CO2 ) concentrations on the distribution of carbon forms in the culture medium and the biomass production and biomolecules productivity of the strain Chlorella fusca LEB 111. In this study, experiments were carried out in which C. fusca cultures were exposed to different CO2 concentrations, 0.03% (0.08 mlCO2 mlmedium-1 days-1 ), 5% (0.18 mlCO2 mlmedium-1 days-1 ), and 15% vol/vol CO2 (0.54 mlCO2 mlmedium-1 days-1 ). Among the carbon chemical species distributions in the culture medium, bicarbonate was predominant (94.2-98.9%), with the highest quantitative percentage in the experiment receiving a 15% CO2 injection. C. fusca LEB 111 cultivated with 15% CO2 showed the highest biomass productivity (194.3 mg L-1 days-1 ) and CO2 fixation rate (390.9 mg L-1 days-1 ). The carbohydrate productivity in the culture that received 15% CO2 was 46.2% higher than the value verified for the culture with the addition of CO2 from the air (0.03% CO2 ). In addition, CO2 concentration providing increases of 0.03-15% to C. fusca cultures resulted in a 31.6% increase in the lipid productivity. These results showed that C. fusca can be used for CO2 bioconversion and for producing biomass with potential applications for biofuels and bioproducts.

Asunto(s)

Bicarbonatos/metabolismo , Dióxido de Carbono/metabolismo , Carbono/metabolismo , Chlorella/química , Medios de Cultivo/metabolismo , Lípidos/biosíntesis , Bicarbonatos/análisis , Biomasa , Carbono/química , Dióxido de Carbono/química , Chlorella/metabolismo , Medios de Cultivo/química , Lípidos/análisis

RESUMEN

An imbalance in the redox state, increased levels of lipid precursors and overactivation of de novo lipogenesis determine the development of fibrosis during nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We evaluated the modulation of NADPH-producing enzymes associated with the antifibrotic, antioxidant and antilipemic effects of nicotinamide (NAM) in a model of NASH induced by excess fructose consumption. Male rats were provided drinking water containing 40% fructose for 16 weeks. During the last 12 weeks of fructose administration, water containing NAM was provided to some of the rats for 5 h/day. The biochemical profiles and the ghrelin, leptin, lipoperoxidation and TNF-α levels in serum and the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), malic enzyme (ME) and NADP+-dependent isocitric dehydrogenase (IDP) levels, the reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) and reduced/oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+) ratios, and the levels of various lipogenic and fibrotic markers in the liver were evaluated. The results showed that hepatic fibrosis induced by fructose consumption was associated with weight gain, hunger-satiety system dysregulation, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, lipoperoxidation and inflammation. Moreover, increased levels of hepatic G6PD and ME activity and expression, the NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios, and GSSG concentration and increased expression of lipogenic and fibrotic markers were detected, and these alterations were attenuated by NAM administration. Specifically, NAM diminished the activity and expression of G6PD and ME, and this effect was associated with a decrease in the NADPH/NADP+ ratios, increased GSH levels and decreased lipoperoxidation and inflammation, ameliorating fibrosis and NASH development. NAM reduces liver steatosis and fibrosis by regulating redox homeostasis through a G6PD- and ME-dependent mechanism.

Asunto(s)

Hígado Graso/metabolismo , Hígado Graso/prevención & control , Niacinamida/farmacología , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Fructosa/efectos adversos , Fructosa/metabolismo , Glucosa/metabolismo , Glutatión/metabolismo , Homeostasis , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/fisiología , Lípidos/biosíntesis , Lipogénesis/fisiología , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/patología , Cirrosis Hepática/patología , Masculino , NAD/metabolismo , NADP/metabolismo , Niacinamida/metabolismo , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/patología , Oxidación-Reducción/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley

RESUMEN

For a feasible microalgae biodiesel, increasing lipid productivity is a key parameter. An important cultivation parameter is light wavelength (λ). It can affect microalgal growth, lipid yield, and fatty acid composition. In the current study, the mixture design was used as an alternative to model the influence of the λ on the Dunaliella salina lipid productivity. The illumination was considered to be the mixture of different λ (the light colors blue, red, and green). All experiments were performed with and without sodium acetate (4 g/L), as carbon source, allowing the identification of the impact of the cultivation regimen (autotrophic or mixotrophic). Without sodium acetate, the highest lipid productivity was obtained using blue and red light. The use of mixotrophic cultivations significantly enhanced the results. The optimum obtained result was mixotrophic cultivation under 65% blue and 35% green light, resulting in biomass productivity of 105.06 mgL-1day-1, a lipid productivity of 53.47 mgL-1day-1, and lipid content of 50.89%. The main fatty acids of the oil obtained in this cultivation were oleic acid (36.52%) and palmitic acid (18.31%).

Asunto(s)

Biocombustibles , Chlorophyceae/efectos de la radiación , Lípidos/biosíntesis , Chlorophyceae/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos/química , Luz , Lípidos/química , Aceites/química , Acetato de Sodio/metabolismo

RESUMEN

The use of fossil fuels has been strongly related to critical problems currently affecting society, such as: global warming, global greenhouse effects and pollution. These problems have affected the homeostasis of living organisms worldwide at an alarming rate. Due to this, it is imperative to look for alternatives to the use of fossil fuels and one of the relevant substitutes are biofuels. There are different types of biofuels (categories and generations) that have been previously explored, but recently, the use of microalgae has been strongly considered for the production of biofuels since they present a series of advantages over other biofuel production sources: (a) they don't need arable land to grow and therefore do not compete with food crops (like biofuels produced from corn, sugar cane and other plants) and; (b) they exhibit rapid biomass production containing high oil contents, at least 15 to 20 times higher than land based oleaginous crops. Hence, these unicellular photosynthetic microorganisms have received great attention from researches to use them in the large-scale production of biofuels. However, one disadvantage of using microalgae is the high economic cost due to the low-yields of lipid content in the microalgae biomass. Thus, development of different methods to enhance microalgae biomass, as well as lipid content in the microalgae cells, would lead to the development of a sustainable low-cost process to produce biofuels. Within the last 10 years, many studies have reported different methods and strategies to induce lipid production to obtain higher lipid accumulation in the biomass of microalgae cells; however, there is not a comprehensive review in the literature that highlights, compares and discusses these strategies. Here, we review these strategies which include modulating light intensity in cultures, controlling and varying CO2 levels and temperature, inducing nutrient starvation in the culture, the implementation of stress by incorporating heavy metal or inducing a high salinity condition, and the use of metabolic and genetic engineering techniques coupled with nanotechnology.

Asunto(s)

Biocombustibles , Lípidos/biosíntesis , Ingeniería Metabólica/métodos , Microalgas , Fermentación , Microalgas/genética , Microalgas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Microalgas/metabolismo , Organismos Modificados Genéticamente/genética , Organismos Modificados Genéticamente/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Abstract Background: The presence of dyslipidemia and behavioral aspects are determinants of cardiovascular risk, especially in childhood and adolescence. Objective: To verify possible relationships between dyslipidemia, cultural factors, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in schoolchildren. Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated a sample of 1,254 children and adolescents between the ages of 7 and 17 from the South of Brazil, 686 of whom were female. Dyslipidemia was defined as increased levels of at least one of the following lipid profile parameters: triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and fractions of high (HDL-c) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c). Cultural aspects were evaluated by a self-reported questionnaire. Data were analyzed by logistic regression, considering the odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) at 95%. Results: The results revealed a high prevalence of dyslipidemia (41.9%), which was associated with female sex (OR: 1.56; IC: 1.24-1.96) and overweight/obese status (OR: 1.55; IC: 1.20-2.00). When lipid profile parameters were evaluated separately, high levels of LDL-c were observed to be associated with sedentary school transport (OR: 1.59; IC: 1.20-2.09). Schoolchildren who were overweight/obese had higher chances of elevated levels of TC (OR: 1.40; IC: 1.07-1.84) and TG (OR: 3.21; IC: 1.96-5.26). HDL-c was shown to be related to high television time (OR: 1.59; IC: 1.00-2.54). Conclusion: Alterations in lipid parameters are associated with cultural factors, especially those related to sedentary lifestyle and low levels of CRF.

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Resumo Fundamento: A presença de dislipidemia e os aspectos comportamentais são fatores determinantes do risco cardiovascular, sobretudo na infância e adolescência. Objetivos: Verificar possíveis relações entre dislipidemia, fatores culturais e aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR) em escolares. Métodos: São sujeitos deste estudo transversal 1.254 crianças e adolescentes do Sul do Brasil, sendo 686 do sexo feminino, com idade entre 7 e 17 anos. Foi considerada dislipidemia a presença de níveis aumentados em pelo menos um dos parâmetros do perfil lipídico: triglicerídeos (TG), colesterol total (CT) e frações de alta (HDL-c) e baixa densidade (LDL-c). Os aspectos culturais foram avaliados por meio de questionário autorreferido pelo escolar. Os dados foram analisados pela regressão logística, considerando os valores de razão de chances (odds ratio; OR) e intervalos de confiança (IC) para 95%. Resultados: Foi encontrada elevada prevalência de dislipidemia (41,9%), a qual esteve associada com o sexo feminino (OR: 1,56; IC: 1,24-1,96) e com a presença de sobrepeso/obesidade (OR: 1,55; IC: 1,20-2,00). Quando os componentes do perfil lipídico foram avaliados de forma separada, observou-se que altos níveis de LDL-c se associaram ao deslocamento sedentário para a escola (OR: 1,59; IC: 1,20-2,09). Escolares com sobrepeso/obesidade apresentam maiores chances de elevação nos níveis de CT (OR: 1,40; IC: 1,07-1,84) e TG (OR: 3,21; IC: 1,96-5,26). O HDL-c apresentou associação com o elevado tempo em frente à televisão (OR: 1,59; IC: 1,00-2,54). Conclusão: A presença de alteração nos parâmetros lipídicos associa-se com fatores culturais, especialmente voltados ao sedentarismo e baixos níveis de APCR.

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Triglicéridos/sangre , Dislipidemias/diagnóstico , Conducta Sedentaria , Capacidad Cardiovascular/fisiología , Lípidos/sangre , Obesidad/fisiopatología , Índice de Masa Corporal , Prevalencia , Estudios Transversales , Factores de Riesgo , Características Culturales , Dislipidemias/fisiopatología , Dislipidemias/sangre , Lípidos/biosíntesis , Obesidad/diagnóstico , Obesidad/sangre

RESUMEN

The establishment of an efficient and feasible biorefinery model depends on, among other factors, particularly the selection of the most appropriate microorganism. Mucor circinelloides is a dimorphic fungus species able to produce a wide variety of hydrolytic enzymes, lipids prone to biodiesel production, carotenoids, ethanol, and biomass with significant nutritional value. M. circinelloides also has been selected as a model species for genetic modification by being the first filamentous oleaginous species to have its genome fully characterized, as well as being a species characterized as a potential bioremediation agent. Considering the potential of replacing several nonrenewable feedstocks is widely dependent on fossil fuels, the exploitation of microbial processes and products is a desirable solution for promoting a green and sustainable future. Here, we introduce and thoroughly describe the recent and critical applications of this remarkable fungus within the context of developing a fungal-based biorefinery.

Asunto(s)

Carotenoides/biosíntesis , Enzimas/biosíntesis , Lípidos/biosíntesis , Mucor/química , Biocombustibles , Biomasa , Carotenoides/química , Enzimas/química , Humanos , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Lípidos/química

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The presence of dyslipidemia and behavioral aspects are determinants of cardiovascular risk, especially in childhood and adolescence. OBJECTIVE: To verify possible relationships between dyslipidemia, cultural factors, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in schoolchildren. METHODS: This cross-sectional study evaluated a sample of 1,254 children and adolescents between the ages of 7 and 17 from the South of Brazil, 686 of whom were female. Dyslipidemia was defined as increased levels of at least one of the following lipid profile parameters: triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and fractions of high (HDL-c) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c). Cultural aspects were evaluated by a self-reported questionnaire. Data were analyzed by logistic regression, considering the odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) at 95%. RESULTS: The results revealed a high prevalence of dyslipidemia (41.9%), which was associated with female sex (OR: 1.56; IC: 1.24-1.96) and overweight/obese status (OR: 1.55; IC: 1.20-2.00). When lipid profile parameters were evaluated separately, high levels of LDL-c were observed to be associated with sedentary school transport (OR: 1.59; IC: 1.20-2.09). Schoolchildren who were overweight/obese had higher chances of elevated levels of TC (OR: 1.40; IC: 1.07-1.84) and TG (OR: 3.21; IC: 1.96-5.26). HDL-c was shown to be related to high television time (OR: 1.59; IC: 1.00-2.54). CONCLUSION: Alterations in lipid parameters are associated with cultural factors, especially those related to sedentary lifestyle and low levels of CRF.

Asunto(s)

Capacidad Cardiovascular/fisiología , Dislipidemias/diagnóstico , Lípidos/sangre , Obesidad/fisiopatología , Conducta Sedentaria , Triglicéridos/sangre , Adolescente , Índice de Masa Corporal , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Características Culturales , Dislipidemias/sangre , Dislipidemias/fisiopatología , Femenino , Humanos , Lípidos/biosíntesis , Masculino , Obesidad/sangre , Obesidad/diagnóstico , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: The use of urea as a nitrogen (N) source by Chlorophytes usually enhances biomass and lipid production when compared to ammonium (NH4+). However, the metabolic shifts displayed by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii growing with this organic N source are not known. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed: (i) to characterize the metabolism of C. reinhardtii cultivated in media containing only urea as N source as well as combined with different NH4+ ratios; (ii) to understand how metabolism respond to urea availability. METHODS: Specific quantification of metabolites using 96-well microplates, and high-performance liquid chromatography combined with non-targeted metabolite profiling by gas chromatography (GC)-time-of-flight (TOF)-mass spectrometry (MS) were used in this study. In addition, GC analysis was used to determine fatty acid profiling. RESULTS: The use of urea did not alter the growth rate in comparison with NH4+. Interestingly, the cell number decreased and the cell size increased proportionally with urea availability. Furthermore, chlorophyll, protein and lipid contents increased with the amount of urea. Regarding the fatty acid profile, oleic acid (C18:1 w8) decreased with amount of urea, while linoleic acid (C18:2 w6) doubled in urea-containing medium. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that urea promotes remarkable adjustments in metabolism, without drastic changes in biomass, promoting changes in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, as well as in lipids production and fatty acid profile.

Asunto(s)

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/crecimiento & desarrollo , Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/metabolismo , Urea/metabolismo , Biomasa , Carbono/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/fisiología , Lípidos/biosíntesis , Nitrógeno/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Researches about light emitting diodes (LEDs) as energy source in microalgae cultivations has been growing in recent years due to its spectral quality, durability and reduced energy consumption. In this study, green, red and yellow LEDs were evaluated as energy source in Synechococcus nidulans LEB 115 cultures. Productivities and specific growth rates were up to 2.5 times greater than in cultures using fluorescent light. The different LED colors evaluated did not influence the chlorophyll, carotenoid or lipid productions. Biomass cultivated with LEDs showed high amounts of saturated fatty acids (above 48%), which is desirable for biodiesel production. In addition to the Synechococcus nidulans LEB 115 growth stimulation, the application of green, red and yellow LEDs in the cultivations produces potential biomass for biodiesel synthesis and other industrial interest biomolecules utilization.

Asunto(s)

Carotenoides/biosíntesis , Clorofila/biosíntesis , Lípidos/análisis , Synechococcus/metabolismo , Biocombustibles , Biomasa , Color , Luz , Lípidos/biosíntesis , Microalgas/metabolismo , Pigmentación , Synechococcus/crecimiento & desarrollo

RESUMEN

The occurrence of NADP+-dependent malic enzymes (NADP+-MEs) in several Rhodococcus strains was analysed. The NADP+-ME number in Rhodococcus genomes seemed to be a strain-dependent property. Total NADP+-ME activity increased by 1.8- and 2.6-fold in the oleaginous Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 and Rhodococcus opacus PD630 strains during cultivation under nitrogen-limiting conditions. Total NADP+-ME activity inhibition by sesamol resulted in a significant decrease of the cellular biomass and lipid production in oleaginous rhodococci. A non-redundant ME coded by the RHA1_RS44255 gene located in a megaplasmid (pRHL3) of R. jostii RHA1 was characterized and its heterologous expression in Escherichia coli resulted in a twofold increase in ME activity in an NADP+-dependent manner. The overexpression of RHA1_RS44255 in RHA1 and PD630 strains grown on glucose promoted an increase in total NADP+-ME activity and an up to 1.9-foldincrease in total fatty acid production without sacrificing cellular biomass. On the other hand, its expression in Rhodococcus fascians F7 grown on glycerol resulted in a 1.3-1.4-foldincrease in total fatty acid content. The results of this study confirmed the contribution of NADP+-MEs to TAG accumulation in oleaginous rhodococci and the utility of these enzymes as an alternative approach to increase bacterial oil production from different carbon sources.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Lípidos/biosíntesis , NADP/metabolismo , Rhodococcus/enzimología , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Biomasa , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/crecimiento & desarrollo , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos/biosíntesis , Expresión Génica , Glucosa/metabolismo , Rhodococcus/genética