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BACKGROUND: The Jordanian healthcare system has evolved over the past decades expanding its services, technological, and educational resources. A comprehensive view of this system is lacking. The objective of this report is to describe the structure of the Jordanian healthcare system, the challenges facing it, and the current and recommended health policies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study reviewed the current status of the Jordanian healthcare system. The following parameters were analyzed: health indicators, infrastructure, human resources, insurance system, pharmaceutical expense, health education system, and medical tourism. Data were collected from various relevant official institutions and related published literature. RESULTS: Jordan has a young population with a median age of 23.8 years. Life expectancy is 78.8 years for females and 77.0 years for males. The Jordanian healthcare system is divided into three major categories: (1) Governmental Insurance (i.e., the Ministry of Health (MOH), the Royal Medical Services (RMS) and semi-governmental insurance); (2) Private Insurance; and (3) Refugee Insurance, including the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (NHUR). The Governmental Insurance covers 64.30% of the total population. Health expenditure is 6.37% of the gross domestic product (GDP). Pharmaceutical expenses make up 26.6% of the total national healthcare budget. Human resource assessment shows a high ratio of medical staff per 10.000 inhabitants, especially concerning physicians (31.7), dentists (7.9), and pharmacists (15.1). However, the ratio of nursing staff per 10.000 inhabitants is considered low (37.5). The Hospital bed/1000 population ratio is also relatively low (1.4). Healthcare accreditation is implemented through the Joint Commission International (JCI) accreditation which was achieved by 7 hospitals and by the National Health Care Accreditation Certificate (HCAC) achieved by 17 hospitals and 42 primary healthcare centers. Postgraduate medical education covers almost all medical and surgical fields. Medical tourism is currently well-established. CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of the Jordanian healthcare system shows high ratios of physicians, dentists, and pharmacists but a low ratio of nursing staff per 10.000 inhabitants. The hospital bed/1000 population ratio is also relatively low. Pharmaceutical expenses are significantly high and medical tourism is well-developed.

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There is a notable gap in understanding how different living arrangements influence the psychosocial and emotional well-being of Syrian refugee children and adolescents. Moreover, limited literature exists on the comparison between in-camp and out-of-camp living situations. The aim of this study was to compare the psychosocial and emotional status between camp and non-camp Syrian refugee children and adolescents living in Jordan. A nationwide school survey was conducted in Jordan from December 2022 to April 2023 and targeted children (8-11 years) and adolescents (12-18 years), encompassing Jordanians, Syrians, and Palestinians, both in camps (camp refugees) and urban areas (urban refugees). In this paper, the analysis was limited to Syrian refugees. A total of 1,420 children and 1,249 adolescents were included. Children in camps had higher rates of hyperactivity (12.7% vs 8.3%) and total difficulties (19.3% vs 13.9%) compared to urban dwellers. However, they had lower rates of bedtime problems (12.8% vs 17.0%) and problematic internet use (19.9% vs 34.8%). Camp adolescents had higher rates of separation anxiety disorder (44.0% vs 37.8%) and conduct problems (22.2% vs 15.0%), but lower rates of poor physical functioning (43.3% vs 52.3%) compared to urban adolescents. Adjusted analysis showed lower odds of generalized anxiety disorder (OR=0.59), problematic internet use (OR=0.39), and bedtime problems (OR=0.67) for camp children. However, they had higher odds of emotional symptoms (OR=1.47), hyperactivity (OR=2.08), and overall difficulties (OR=1.50). Camp adolescents had higher odds of overall difficulties (OR=1.49) but lower odds of poor physical functioning (OR=0.67) compared to urban adolescents. In conclusion, children in refugee camps had lower rates of problematic internet use and bedtime issues but higher rates of hyperactivity and overall difficulties than urban children. Similarly, camp adolescents faced more total difficulties but reported better physical functioning than their urban peers. The complex interplay between living conditions and well-being underscores the need for tailored mental health interventions for displaced populations.

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Social media platforms, including TikTok, have become influential sources of health information. However, they also present as potential sources for the spread of vaccine misinformation. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of measles-rubella (MR) vaccine-related contents on TikTok in Jordan and to analyze factors associated with vaccine misinformation. A systematic search for MR vaccine-related TikTok contents in Jordan was conducted using pre-defined keywords and a specified time range. Content metrics (likes, comments, shares, and saves) were collected while the content quality of health information was evaluated using a modified version of the DISCERN, a validated instrument by two expert raters. The average modified DISCERN score ranged from 1, denoting poor content, to 5, indicating excellent content. A total of 50 videos from 34 unique content creators formed the final study sample. The majority of MR vaccine-related content was created by lay individuals (61.8%), followed by TV/news websites/journalists (23.5%), and healthcare professionals (HCPs) (14.7%). The Cohen κ per modified DISCERN item was in the range of 0.579-0.808, p<0.001), indicating good to excellent agreement. The overall average modified DISCERN score was 2±1.2, while it was only 1.3±0.52 for lay individuals' content, which indicated poor content quality. For the normalized per number of followers for each source, content by lay individuals had a significantly higher number of likes, saves, and shares with p=0.009, 0.012, and 0.004, respectively. Vaccine misinformation was detected in 58.8% of the videos as follows: lay individuals (85.7%), TV/news websites/journalists (25.0%), and HCPs content had none (p<0.001). Normalized per the number of followers for each source, videos flagged as having MR vaccine misinformation reached a higher number of likes, saves, and shares (p=0.012, 0.016, and 0.003, respectively). In conclusion, substantial dissemination of TikTok MR vaccine-related misinformation in Jordan was detected. Rigorous fact-checking is warranted by the platform to address misinformation on TikTok, which is vital to improve trust in MR vaccination and ultimately protect public health.

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Objectives: Albumin is commonly used for various indications; however, there is conflicting data regarding its appropriate use in different clinical cases. This study aimed to determine the pattern and appropriateness of albumin use among cancer patients at the King Hussein Cancer Center in Jordan. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on adult cancer patients who were prescribed albumin between January 2019 and July 2020 in both outpatient and inpatient settings. Data collected included demographics, prescribing services, indications and dosing regimens. A literature review was performed using PubMed to assess the appropriateness of albumin indications and dosing regimens against current guidelines, drug information resources and the package insert. Results: Albumin was prescribed to 1,361 patients during the study period. Each patient received an average of 74.4 ± 89 g of albumin for an average of 2.6 ± 1.8 days. Albumin use was deemed appropriate in 69% of the patients. The critical care service accounted for the highest albumin consumption, with 37% of prescriptions for septic shock. Inappropriate use of albumin was most prevalent in the medical solid tumour services (40.8% of prescriptions), primarily for edema (28%). Conclusion: To the best of the author's knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate albumin use in a large cohort of oncology patients. Approximately one-third of the albumin prescriptions were considered inappropriate. Continuous education on appropriate usage and regular evaluations of guideline adherence are essential to ensure proper utilisation of albumin in cancer care.

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BACKGROUND: Physiotherapists' attitudes and beliefs play a crucial role in the management and treatment outcomes of non-specific neck pain (NSNP). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the attitudes and beliefs of physiotherapists in Jordan towards NSNP, and to identify factors influencing these attitudes and beliefs. METHODS: A Cross-sectional survey of registered physiotherapists working in Jordan was conducted. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the attitudes and beliefs of physiotherapists towards NSNP. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. RESULTS: A total of 301 PTs completed the survey, 155 females (51.56%). Most respondents held bachelor's degrees, with an average of 9.5 ± 6.6 experience years. The total score for PABS-PT (Z = 11.4, p < 0.001) and its BM (Z = +11.9, p < 0.001) and PS (Z = 3.6, p < 0. 001) subscales were significantly positive. The score of the biomedical subscale was more significantly positive than psychosocial subscale. The treatment orientation was positively correlated with education level, and negatively with age and experience. The most reported treatments were manual therapy followed by general exercises and electrical modalities. No significant relationship was observed between treatment orientation and treatment selection. CONCLUSION: This study created the initial profile for pain attitudes and beliefs in Jordan. Physiotherapists hold positive attitudes and beliefs towards the NSNP treatment orientations with a superiority of the BM approach. Engaging educational sectors and stakeholders in the current situation of PTs' attitudes and beliefs is important.

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PURPOSE: Metastatic prostate cancer (Pca) is a complex disease with diverse clinical characteristics and outcomes across the geographical distribution. Herein, we present a series of patients from the Middle East, aiming at identifying disease outcomes and prognostic factors specific to this regional context. METHODS AND MATERIALS: This is a retrospective study of patients with metastatic Pca, diagnosed at King Hussein Cancer Center, Jordan, between 2006 and 2018. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Factors that significantly affected overall survival (OS) in the univariable analysis were examined in a multivariable Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 188 patients with metastatic Pca were included in this analysis, of whom 168 (89%) had de novo metastatic disease. The median age at diagnosis was 68 years, 144 (77%) had bone metastasis, 32 (17%) had visceral metastasis, and 126 (67%) had high-volume disease. At a median follow-up of 67 months, the median OS was 44.3 months. The following factors predicted inferior OS in univariable analysis: smoking, normal BMI, high-volume disease, high alkaline phosphatase (ALP), previous local therapy for prostate, and orchiectomy versus medical androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). On multivariable analysis, high-volume disease (hazard ratio [HR], 1.92 [95% CI, 1.17 to 3.13]; P = .0094), high ALP (HR, 2.136 [95% CI, 1.38 to 3.31]; P < .001), and orchiectomy (HR, 2.40 [95% CI, 1.51 to 3.82]; P < .001) emerged as independent factors for inferior OS. CONCLUSION: Metastatic Pca outcomes in our population closely align with the global benchmark. High volume status, elevated ALP, and performance of surgical as opposed to medical ADT emerge as prognostic indicators of poor survival.

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BACKGROUND: In the literature, obesity has been correlated with coronary artery diseases (CADs) and high health costs. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between obesity parameters and the health costs among patients with CADs undergoing cardiac catheterization. METHOD: A secondary data analysis was done for an original study. The original study was conducted among 220 hospitalized patients undergoing cardiac catheterization from two main hospitals located in the Middle and Northern regions of Jordan. Bivariate Pearson's correlation and forward linear regression analysis were calculated in this study. RESULTS: The average health cost for the participants was 1,344 JOD (1,895.63 USD). A significant positive moderate correlation (r = 0.4) was found between hip circumference (HC) and health cost. There were significant positive weak correlations between low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (HS-CRP), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and depression, and the health cost (correlation coefficient 0.17, 0.3, 0.29, 0.22 and 0.17, respectively. HC, waist circumference (WC), waist-height ratio (WHtR), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and body adiposity index (BAI) were significantly associated with health costs among male participants. In contrast, among females, none of the obesity parameters was significantly associated with health costs. The forward regression analysis illustrated that an increase of HC by 3.9 cm (ß (0.292) * SD (13.4)) will increase the health cost by 1 JOD (0.71 USD). The same analysis revealed that HS-CRP increased by 0.4 mg/dl (ß (0.258)*SD (1.43)), or triglycerides increased by 8.3 mg/dl (ß (0.241)* SD (34.3)), or depression score increased by 0.32 score (ß (0.137)* SD (2.3)), or total cholesterol increased by 4 mg/dl (ß (0.163)* SD (24.7)), the health cost will increase by one JOD (0.71 USD). CONCLUSION: Healthcare providers, including nurses, should significantly consider these factors to reduce the health costs for those at-risk patients by providing the appropriate healthcare on time.

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BACKGROUND: Despite the increasing recognition of the importance of research in undergraduate dental education, limited studies have explored the nature of undergraduate research activities in dental schools in the Middle East region. This study aimed to evaluate the research experience of final year dental students from three dental schools in the Middle East. METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among final-year dental students from three institutions, namely Jordan University of Science and Technology, University of Sharjah (UAE), and Oman Dental College. Participants were asked about the nature and scope of their research projects, the processes involved in the research, and their perceived benefits of engaging in research. RESULTS: A total of 369 respondents completed the questionnaire.  Cross-sectional studies represented the most common research type  (50.4%), with public health (29.3%) and dental education (27.9%) being the predominant domains. More than half of research proposals were developed via discussions with instructors (55.0%), and literature reviews primarily utilized PubMed (70.2%) and Google Scholar (68.5%). Regarding statistical analysis, it was usually carried out with instructor's assistance (45.2%) or using specialized software (45.5%). The students typically concluded their projects with a manuscript (58.4%), finding the discussion section most challenging to write (42.0%). The research activity was considered highly beneficial, especially in terms of teamwork and communication skills, as well as data interpretation skills, with 74.1% of students reporting a positive impact on their research perspectives. CONCLUSIONS: The research experience was generally positive among surveyed dental students. However, there is a need for more diversity in research domains, especially in qualitative studies, greater focus on guiding students in research activities s, especially in manuscript writing and publication. The outcomes of this study could provide valuable insights for dental schools seeking to improve their undergraduate research activities.

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Assessing drought impacts is necessary for pursuing sustainable development goals relevant to food security and land degradation. Data availability is a major restriction and remote sensing has been promoted for this purpose. Version 3 of WaPOR has been released in 2023, which provides global coverage of remote sensing-derived water productivity indicators and could allow improved analysis of drought impacts, but validation is still needed. This study explores the utility of remote sensing-derived productivity data from WaPOR as a proxy indicator for agricultural drought impacts. The analysis utilized (1) production surveys, (2) meteorological measurements for drought analysis, and (3) remote sensing-derived gross and net biomass water productivities (GBWP & NBWP) and total biomass production (TBP). All layers were analyzed against the Standardized Precipitation and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Indices (SPI and SPEI) over drought-vulnerable locations in Irbid and Madaba governorates in Jordan. Strong and significant correlations (R2 0.5-0.8, P < 0.05) were obtained between drought intensities and GBWP and NBWP layers, particularly in the May-Sep periods. These correlations were higher than previously tested remotely sensed indicators for agricultural drought impacts. Water productivity and biomass production averages were lower during drier periods and higher during wet periods, but pairwise testing did not reveal significant differences. There is sufficient evidence that WaPOR data demonstrates behavior that reflects agricultural response to drought, and further assessment in other agroclimatic zones is recommended. This could potentially allow for enhanced evaluation of management strategies, decision support, and policy recommendations for drought mitigation.

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Background and Objectives: The current war on the Gaza strip and the circulating violent content is believed to negatively impact the mental health of the Palestinians living in refugee camps outside their homeland. This study explores the prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and insomnia in a cohort of female Palestinian refugees in Jordan who have family members entangled in the persistent conflict in the Gaza strip. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study employed validated tools to assess depression, anxiety, and insomnia in women residing in a Gaza camp located in Jerash, Jordan. The correlates were determined by regression analysis. Results: The study unearths disconcerting statistics from 177 recruited women, revealing alarmingly high rates of severe depression (73%), anxiety (60%), and insomnia (65%). Multivariable analysis revealed that severe depression was significantly associated with prior diagnosis with chronic diseases (OR = 3.0, CI = 1.36-6.58), and having a first-degree relative in Gaza (OR = 0.42, CI = 0.20-0.85). Additionally, severe insomnia was associated with "losing relatives or friends in the war" (OR = 3.01, CI = 1.41-6.44), and "losing connection with families and friends" (OR = 3.89, CI = 1.58-9.53). Conclusions: The implications of these results are profound, underscoring the immediate and imperative need for both medical and psychiatric interventions aimed at addressing the substantial psychological burden borne by this population because of the ongoing conflict.

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Background and Objectives: Although physical health is always studied for women with diabetes, the mental health aspect is generally overlooked for this chronic disease. The present study aimed to examine the prevalence of psychosomatic symptoms, namely, fibromyalgia syndrome, depression, anxiety, and insomnia, and how these symptoms related to the medications used in a cohort of women diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (DM) in Jordan. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited women diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, and validated scales (PSRS, PHQ-9, GAD-7, and ISI-A) for fibromyalgia syndrome, depression, anxiety, and insomnia were used. The associations between the different medications used and the dependent variables were examined using four separate multivariate logistic regression models. Results: Data were analyzed from 213 participants. Of them, 27.2% met the threshold for fibromyalgia syndrome diagnosis, 38% met the threshold for severe depression, 36.2% met the threshold for severe anxiety, and 39.9% met the threshold for severe insomnia. Fibromyalgia syndrome symptoms were significantly associated with glimepiride (OR = 1.92, CI = 1.00-3.68), ß-blockers (OR = 2.21, CI = 1.03-4.70), diuretics (OR = 3.13, CI = 1.26-7.78), herbal remedies (OR = 2.12, CI = 0.98-4.55), and prescriptions for centrally acting medication (OR = 2.78, CI = 1.24-6.29). Significant associations were found between depression and diuretics (OR = 2.62, CI = 1.05-6.67), over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (OR = 3.49, CI = 1.69-7.23), and herbal remedies (OR = 5.07, CI = 2.40-10.69). In addition, anxiety was significantly related to diuretics (OR = 2.48, CI = 1.02-6.02), and OTC NSAIDs (OR = 2.60, CI = 1.29-5.21). Significant associations were evident between insomnia and ß-blockers (OR = 3.23, CI = 1.51-6.95), acetaminophen (OR = 2.09, CI = 1.06-4.08), NSAIDs (OR = 4.61, CI = 2.18-9.76), and herbal remedies (OR = 5.95, CI = 2.71-13.07). Conclusions: Medications are associated with high burden of fibromyalgia syndrome, depression, anxiety, and insomnia. These findings underscore the importance of revising and optimizing the pharmacotherapy of these vulnerable patients, performing close mental health monitoring and the implementation of non-pharmacological interventions by integrating mental health services for women with chronic diseases such as diabetes.

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BACKGROUND: Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) has a rich historical use for various reasons due to its beneficial characteristics including stimulating hair growth, providing antioxidant and antibacterial effects, and functioning as a skin conditioner and fragrance enhancer. The plant is cultivated in Jordan and using it is gaining popularity among the population. AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess the knowledge, attitude and perception of rosemary use among Jordanians. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted targeting at least 385 participants via social media platforms. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was performed by independent researchers. The questionnaire was divided into three main sections including the demographics section, the knowledge section and the attitude toward rosemary use. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS including descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: The study's participants (n = 407) had a mean age of 30.98 years old (SD = 12.76). The mean knowledge score for the participants ranged from -5 to 7, with a mean of 2.96 (SD = 2.61), with younger participants exhibiting higher knowledge scores regarding rosemary. Approximately half of the participants (48.2%) reported using rosemary for medical purposes. About three-quarters reported using rosemary oil, but a higher percentage reported using the leaves. Around three quarters administered it orally or applied it topically. Most participants obtained rosemary by growing it at home or from herbalists. Family and friends were the main influencers for rosemary users. Most of the study participants strongly agreed/agreed that plants possess a healing power (94.4%). The most reported reason for using rosemary was improving the hair condition (82.1%) followed by gastrointestinal problems (67.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights the widespread use of rosemary for different reasons through different methods of application. Addressing misconceptions and enhancing knowledge dissemination may allow informed decision-making and promote the safe and effective use of herbal therapies.

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Community-led, shared book reading programs may help improve refugee children's reading abilities and attitudes towards reading. We Love Reading (WLR)-a light-touch, community-led, shared book reading program-was evaluated in a pre-registered, wait-listed, randomised controlled trial (AEARCTR-0006523). 322 Syrian refugee mother-child dyads (children: 4-8-year-olds, 50.0% female) in Jordan were tested at two timepoints, 15 weeks apart. WLR did not significantly affect child literacy or child-reported child attitudes toward reading (ps > 0.05). Mothers did report improved child attitudes toward reading from WLR (p = 0.046, η2 = 0.013). The intervention did not lead to improvements in family relationships (ps > 0.05). WLR may have promise in improving attitudes toward reading in forcibly displaced children but did not affect literacy or child-reported attitudes toward reading; these results provide insight into what changes are needed for effective shared book reading interventions in this population.

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OBJECTIVES: Kidney diseases are considered silent killers due to the lack of well-defined symptoms. Public knowledge about chronic kidney disease (CKD) management has been shown to decrease the risk of CKD onset and progression to end-stage renal disease and renal failure. The main objective of this study was to assess the knowledge of kidney function, CKD symptoms, etiology, prevention and treatment in the general population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using a validated questionnaire was conducted in Jordan to assess public knowledge of CKD. Public knowledge of CKD was assessed using a questionnaire consisting of 32 knowledge questions, including risk factors, symptoms, treatment, protective measures and kidney function. The knowledge level was classified according to the total score: poor (0-50%), intermediate (51-70%) and good/high (71-100%). Multiple regression analysis was performed to compare knowledge scores (KS) and predict associations with the participants' baseline characteristics. RESULTS: The level of knowledge about CKD among the 2181 participants was intermediate. The KS was significantly higher among participants with health issues such as hypertension, diabetes and heart problems, first-degree relatives working in the medical field, majors relevant to health, married, employed, highly educated, high-income and smokers. The main sources of knowledge about CKD were health professionals, TV shows, books and magazines. Multiple regression analysis showed an association between KS and age, sex, functional status, educational level and field, income, smoking status, having a family member/spouse work in the medical field, and knowledge source. CONCLUSIONS: The public level of knowledge about CKD management is greatly influenced by participants' health and social factors. Thus, improving public knowledge and perception through education and the media will significantly reduce CKD prevalence and incidence.

Public awareness and educating the public about chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) is essential because of the high prevalence, and increased awareness can contribute to early detection, management and potentially slow down the progression of CKD.Creating awareness of the risk factors for CKD enables health policy developers to adopt preventive measures.CKD can significantly affect quality of life, and public awareness campaigns can emphasize the impact of CKD on overall well-being, motivating individuals to prioritize kidney health.

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BACKGROUND: The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification is the most used system to assess patient health status before surgery, ranging from I to V levels. This study aims to explore the impact of different ASA risk classes (ASA II [mild risk] and ASA III [severe risk]) on clinical outcomes following hip fracture surgery, including all-cause mortality and postoperative complications. METHODS: A retrospective analysis from 2019 to 2021 across three Jordanian centers was conducted. The study included patients aged 65 and above who underwent hip fracture repair surgeries. Preoperative measures, intraoperative management protocols, and postoperative care were collected. Clinical data were extracted from electronic medical records, including demographics, fracture type, intraoperative data, and postoperative outcomes. RESULTS: The analysis included 1033 patients, with 501 (48.5%) in the mild anesthetic risk group (ASA I-II) and 532 (51.5%) in the severe anesthetic risk group (ASA III-V). The mean age was 73 years, with a higher prevalence of males in the severe risk group. Patients in the severe risk group had more comorbidities, higher ICU admissions (15.23% vs. 6.18%), longer hospital stays (median 7 vs. 6 days), and higher rates of postoperative thromboembolic complications (3.39% vs. 1.39%) compared to the mild risk group. Additionally, the severe risk group showed higher mortality rates both in-hospital mortality (3.38% vs. 1.39%) and all-cause mortality (16.92% vs. 10.36%). Multivariate analysis identified higher ASA score as independent risk factors for increased all-cause mortality (HR = 1.64 95%CI 1.51-2.34) and thromboembolic complications (OR = 2.85 95%CI 1.16-7). Length of hospital stay was significantly associated with higher ASA score (OR = 1.04 95%CI 0.96-1.11). CONCLUSION: The study underscores the significant impact of anesthetic risk on the outcomes of hip fracture surgeries. Patients with higher ASA scores associated with severe systemic diseases may have at increased risk of adverse outcomes.

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Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a member of the Umbelliferae/Apiaceae family and one of the well-known essential oil-containing plants, in which the seeds are used in traditional medicine, and as flavoring in food preparation. Knowing the diverse chemical components of different parts of the plant, this work aims to investigate the antioxidant, the anti-inflammatory, and the immunostimulatory modulator effects of the Jordanian C. sativum's seed extracted essential oil (JCEO). Coriander oil extract was prepared by hydro-distillation method using the Clevenger apparatus. Different concentrations of coriander oil were examined by using DPPH radical scavenging assay, MTT assay, pro-inflammatory cytokine (Tumor Necrosis Factor-TNF-alpha) production in RAW264.7 murine macrophages in addition, scratch-wound assessment, NO level examination, Th1/Th2 assay, phagocytosis assay, and fluorescence imaging using DAPI stain were conducted. JCEO had a potential metabolic enhancer effect at a concentration of 0.3 mg/mL on cell viability with anti-inflammatory activities via increasing cytokines like IL-10, IL-4, and limiting NO, INF-γ, and TNF-α release into cell supernatant. Antioxidant activity was seen significantly at higher concentrations of JCEO reaching 98.7% when using 100mg/mL and minimally reaching 50% at 12.5mg/mL of the essential oil. Treated macrophages were able to attain full scratch closure after 48-hrs at concentrations below 0.3mg/mL. The seed-extracted JCEO showed significant free radical scavenging activity even at lower dilutions. It also significantly induced an anti-inflammatory effect via an increase in the release of cytokines but reduced the LPS-induced NO and TNF-α production at 0.16-0.3mg/mL. In summary, coriander essential oil demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulatory effects, showcasing its therapeutic potential at specific concentrations. The findings underscore its safety and metabolic enhancement properties, emphasizing its promising role in promoting cellular health.

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Avoidable readmissions after bariatric surgery are a major burden on the healthcare systems. Rates of readmission after bariatric surgery have ranged from 1% up to 20%, but the factors that predict readmission have not been well studied. The objective of this study was to determine readmission rates following bariatric surgery and identify factors that contribute to early (within 90 days of surgery) and late readmission. A retrospective cohort study of 736 patients undergoing either Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy or Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Jordan University Hospital from 2016 to 2019. Demographic characteristics, co-morbidities, and readmissions were extracted from their medical records and analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine which factors predict readmission. A total of 736 patients had bariatric surgery (Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy 89% vs Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass 11%) during the study period. Thirty-day readmission rate was 6.62% and an overall readmission rate of 23.23%. Common reasons for early readmission (within 90 days of surgery) were nausea, vomiting, and dehydration. Late readmissions were mainly caused by gallbladder stones. Three risk factors were identified that independently predicted readmission: the type of procedure being performed (P-value = .003, odds ratio [OR] 2.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32-3.49), depression (P-value = .028, OR 6.49, 95% CI 1.18-52.9) and preoperative body mass index (P-value = .011, OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.05). Several factors were identified that cause patients to represent and subsequently admitted into hospitals. Early readmission was usually due to nausea, vomiting, and dehydration, whereas late admissions were mostly due to biliary complications. Preoperative body mass index and depression were independent risk factors for readmission.

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Organizational change is a complex process that often faces high failure rates due to challenges in managing transition issues. The role of emotional intelligence in fostering readiness for organizational change among nurses remains understudied, especially in the context of Jordan. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and readiness for organizational change among Jordanian nurses working in governmental hospitals. A descriptive cross sectional correlational design was used. A convenient sampling method was used to enroll Jordanian nurses from different governmental hospitals, with a resulting final sample of 250 nurses. Self-reported questionnaires were used to collect data. Data analysis was run using descriptive and inferential analysis. The findings revealed that the participants had moderate levels of emotional intelligence with a mean score of (M = 87.96, SD = 26.59). The participants demonstrated strengths in understanding their own emotions, perceiving others' emotions, and setting goals. They also showed good control of their emotions and a positive self-perception. Regarding readiness for organizational change, the mean score was (M = 39.58, SD = 11.16), suggesting a moderate level of readiness. The participants exhibited commitment, motivation, and confidence in handling challenges associated with change. A strong positive relationship between emotional intelligence and readiness for change commitment (r = .942, P < .01), change efficacy (r = .935, P < .01), and total readiness for change (r = .951, P < .01) were exist. Moreover, age and years of experience were negatively correlated with readiness for change. There was a strong and significant positive relationship between emotional intelligence and readiness for change. This emphasizes the importance of developing emotional intelligence abilities among nurses to facilitate successful change processes in healthcare organizations.

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Background: Learning apps can be helpful to non-native language learners in learning Arabic, which includes speaking, writing, and speaking exercises. When learners become better in the language, they become more confident in interacting with the community, thus affecting their Cultural Intelligence (CQ) and Acculturation (AC). This study aimed to explore the relationship between the CQ and AC among non-native learners of Arabic. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate the potential impacts of learning apps and gender. Methods: This study used a correlational approach, involving a sample of 102 non-native Arabic language learners in Jordan. To assess these factors, this study used the Cultural Intelligence Scale and the Acculturation Survey. Results: The findings of this study revealed a positive correlation between the CQ and AC. Furthermore, the use of apps can provide CQ and AC levels. In addition, the study determined that gender did not play a significant role in influencing learners. Conclusion: the utilization of educational apps has been shown to enhance both CQ and AC. Thus, it is imperative to encourage learners to engage with these apps, as they foster cultural awareness, thereby facilitating the process of learning Arabic.

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Rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) offers a potential solution to Jordan's pressing water scarcity problems. Yet, its feasibility and benefits necessitate a thorough assessment, particularly as existing studies on the subject are outdated and often constrained by limited scope or small data sets. To this end, our study assessed the potential of RRWH in Jordan's 12 governorates, utilizing historical rainfall data from 1987 to 2018 and official statistics on population and rooftop areas. The analyses used the Ripple Method and Water Balance Model to determine potential harvestable water volumes, potential water-saving percentages, and optimal tank sizes under different scenarios (i.e., using rainwater to meet the total consumption or only for toilet flushing). The findings reveal that Jordan has a total potential for rooftop rainwater harvesting amounting to 23.74 Mm3/year, corresponding to 4.54% of the total water demand. Should RRWH be implemented across all rooftops, the projected financial savings for Jordan could range from $170 million to $678 million. Among the governorates, Irbid and Amman have the highest potential, with estimated yields of 7.754 Mm3 and 8.453 Mm3 per year, respectively. Based on the best results for the scenario where harvested rainwater is only used to flush toilets, the optimal tank sizes for storing rainwater were estimated to be 2.7 m3 and 2 m3 per household in Ajlun and Irbid, respectively. For a regularized case (October-May), a payback period of 12.5-24 years based on desalination cost was found for an RRWH system capable of meeting thrice the flushing needs of a household. RRWH was showcased as a sustainable solution to Jordan's water scarcity, emphasizing the necessity for broader implementation.

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