RESUMEN
Criminal offenders often turn to social networks to gain access to firearms, yet we know little about how networks facilitate access to firearms. This study conducts a network analysis of a co-offending network for the City of Chicago to determine how close any offender may be to a firearm. We use arrest data to recreate the co-offending network of all individuals who were arrested with at least one other person over an eight-year period. We then use data on guns recovered by the police to measure potential network pathways of any individual to known firearms. We test the hypothesis that gangs facilitate access to firearms and the extent to which such access relates to gunshot injury among gang members. Findings reveal that gang membership reduces the potential network distance (how close someone is) to known firearms by 20% or more, and regression results indicate that the closer gang members are to guns, the greater their risk of gunshot victimization.
Asunto(s)
Armas de Fuego/legislación & jurisprudencia , Violencia con Armas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Violencia con Armas/prevención & control , Jóvenes sin Hogar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Propiedad/legislación & jurisprudencia , Heridas por Arma de Fuego/prevención & control , Adolescente , Adulto , Chicago , Femenino , Armas de Fuego/estadística & datos numéricos , Violencia con Armas/estadística & datos numéricos , Jóvenes sin Hogar/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Propiedad/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Youth homelessness is a problem characterized by high levels of vulnerability. The extent to which couch surfing - moving from one temporary housing arrangement to another - is part of youth homelessness is not well understood. Chapin Hall's Voices of Youth Count, a national research initiative, involves a multicomponent approach to studying youth homelessness. This study reports emerging findings regarding couch surfing and homelessness primarily from a national survey of 13,113 adults with youth ages 13-25 in their households or who are themselves ages 18-25. Findings suggest that couch surfing is relatively common, particularly among the older age group. Among households with 13- to 17-year-olds and 18- to 25-year-olds, 4.0% and 20.5%, respectively, reported that any of them had couch surfed in the last 12 months. There are notable social, economic, and educational differences, on average, between youth reporting homelessness and those reporting only couch surfing. However, most youth who report experiencing homelessness also report couch surfing, and these youth who experience both circumstances present high levels of socioeconomic vulnerability. Couch surfing encompasses a range of experiences, some of which likely include need for services. Interviews currently in the field, and expanded analysis of data, will contribute more nuanced policy insights.
Asunto(s)
Jóvenes sin Hogar/estadística & datos numéricos , Vivienda/estadística & datos numéricos , Personas con Mala Vivienda/estadística & datos numéricos , Política Pública , Servicio Social , Poblaciones Vulnerables/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Determinación de la Elegibilidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Personas con Mala Vivienda/legislación & jurisprudencia , Jóvenes sin Hogar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos , Masculino , Características de la Residencia , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Street-involved youth are known to be an economically vulnerable population that commonly resorts to risky activities such as drug dealing to generate income. While incarceration is common among people who use illicit drugs and associated with increased economic vulnerability, interventions among this population remain inadequate. Although previous research has documented the role of incarceration in further entrenching youth in both the criminal justice system and street life, less is known whether recent incarceration predicts initiating drug dealing among vulnerable youth. This study examines the relationship between incarceration and drug dealing initiation among street-involved youth. METHODS: Between September 2005 and November 2014, data were collected through the At-Risk Youth Study, a cohort of street-involved youth who use illicit drugs, in Vancouver, Canada. An extended Cox model with time-dependent variables was used to examine the relationship between recent incarceration and initiation into drug dealing, controlling for relevant confounders. RESULTS: Among 1172 youth enrolled, only 194 (16.6%) were drug dealing naïve at baseline and completed at least one additional study visit to facilitate the assessment of drug dealing initiation. Among this sample, 56 (29%) subsequently initiated drug dealing. In final multivariable Cox regression analysis, recent incarceration was significantly associated with initiating drug dealing (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.31; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21-4.42), after adjusting for potential confounders. Measures of recent incarceration lagged to the prior study follow-up were not found to predict initiation of drug dealing (hazard ratio = 1.50; 95% CI 0.66-3.42). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that among this study sample, incarceration does not appear to significantly propel youth to initiate drug dealing. However, the initiation of drug dealing among youth coincides with an increased risk of incarceration and their consequent vulnerability to the significant harms associated therein. Given that existing services tailored to street-involved youth are inadequate, evidence-based interventions should be invested and scaled up as a public health priority.
Asunto(s)
Tráfico de Drogas/estadística & datos numéricos , Jóvenes sin Hogar/estadística & datos numéricos , Drogas Ilícitas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Prisioneros/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Colombia Británica , Estudios de Cohortes , Derecho Penal/estadística & datos numéricos , Tráfico de Drogas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Femenino , Jóvenes sin Hogar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos , Tiempo de Internación/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Prisiones/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
According to German law (Para. 1631b German Civil Code), the placement of children and adolescents following seclusion and restraint actions must be approved by a family court. We analyzed the family court data of a court district in Berlin (Tempelhof-Kreuzberg) concerning cases of "placement of minors" between 2008 and 2011. A total of 474 such procedures were discovered. After data clearing and correction of cases (e. g., because of emergency interventions of the youth welfare system taking children into custody according to Para. 42, German Civil Code VIII), 376 cases remained. Of these 376 procedures in the years 2008 to 2011, 127 cases concerned children and adolescents according to Para. 1631b German Civil Code, and 249 procedures were settled either by dismissal, withdrawal or by repealing the initial decision to place the child with restrain or seclusion by means of an interim order or by filing an appeal against the final decision. Of the 127 procedures, 68 concerned girls, who were on average slightly younger than boys (14.5 years vs. 15.1 years). In two thirds of the procedures, the children and adolescents were German citizens. The majority of youths involved were living at home at the time of the procedure, but in 15 % of the case the youths were homeless. Most of the adolescents were treated with restraint in child and adolescent psychiatry. The most frequently quoted reasons for seclusion were substance abuse, suicide risk and running away from home/being homeless.
Asunto(s)
Protección a la Infancia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Derechos Civiles/legislación & jurisprudencia , Rol Judicial , Trastornos Mentales/terapia , Aislamiento de Pacientes/legislación & jurisprudencia , Prisioneros/legislación & jurisprudencia , Restricción Física/legislación & jurisprudencia , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/terapia , Adolescente , Atención Ambulatoria/legislación & jurisprudencia , Niño , Internamiento Obligatorio del Enfermo Mental/legislación & jurisprudencia , Femenino , Alemania , Jóvenes sin Hogar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos , Masculino , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Schools in the United States are facing a record number of homeless students. These students are highly at-risk for experiencing negative life outcomes, and they face considerable academic and social-emotional functional impairments. To help address the complex needs of homeless students, this article reviews the intersection of laws and practices that impact homeless students, as well as contemporary school-based service delivery efforts to support the academic and social-emotional needs of these students. In addition, this article also reviews several barriers to school-based service delivery for homeless students and ways to overcome these barriers. These barriers include confusion regarding consent and record-sharing procedures, ineffectively utilizing homeless liaisons, and misapplying tenants of Multitiered Systems of Support (MTSS), which is a school-based service-delivery framework that has been adopted by and implemented in many U.S. schools. Ultimately, this article aims to provide members of school communities with practical information that they can use to support the homeless youth they encounter and serve.
Asunto(s)
Jóvenes sin Hogar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Servicios de Salud Escolar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Instituciones Académicas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Adolescente , Humanos , Servicios de Salud Escolar/organización & administración , Instituciones Académicas/organización & administración , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Homeless youth are at increased risk for involvement in the criminal justice system. This study investigated childhood trauma as a risk factor for arrest or jail among a sample of youth seeking services at drop in, shelter, and transitional housing settings, while controlling for more established risk factors including: substance use, peer deviance, and engagement in survival behaviors. Standardized and researcher developed measures collected quantitative data through face-to-face interviews with youth (N = 202). Two sequential logic regression models identified significant predictors of arrest and jail, with a particular interest in the effects of childhood maltreatment. Youth with a history of physical abuse were nearly twice as likely to be arrested and to be jailed compared to non-abused youth, controlling for the significant influence of drug use and survival behaviors. These findings suggest the need for trauma screening and trauma-informed services for homeless youth at risk of illegal behavior.
Asunto(s)
Maltrato a los Niños/legislación & jurisprudencia , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Conducta Peligrosa , Jóvenes sin Hogar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Jóvenes sin Hogar/psicología , Delincuencia Juvenil/legislación & jurisprudencia , Delincuencia Juvenil/psicología , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Adolescente , Niño , Maltrato a los Niños/diagnóstico , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Comorbilidad , Estudios Transversales , Tráfico de Drogas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Tráfico de Drogas/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Jóvenes sin Hogar/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Entrevista Psicológica , Delincuencia Juvenil/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Tamizaje Masivo/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores de Riesgo , Trabajo Sexual/legislación & jurisprudencia , Trabajo Sexual/psicología , Trabajo Sexual/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/diagnóstico , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Robo/legislación & jurisprudencia , Robo/psicología , Robo/estadística & datos numéricos , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
Maltrato a los Niños/prevención & control , Protección a la Infancia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Jóvenes sin Hogar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Niño , Maltrato a los Niños/legislación & jurisprudencia , Países en Desarrollo , Intervención Educativa Precoz/legislación & jurisprudencia , Programas de Gobierno/normas , Humanos , Violencia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Violencia/prevención & control , Poblaciones VulnerablesRESUMEN
A cross-sectional study was conducted in the year 2008 among 174 children in observation homes in Hyderabad, India, to estimate the distribution of inhalant (whitener) use among this population. Data were collected using an instrument developed for this purpose. About 61% of the children were boys and their mean age was 12.2 years (range 5-18 years). Whitener use was found in 35% of the children along with concurrent use of other substances. Peer pressure was the commonest cause reported for initiating substance use. The high prevalence is an important concern for the Indian policymakers given the large number of street children in Indian cities.
Asunto(s)
Jóvenes sin Hogar , Abuso de Inhalantes/etiología , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Jóvenes sin Hogar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Abuso de Inhalantes/epidemiología , Masculino , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Psychiatric nurses are in key positions to identify and stop human trafficking, as well as aid its survivors. The combination of emotional trauma, sexual violence, and physical injuries experienced by these victims leads to high rates of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety. To detect human trafficking, it is important to identify the salient risk factors of homelessness and runaway history. This article offers key questions to help identify victims, as well as web-based resources.
Asunto(s)
Abuso Sexual Infantil/legislación & jurisprudencia , Abuso Sexual Infantil/psicología , Maltrato a los Niños/legislación & jurisprudencia , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Coerción , Víctimas de Crimen/legislación & jurisprudencia , Víctimas de Crimen/psicología , Crimen/legislación & jurisprudencia , Crimen/psicología , Jóvenes sin Hogar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Jóvenes sin Hogar/psicología , Rol de la Enfermera/psicología , Enfermería Psiquiátrica , Trabajo Sexual/legislación & jurisprudencia , Trabajo Sexual/psicología , Adolescente , Niño , Comunicación , Decepción , Femenino , Humanos , Maquiavelismo , Masculino , Notificación Obligatoria , Relaciones Enfermero-Paciente , Autoimagen , ConfianzaRESUMEN
Between 1965 and 1981, Costa Ricans changed their perceptions of which characteristics they thought defined appropriate urban childhoods. By 1981, the model of a modern, urban Costa Rican child was that of a child who attended school, did not work on the streets, and played in specifically designated places. Children who did not fit this mold began, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, to be viewed as dangerous to society and as evidencing social pathology. Whereas children who worked on the streets during the 1960s were considered part of the urban landscape, and their childhoods, though difficult, were not perceived as deviant, these same children, two decades later, were viewed as marginal and problematic. To trace this change, this article focuses on the changing perceptions about children on the streets that writers for and public contributors to La Nación, one of the preeminent Costa Rican newspapers, show during the sixteen-year period under analysis.
Asunto(s)
Jóvenes sin Hogar , Trastorno de la Conducta Social , Percepción Social , Problemas Sociales , Población Urbana , Niño , Preescolar , Costa Rica/etnología , Historia del Siglo XX , Jóvenes sin Hogar/educación , Jóvenes sin Hogar/etnología , Jóvenes sin Hogar/historia , Jóvenes sin Hogar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Jóvenes sin Hogar/psicología , Humanos , Periódicos como Asunto/economía , Periódicos como Asunto/historia , Opinión Pública/historia , Conducta Social/historia , Trastorno de la Conducta Social/etnología , Trastorno de la Conducta Social/historia , Problemas Sociales/economía , Problemas Sociales/etnología , Problemas Sociales/historia , Problemas Sociales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Problemas Sociales/psicología , Salud Urbana/historia , Población Urbana/historiaRESUMEN
The Chronic Homelessness initiative has directed millions of federal dollars to services for single "unaccompanied homeless" individuals, specifically excluding women living with their children. Using a data set with a nationally representative sample of homeless adults, we calculated the prevalence rates and profiles of long-term homelessness in homeless women (n = 849). With the exception of the criterion of being a single "unaccompanied individual," many women, including women with children, met the criteria for chronic homelessness including having a disability of mental health or substance abuse problems. Our findings suggest that the federal definition of chronic homelessness needs to be revised.
Asunto(s)
Salud de la Familia , Personas con Mala Vivienda/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Salud de la Mujer/legislación & jurisprudencia , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Preescolar , Intervalos de Confianza , Femenino , Personas con Mala Vivienda/legislación & jurisprudencia , Jóvenes sin Hogar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Jóvenes sin Hogar/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Modelos Estadísticos , Análisis Multivariante , Oportunidad Relativa , Factores de Tiempo , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
Jóvenes sin Hogar , Organizaciones , Adolescente , Niño , Desarrollo Infantil , Servicios de Salud Comunitaria , Femenino , Jóvenes sin Hogar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Vivienda , Humanos , India , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/etiología , Trastornos Mentales/terapia , Servicios de Salud Mental , Instituciones AcadémicasAsunto(s)
Jóvenes sin Hogar , Rol de la Enfermera , Servicios de Enfermería Escolar/organización & administración , Estudiantes , Adolescente , Niño , Conducta de Ayuda , Jóvenes sin Hogar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Jóvenes sin Hogar/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Evaluación de Necesidades , Evaluación en Enfermería , Estudiantes/legislación & jurisprudencia , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
This article examines the relationship between street children and the justice system in Egypt. After introducing the context of street children in the Egyptian case, it explores whether the justice system exacerbates the problem of street children and whether its potential to play a positive part in alleviating the problem should be revisited. The article then explores the basis for the negative perspective on the role of the justice system and the steps required to improve its role in solving the problem of the increasing number of street children. It concludes with a three-pronged approach for the Egyptian justice system to adopt to effectively address the problem of street children. The article is based on an existing knowledge base that is scattered in small-sample empirical studies, large-scale surveys, United Nations reports, newspapers, and a few academic articles written in both English and Arabic.
Asunto(s)
Jóvenes sin Hogar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Niño , Egipto , HumanosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Engagement in drug trafficking may place a child or youth at risk for exposure to severe violence, drug abuse, and death. However, little is know about the nature of youth involvement in drug trafficking. The purpose of this study is to describe drug trafficking behaviour of delinquent youth and identify adverse experiences as potential predictors of trafficking. METHODS: Cross-sectional sample of youth (12-17 years of age) incarcerated in detention facilities for delinquent or criminal acts in São Paulo City, Brazil. Structured face-to-face interviews completed with 325 youth (289 boys, 36 girls). RESULTS: Approximately half of the boys and girls in this sample have had at least some role in drug trafficking prior to incarceration. Though youth who had engaged in drug trafficking activities did not differ on basic socio-demographic variables, they were more likely to have been exposed to a number of adverse experiences. Beyond heavy substance use, no longer attending school, gang involvement, witnessing violence, and easier access to guns, drugs and alcohol remained significantly related to trafficking involvement in the final regression model. Girls experienced a very similar pattern of adverse exposures as boys. CONCLUSION: Special efforts may be required for rehabilitation of youth who engage in drug trafficking. Potential targets may include keeping or re-engaging delinquent youth in school for longer periods of time and reducing youth exposure to violence in poor urban communities.
Asunto(s)
Control de Medicamentos y Narcóticos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Drogas Ilícitas , Delincuencia Juvenil/legislación & jurisprudencia , Delincuencia Juvenil/estadística & datos numéricos , Asunción de Riesgos , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Población Urbana , Adolescente , Alcoholismo/epidemiología , Alcoholismo/rehabilitación , Brasil , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Armas de Fuego/estadística & datos numéricos , Jóvenes sin Hogar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Jóvenes sin Hogar/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Delincuencia Juvenil/rehabilitación , Masculino , Áreas de Pobreza , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Sexuales , Detección de Abuso de Sustancias/legislación & jurisprudencia , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/rehabilitación , Violencia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Violencia/prevención & control , Violencia/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Despite an abundance of resources, many of the world's wealthiest nations have a large homeless population. People at all stages of development are affected by this problem, but adolescents who are homeless face a unique set of challenges. In this critical narrative study the authors examined the experiences of homeless adolescents with particular attention to the role of gender and public policy, health experiences and perceptions, and barriers to health care services. Six girls and 7 boys participated in semistructured dialogic interviews. Their stories revealed that living without a home had a substantial impact on their health and wellness. The findings from this study support the need for health care professionals to work in collaboration with homeless youth so that more effective care that is sensitive to their unique health needs can be provided.
Asunto(s)
Servicios de Salud del Adolescente/organización & administración , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud , Disparidades en Atención de Salud , Jóvenes sin Hogar/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Femenino , Jóvenes sin Hogar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos , Control Interno-Externo , Entrevistas como Asunto , Masculino , Narración , Evaluación de Necesidades , Ontario , Pobreza , Política Pública , Seguridad , Factores Sexuales , Bienestar Social , Salud UrbanaRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Researchers who investigate social and economic determinants of health often interact with vulnerable and marginalized populations. Great care must be taken to conduct research studies involving vulnerable persons in a manner consistent with accepted ethical principles in order to protect participants from exploitation, to build capacity, and to promote wellbeing. Children form a particularly vulnerable group, especially those who do not enjoy the protection of parents or guardians. METHODS: A research project which studied South African Sunnyside's street children was used as a case study to illustrate ethical issues surrounding research with vulnerable populations. DISCUSSION: The participants in the case study lacked the age of majority and were without any legal guardian. The researchers experienced considerable difficulty in obtaining ethical approval to conduct the study. The street children, at first, were not allowed to give informed consent for the study because of their minor age. Ethical principles of autonomy, disclosure, competence and understanding, consent and voluntariness, beneficence and non-maleficence, and justice are described and applied to this case study involving street children in a South African neighbourhood. It is suggested that by working within an ethical framework, the safety of research participants will be assured and the quality of the research will be enhanced.
Asunto(s)
Ética en Investigación , Investigación sobre Servicios de Salud/ética , Jóvenes sin Hogar/psicología , Menores/psicología , Sujetos de Investigación/psicología , Poblaciones Vulnerables/psicología , Adolescente , Niño , Promoción de la Salud/métodos , Jóvenes sin Hogar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos , Consentimiento Informado/ética , Consentimiento Informado/legislación & jurisprudencia , Menores/legislación & jurisprudencia , Estudios de Casos Organizacionales , Percepción , Pobreza , Sujetos de Investigación/economía , Sujetos de Investigación/legislación & jurisprudencia , Autoimagen , Clase Social , Justicia Social/ética , Sudáfrica , Poblaciones Vulnerables/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
Homeless children in New York City had an extremely high asthma prevalence-40%-in a cross-sectional study at 3 shelters (n=740) during 1998 to 1999. We used the same protocol to summarize subsequent data through December 2002. Asthma prevalence was 33% (n=1636); only 15% of the children previously diagnosed were taking an asthma controller medication. Emergency department use was 59%. These data were used to support a class action lawsuit that was resolved in favor of homeless children with asthma in New York City.
Asunto(s)
Asma/epidemiología , Servicios de Salud del Niño/legislación & jurisprudencia , Protección a la Infancia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Jóvenes sin Hogar/estadística & datos numéricos , Instalaciones Públicas/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salud Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Asma/diagnóstico , Asma/tratamiento farmacológico , Niño , Protección a la Infancia/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Transversales , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital/estadística & datos numéricos , Educación en Salud , Investigación sobre Servicios de Salud , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Jóvenes sin Hogar/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos , Tamizaje Masivo/normas , Asistencia Médica , Ciudad de Nueva York/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Instalaciones Públicas/normasRESUMEN
Providing stable housing for runaway and homeless youth is a major function of a transitional living program. This article introduces the focus of one program working with LGBTQ youth in New York City and discusses some issues to consider when working with this population. The article also presents data associated with young people's lives after discharge. In any discussion of outcomes, both reason for discharge and length of stay play important roles in whether or not an exit is safe. Regardless of these two elements, the places youth move to when leaving programs are crucial to their safety and well-being. The exit can be safe even when a young person is discharged early from a program. This article presents types of exits, as well as status of employment and school enrollment at exit. Some youth and staff-identified lessons gained in the program also are discussed in detail. Types of aftercare services sought by discharged youth are specified. This article also describes any differences in outcomes for youth with and without foster care experience.