RESUMEN

Soluble nucleases of the deoxyribonuclease 1 (DNase1) family facilitate DNA and chromatin disposal (chromatinolysis) during certain forms of cell differentiation and death and participate in the suppression of anti-nuclear autoimmunity as well as thrombotic microangiopathies caused by aggregated neutrophil extracellular traps. Since a systematic and direct comparison of the specific activities and properties of the secretory DNase1 family members is still missing, we expressed and purified recombinant murine DNase1 (rmDNase1), DNase1-like 2 (rmDNase1L2) and DNase1-like 3 (rmDNase1L3) using Pichia pastoris. Employing different strategies for optimizing culture and purification conditions, we achieved yields of pure protein between ~3 mg/l (rmDNase1L2 and rmDNase1L3) and ~9 mg/l (rmDNase1) expression medium. Furthermore, we established a procedure for post-expressional maturation of pre-mature DNase still bound to an unprocessed tri-N-glycosylated pro-peptide of the yeast α-mating factor. We analyzed glycosylation profiles and determined specific DNase activities by the hyperchromicity assay. Additionally, we evaluated substrate specificities under various conditions at equimolar DNase isoform concentrations by lambda DNA and chromatin digestion assays in the presence and absence of heparin and monomeric skeletal muscle α-actin. Our results suggest that due to its biochemical properties mDNase1L2 can be regarded as an evolutionary intermediate isoform of mDNase1 and mDNase1L3. Consequently, our data show that the secretory DNase1 family members complement each other to achieve optimal DNA degradation and chromatinolysis under a broad spectrum of biological conditions.

Asunto(s)

Desoxirribonucleasa I , Evolución Molecular , Saccharomycetales , Animales , Desoxirribonucleasa I/biosíntesis , Desoxirribonucleasa I/química , Desoxirribonucleasa I/genética , Desoxirribonucleasa I/aislamiento & purificación , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Isoenzimas/química , Isoenzimas/genética , Isoenzimas/aislamiento & purificación , Ratones , Proteínas Recombinantes/biosíntesis , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/aislamiento & purificación , Saccharomycetales/genética , Saccharomycetales/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) containing carboxylic acid are conjugated with coenzyme A (CoA) or glucuronic acid in the body. It has been suggested that these conjugates are associated with toxicities, such as liver injury and anaphylaxis, through their binding via trans-acylation to cellular proteins. Although studies on glucuronidation have progressed, studies on CoA conjugation of drugs catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) enzymes are still in the early stages. This study aimed to clarify the human ACS isoforms responsible for CoA-conjugation of NSAIDs through consideration of the hepatic expression levels of ACS isoforms. We found that among 10 types of NSAIDs, propionic acid-class NSAIDs, namely, alminoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and loxoprofen, were conjugated with CoA in the human liver, whereas NSAIDs in the other classes, including diclofenac and mefenamic acid, were not. qRT-PCR revealed that among the 26 ACS isoforms, ACSL1 was the most highly expressed in the human liver, followed by ACSM2B. The propionic acid-class NSAIDs were conjugated with CoA by recombinant human ACSL1. The protein binding abilities of the CoA conjugates and the glucuronide forms of propionic acid-class NSAIDs were compared as an index of toxicity. The CoA conjugates had stronger adduct formation with liver microsomal proteins than glucuronides for all 5 propionic acid-class NSAIDs. In conclusion, we found that propionic acid-class NSAIDs could be conjugated to CoA by ACSL1 in the human liver to form CoA conjugates, which likely cause toxicity by protein adduct formation.

Asunto(s)

Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/metabolismo , Coenzima A Ligasas/biosíntesis , Coenzima A/metabolismo , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica , Hígado/enzimología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Animales , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Coenzima A Ligasas/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Isoenzimas/genética , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Células Sf9 , Spodoptera

RESUMEN

The Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) is one of the least known cetacean species worldwide. The decreasing population trend and associated threats has led to the IUCN categorising the Mediterranean subpopulation as Vulnerable on the Red List of Threatened Species. This study aimed to investigate for the first time the ecotoxicological status of Cuvier's beaked whale in the NW Mediterranean Sea. The study sampled around the 20% of the individuals belonging to the Ligurian subpopulation, collecting skin biopsies from free-ranging specimens. The levels of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and induction of cytochrome's P450 (CYP1A1 and CYP2B isoforms) were evaluated. Results highlighted that the pattern of concentration for the target contaminants was PCBs > PBDEs and the accumulation values were linked to age and sex, with adult males showing significantly higher levels than juvenile. Concerns raised by the fact that 80% of the individuals had PCB levels above the toxicity threshold for negative physiological effects in marine mammals. Therefore, these findings shed light on this silent and serious threat never assessed in the Mediterranean Cuvier's beaked whale population, indicating that anthropogenic pressures, including chemical pollution, may represent menaces for the conservation of this species in the Mediterranean Sea.

Asunto(s)

Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/biosíntesis , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica , Piel/enzimología , Ballenas/metabolismo , Animales , Biopsia , Éteres Difenilos Halogenados/toxicidad , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Mar Mediterráneo , Bifenilos Policlorados/toxicidad , Piel/patología , Contaminación Química del Agua

RESUMEN

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly heterogenous malignancy with an increased mortality rate. Aberrant splicing is a typical characteristic of CRC, and several studies support the prognostic value of particular transcripts in this malignancy. l-DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) and its derivative neurotransmitters play a multifaceted role in physiological and pathological states. Our recent data support the existence of 6 DDC novel exons. In this study, we investigated the existence of additional DDC novel exons and transcripts, and their potential value as biomarkers in CRC. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) in 55 human cell lines coupled with Sanger sequencing uncovered 3 additional DDC novel exons and 20 splice variants, 7 of which likely encode new protein isoforms. Eight of these transcripts were detected in CRC. An in-house qPCR assay was developed and performed in TNM II and III CRC samples for the quantification of transcripts bearing novel exons. Extensive biostatistical analysis uncovered the prognostic value of specific DDC novel exons for patients' disease-free and overall survival. The revised DDC exon structure, the putative protein isoforms with distinct functions, and the prognostic value of novel exons highlight the pivotal role of DDC in CRC progression, indicating its potential utility as a molecular biomarker in CRC.

Asunto(s)

Empalme Alternativo , Descarboxilasas de Aminoácido-L-Aromático , Neoplasias Colorrectales , Exones , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Proteínas de Neoplasias , Descarboxilasas de Aminoácido-L-Aromático/biosíntesis , Descarboxilasas de Aminoácido-L-Aromático/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias Colorrectales/enzimología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/genética , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Isoenzimas/genética , Proteínas de Neoplasias/biosíntesis , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Transcripción Genética

RESUMEN

6-Phosphofructokinase-1-kinase (PFK) tetramers catalyse the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (F16BP). Vertebrates have three PFK isoforms (PFK-M, PFK-L, and PFK-P). This study is the first to compare the kinetics, structures, and transcript levels of recombinant human PFK isoforms. Under the conditions tested PFK-M has the highest affinities for F6P and ATP (K0.5ATP 152 µM; K0.5F6P 147 µM), PFK-P the lowest affinities (K0.5ATP 276 µM; K0.5F6P 1333 µM), and PFK-L demonstrates a mixed picture of high ATP affinity and low F6P affinity (K0.5ATP 160 µM; K0.5F6P 1360 µM). PFK-M is more resistant to ATP inhibition compared with PFK-L and PFK-P (respectively, 23%, 31%, 50% decreases in specificity constants). GTP is an alternate phospho donor. Interface 2, which regulates the inactive dimer to active tetramer equilibrium, differs between isoforms, resulting in varying tetrameric stability. Under the conditions tested PFK-M is less sensitive to fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F26BP) allosteric modulation than PFK-L or PFK-P (allosteric constants [K0.5ATP+F26BP/K0.5ATP] 1.10, 0.92, 0.54, respectively). Structural analysis of two allosteric sites reveals one may be specialised for AMP/ADP and the other for smaller/flexible regulators (citrate or phosphoenolpyruvate). Correlations between PFK-L and PFK-P transcript levels indicate that simultaneous expression may expand metabolic capacity for F16BP production whilst preserving regulatory capabilities. Analysis of cancer samples reveals intriguing parallels between PFK-P and PKM2 (pyruvate kinase M2), and simultaneous increases in PFK-P and PFKFB3 (responsible for F26BP production) transcript levels, suggesting prioritisation of metabolic flexibility in cancers. Our results describe the kinetic and transcript level differences between the three PFK isoforms, explaining how each isoform may be optimised for distinct roles.

Asunto(s)

Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica , Fosfofructoquinasas , Transcripción Genética , Regulación Alostérica , Fructosafosfatos/química , Fructosafosfatos/genética , Fructosafosfatos/metabolismo , Humanos , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Isoenzimas/química , Isoenzimas/genética , Especificidad de Órganos , Fosfofructoquinasas/biosíntesis , Fosfofructoquinasas/química , Fosfofructoquinasas/genética , Fosforilación

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) has been found to be an effective method for delivering microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs). The current study is aimed at discovering the potential anti-cancer effects of UTMD-mediated miR-206 on HCC. METHODS: In our study, the expressions of miR-206 and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase B (PPIB) in HCC tissues and cells were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). PPIB expressions in HCC and adjacent normal tissues were analyzed by gene expression profiling interactive analysis (GEPIA). MiR-206 mimic and mimic control were transfected into HCC cells using UTMD. Potential binding sites between miR-206 and PPIB were predicted and confirmed by TargetScan and dual-luciferase reporter assay, respectively. Cell migration, invasion, and apoptosis were detected by wound healing assay, Transwell, and flow cytometry, respectively. The expressions of apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, Bcl-2), Epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) markers (E-cadherin, N-cadherin and Snail) and PPIB were measured by Western blot. RESULTS: MiR-206 expression was downregulated while PPIB expression was upregulated in HCC, and PPIB was recognized as a target gene of miR-206 in HCC tissues. UTMD-mediated miR-206 inhibited HCC cell migration and invasion while promoting apoptosis via regulating the expressions of proteins related to apoptosis, migration, and invasion by targeting PPIB. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that the delivery of UTMD-mediated miR-206 could be a potential therapeutic method for HCC treatment, given its effects on inhibiting cell migration and invasion and promoting cell apoptosis.

Asunto(s)

Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , MicroARNs/biosíntesis , MicroARNs/farmacología , Isomerasa de Peptidilprolil/biosíntesis , Antígenos CD/biosíntesis , Apoptosis/genética , Sitios de Unión , Cadherinas/biosíntesis , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular/genética , Proliferación Celular/genética , Transición Epitelial-Mesenquimal/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/genética , Humanos , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , MicroARNs/genética , Microburbujas , Invasividad Neoplásica/genética , Metástasis de la Neoplasia/genética , Metástasis de la Neoplasia/prevención & control , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Factores de Transcripción de la Familia Snail/biosíntesis , Ondas Ultrasónicas , Cicatrización de Heridas/fisiología

RESUMEN

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an entry receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and a regulator of several physiological processes. ACE2 has recently been proposed to be interferon (IFN) inducible, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 may exploit this phenomenon to enhance viral spread and questioning the efficacy of IFN treatment in coronavirus disease 2019. Using a recent de novo transcript assembly that captured previously unannotated transcripts, we describe a new isoform of ACE2, generated by co-option of intronic retroelements as promoter and alternative exon. The new transcript, termed MIRb-ACE2, exhibits specific expression patterns across the aerodigestive and gastrointestinal tracts and is highly responsive to IFN stimulation. In contrast, canonical ACE2 expression is unresponsive to IFN stimulation. Moreover, the MIRb-ACE2 translation product is a truncated, unstable ACE2 form, lacking domains required for SARS-CoV-2 binding and is therefore unlikely to contribute to or enhance viral infection.

Asunto(s)

Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina 2/biosíntesis , Interferones/metabolismo , Retroelementos/genética , Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina 2/genética , Animales , Línea Celular , Chlorocebus aethiops , Inducción Enzimática , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica , Regulación Viral de la Expresión Génica , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Isoenzimas/genética , Estabilidad Proteica , RNA-Seq , Receptores de Coronavirus/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , Distribución Tisular , Células Vero

RESUMEN

Through the process of alternative splicing, proteins with distinct biological functions and localisations are generated from a single gene. The mitochondrial folate metabolism enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2 (MTHFD2) has been receiving attention in recent years as one of the most frequently upregulated metabolic enzymes across multiple tumour types. We hypothesized that alternative splicing of MTHFD2 could be a mechanism that generates novel isoforms of this enzyme, with potentially distinct and important biological functions. Multiple alternatively spliced MTHFD2 transcripts were first characterized in the UCSC and Ensemble genome browser. Subsequently, investigating the transcriptomic data for the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTeX) project it was found that beyond the canonical MTHFD2 transcript, alternative transcripts lacking the second exon of MTHFD2 are also common. The presence of MTHFD2 transcripts lacking the second exon was confirmed by RT-PCR in normal and cancer cells. Translation of MTHFD2 transcripts lacking this second exon are predicted to generate a truncated protein lacking the first 102 N-terminal amino acids of the full-length protein, including the mitochondrial transport sequence. Hence, the truncated MTHFD2 protein could be an isoform with distinct localisation and functions. However, we were not able to confirm the generation of a stable truncated MTHFD2 protein in eukaryotic cells. This study characterizes for the first time alternative spliced transcripts of the enzyme MTHFD2, although further work is required to investigate their biological significance.

Asunto(s)

Empalme Alternativo , Aminohidrolasas , Metilenotetrahidrofolato Deshidrogenasa (NADP) , Proteínas Mitocondriales , Enzimas Multifuncionales , Aminohidrolasas/biosíntesis , Aminohidrolasas/genética , Células HCT116 , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Isoenzimas/genética , Metilenotetrahidrofolato Deshidrogenasa (NADP)/biosíntesis , Metilenotetrahidrofolato Deshidrogenasa (NADP)/genética , Proteínas Mitocondriales/biosíntesis , Proteínas Mitocondriales/genética , Enzimas Multifuncionales/biosíntesis , Enzimas Multifuncionales/genética

RESUMEN

The assumption that structural or sequential homology between enzymes implies functional homology is a common misconception. Through in-depth structural and kinetic analysis, we are now beginning to understand the minute differences in primary structure that can alter the function of an enzyme completely. Alternative splicing is one method for which the activity of an enzyme can be controlled, simply by altering its length. Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase A (AANATA) in D. melanogaster, which catalyzes the N-acetylation of biogenic amines, has multiple splicoforms - alternatively spliced enzyme isoforms - with differing tissue distribution. As demonstrated here, AANAT1 from Tribolium castaneum is another such enzyme with multiple splicoforms. A screening assay was developed and utilized to determine that, despite only a 35 amino acid truncation, the shortened form of TcAANAT1 is a more active form of the enzyme. This implies regulation of enzyme metabolic activity via alternative splicing.

Asunto(s)

Empalme Alternativo , N-Acetiltransferasa de Arilalquilamina , Proteínas de Insectos , Tribolium , Animales , N-Acetiltransferasa de Arilalquilamina/biosíntesis , N-Acetiltransferasa de Arilalquilamina/genética , Drosophila melanogaster , Proteínas de Insectos/biosíntesis , Proteínas de Insectos/genética , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Isoenzimas/genética , Tribolium/enzimología , Tribolium/genética

Asunto(s)

Neuronas Adrenérgicas/metabolismo , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica , Glucógeno Fosforilasa/biosíntesis , Norepinefrina/administración & dosificación , Receptores de Estrógenos/metabolismo , Núcleo Hipotalámico Ventromedial/metabolismo , Neuronas Adrenérgicas/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antagonistas de Estrógenos/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Glucógeno Fosforilasa/genética , Infusiones Intraventriculares , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Isoenzimas/genética , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Estrógenos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Núcleo Hipotalámico Ventromedial/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

The catecholamine norepinephrine (NE) links hindbrain metabolic­sensory neurons with downstream gluco­regulatory loci, including the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN). Exogenous NE up­regulates VMN expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), biomarker for the gluco­inhibitory transmitter γ­aminobutryic acid (GABA). Brain glycogen phosphorylase (GP)­muscle (GPmm) and ­brain (GPbb) variants are stimulated in vitro by NE or energy deficiency, respectively. Current research investigated whether lactoprivic­driven VMN NE signaling regulates GABA and if VMN GPmm and GPbb profiles react differently to that deficit cue. Male rats were pretreated by caudal fourth ventricle delivery of the selective catecholamine neurotoxin 6­hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) ahead of the monocarboxylate transporter inhibitor alpha­cyano­4­hydroxycinnamic acid (4CIN). Micropunch­dissected VMN tissue was analyzed by Western blot and ELISA to assess NE­dependent 4CIN regulation of GAD and GP variant protein expression and NE activity. 4CIN caused 6OHDA­reversible augmentation of VMN NE content and plasma glucose and counter­regulatory hormone levels. 6OHDA stimulated basal VMN GAD expression, but prevented 4CIN stimulation of this profile. Neurotoxin inhibited or increased baseline VMN GPmm and GPbb levels, respectively, in non­4CIN­injected rats. 6OHDA deterred 4CIN inhibition of GPmm, but did not prevent drug stimulation of GPbb. Results affirm hindbrain lactoprivic regulation of glucostasis. Hindbrain NE exerts opposite effects on VMN GABA transmission during hindbrain lactostasis vs. ­privation. VMN norepinephrine­ vs. energy­sensitive GP variants are subject to dissimilar NE regulation during energy homeostasis, and respond differently to hindbrain lactoprivation.

Asunto(s)

Glucosa/metabolismo , Glucógeno/metabolismo , Rombencéfalo/metabolismo , Núcleo Hipotalámico Ventromedial/metabolismo , Animales , Ácidos Cumáricos/farmacología , Dopamina beta-Hidroxilasa/biosíntesis , Dopamina beta-Hidroxilasa/genética , Inducción Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Glutamato Descarboxilasa/biosíntesis , Glutamato Descarboxilasa/genética , Glucógeno Fosforilasa/metabolismo , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Isoenzimas/genética , Masculino , Norepinefrina/farmacología , Norepinefrina/fisiología , Oxidopamina/toxicidad , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Rombencéfalo/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) is one of a very few plant species that produce zero calorie, sweet compounds known as steviol glycosides (SG). SGs differ in their sweetness and organoleptic properties depending on the number and positioning of sugar groups on the core steviol backbone. There is great interest of modulating the SG profiles of the Stevia plant to enhance the flavor profile for a given application in the food and beverage industries. Here, we report a highly efficient Agrobacterium-mediated stable transformation system using axillary shoots as the initial explant. Using this system, we generated over 200 transgenic Stevia plants overexpressing a specific isoform of UGT76G1. By comparing the SG profiles among independent transgenic events, we demonstrated that altering UGT76G1 expression can change the ratios of specific SG species. Furthermore, using recombinant proteins produced in E. coli, we show that two closely related UGT76G1 isoforms differ in their substrate specificities, providing new insights into mechanisms underlying the diversity of SG profiles that are observed across Stevia germplasm. Finally, we found evidence suggesting that alternative and/or aberrant splicing may serve to influence the ability of the plant to produce functional UGT76G1 transcripts, and possibly produce enzyme variants within the plant.

Asunto(s)

Empalme Alternativo , Glicosiltransferasas , Proteínas de Plantas , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Stevia , Transformación Genética , Glicosiltransferasas/biosíntesis , Glicosiltransferasas/genética , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Isoenzimas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/biosíntesis , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/enzimología , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Stevia/enzimología , Stevia/genética

RESUMEN

In the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, AKT, is known to play a key role in dauer formation, life-span, and stress-resistance through the insulin-like signaling pathway. Although the structure and function of AKT-coding genes of C. elegans are understood, this is not the case for homologous genes in parasitic nematodes. In the present study, we explored a C. elegans akt-1 gene homolog in the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus, investigated its transcript isoforms (Hc-akt-1a and Hc-akt-1b), and studied expression and function using both homologous and heterologous functional genomic tools. In C. elegans, we showed that the predicted promoter of Hc-akt-1 drives substantial expression in ASJ neurons of the N2 (wild-type) strain. In H. contortus (Haecon-5 stain), RNAi (soaking) led to a significantly decreased transcript abundance for both Hc-akt-1a and Hc-akt-1b, and reduced larval development in larval stages in vitro. Chemical inhibition was also shown to block larval development. Taken together, the evidence from this study points to a key functional role for Hc-akt-1 in H. contortus.

Asunto(s)

Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica , Haemonchus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas del Helminto/biosíntesis , Neuronas/enzimología , Proteína Oncogénica v-akt/biosíntesis , Animales , Haemonchus/genética , Proteínas del Helminto/genética , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Isoenzimas/genética , Larva/genética , Larva/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteína Oncogénica v-akt/genética

RESUMEN

The multifunctional protein Transglutaminase type 2, is associated with cancer epithelial mesenchymal transition, invasiveness, stemness and drugs resistance. Several variant isoforms and non-coding RNAs are present in cancer and this report explored the expression of these transcripts of the TGM2 gene in cancer cell lines after induction with all-trans retinoic acid. The expression of truncated variants along with two long non-coding RNAs, was demonstrated. One of these is coded from the first intron and the Last Exon Variant is constituted by a sequence corresponding to the last three exons and the 3'UTR. Analysis of ChIP-seq data, from ENCODE project, highlighted factors interacting with intronic sequences, which could interfere with the progression of RNApol II at checkpoints, during the elongation process. Some relevant transcription factors, bound in an ATRA-dependent way, were found by RNA immunoprecipitation, notably GATA3 mainly enriched to Last Exon Variant non-coding RNA. The involvement of NMD in the regulation of the ratio among these transcripts was observed, as the prevalent recovering of Last Exon Variant to phUPF1-complexes, with decrease of the binding towards other selective targets. This study contributes to identify molecular mechanisms regulating the ratio among the variants and improves the knowledge about regulatory roles of the non-coding RNAs of the TGM2 gene.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas de Unión al GTP/biosíntesis , ARN Largo no Codificante/metabolismo , Transglutaminasas/biosíntesis , Tretinoina/farmacología , Secuenciación de Inmunoprecipitación de Cromatina , Factor de Transcripción GATA3/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al GTP/genética , Células HL-60 , Humanos , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Isoenzimas/genética , Degradación de ARNm Mediada por Codón sin Sentido , Proteína Glutamina Gamma Glutamiltransferasa 2 , ARN Largo no Codificante/genética , Transcripción Genética , Transglutaminasas/genética

RESUMEN

Aneurysms and dissections affecting thoracic aorta are associated with smooth muscle cell (SMC) dysfunction. NO/cGMP signaling pathway in smooth muscle cells has been shown to be affected in sporadic thoracic aortic aneurysms. We analyzed the mRNA levels of PDE5, a cGMP-hydrolyzing enzyme highly expressed in aortic SMCs, that regulates arterious vascular tone by lowering cGMP levels. We found that aortic tissue obtained from Marfan, tricuspid and bicuspid thoracic aneurysms expressed lower levels of PDE5 mRNA compared to control aortas. In particular, we found that affected aortas showed lower levels of all the PDE5A isoforms, compared to control aortas. Transfection of vascular SMCs (VSMCs) with NOTCH3 activated domain (NICD3) induced the expression of PDE5A1 and A3 protein isoforms, but not that of the corresponding mRNAs. VSMC stimulation with GSNO, a nitric oxide analogue or with 8-br-cGMP, but not with 8-br-cAMP, up-regulated PDE5 and NOTCH-3 protein levels, indicating a negative feedback loop to protect the arterial wall from excessive relaxation. Finally, we found that PDE5 is expressed early during human aorta development, suggesting that if loss of function mutations of PDE5 occur, they might potentially affect aortic wall development.

Asunto(s)

Aneurisma de la Aorta Torácica/enzimología , Fosfodiesterasas de Nucleótidos Cíclicos Tipo 5/biosíntesis , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica , Músculo Liso Vascular/enzimología , Miocitos del Músculo Liso/enzimología , Adulto , Anciano , Aneurisma de la Aorta Torácica/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Músculo Liso Vascular/patología , Miocitos del Músculo Liso/patología

RESUMEN

Recent studies have shown that re-expression of stem cell factors contribute to pathogenesis, therapy resistance, and recurrent disease in ovarian carcinomas. In this study, we compare the expression and co-expression of stem cell markers ALDH1 and SOX2 in different types of serous ovarian tumors. A total of 215 serous ovarian tumors (161 high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSC), 17 low-grade serous carcinomas (LGSC), 37 atypical proliferative serous tumors (APST)), and 10 cases of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) were analyzed. Double immunostaining experiments addressed the association of cell proliferation (Ki67) with ALDH1 and the potential co-expression of SOX2 and ALDH1. The prognostic effect was analyzed in the cohort of HGSC. Expression of ALDH1and/or SOX2 was detected with increased frequency in HGSC (88.8%), compared with LGSC (70.5%) and APST (36.4%), while ALDH1 alone was significantly more frequently expressed in LGSC. The majority of all tumor types showed expression of ALDH1 and SOX2 in different cells. Only a minority of HGSC (4.6%) and STIC (20%) showed SOX2/ALDH1 co-expression in > 10% of tumor cells. Double staining also revealed that ALDH1 is associated with the non-proliferating Ki67-negative fraction consistent with a stem cell phenotype. Co-expression of ALDH1 and SOX2 or ALDH1 and Ki67 has no effect on survival. Expression of stem cell factors ALDH1 and/or SOX2 shows increased frequency in high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas compared to low-grade carcinomas and borderline tumors, supporting the concept that stem cell markers play different biological roles in low-grade versus high-grade serous neoplasia of the ovary.

Asunto(s)

Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso/patología , Isoenzimas/análisis , Células Madre Neoplásicas/patología , Neoplasias Ováricas/patología , Retinal-Deshidrogenasa/análisis , Factores de Transcripción SOXB1/análisis , Adulto , Familia de Aldehído Deshidrogenasa 1 , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Femenino , Humanos , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Persona de Mediana Edad , Retinal-Deshidrogenasa/biosíntesis , Factores de Transcripción SOXB1/biosíntesis

RESUMEN

Fifteen chitinases of classes I-V were identified in the transcriptomes of pitchers and adult leaves of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes sp. Ten of these chitinases were identified for the first time, including the chitinases of classes II and V. The expression levels of all found chitinase genes in leaves and at three stages of pitcher development were determined. The maximum level of transcriptional activity in an open pitcher was observed for the genes encoding chitinase NChi4 (class II) and its isoforms. The expression levels of these genes significantly increased as the pitcher developed. In addition, for the first time, transcription of the genes encoding chitinases of all five classes was detected in the leaves of this plant.

Asunto(s)

Caryophyllales , Quitinasas , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/fisiología , Genes de Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas , Caryophyllales/enzimología , Caryophyllales/genética , Quitinasas/biosíntesis , Quitinasas/genética , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Isoenzimas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/biosíntesis , Proteínas de Plantas/genética

RESUMEN

The sodium potassium ATPase (Na+/K+ ATPase) is essential for the maintenance of a low intracellular Na+ and a high intracellular K+ concentration. Loss of function of the Na+/K+ ATPase due to mutations in Na+/K+ ATPase genes, anoxic conditions, depletion of ATP or inhibition of the Na+/K+ ATPase function using cardiac glycosides such as digitalis, causes a depolarization of the resting membrane potential. While in non-excitable cells, the uptake of glucose and amino acids is decreased if the function of the Na+/K+ ATPase is compromised, in excitable cells the symptoms range from local hyper-excitability to inactivating depolarization. Although several studies have demonstrated the differential expression of the various Na+/K+ ATPase alpha and beta isoforms in the brain tissue of rodents, their expression profile during development has yet to be thoroughly investigated. An immunohistochemical analysis of postnatal day 19 mouse brain showed ubiquitous expression of Na+/K+ ATPase isoforms α1, ß1 and ß2 in both neurons and glial cells, whereas α2 was expressed mostly in glial cells and the α3 and ß3 isoforms were expressed in neurons. Furthermore, we examined potential changes in the relative expression of the different Na+/K+ ATPase isoforms in different brain areas of postnatal day 6 and in adult 9 months old animals using immunoblot analysis. Our results show a significant up-regulation of the α1 isoform in cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum, whereas, the α2 isoform was significantly up-regulated in midbrain. The ß3 isoform showed a significant up-regulation in all brain areas investigated. The up-regulation of the α3 isoform matched that of the ß2 isoform which were both significantly up-regulated in cortex, hippocampus and midbrain, suggesting that the increased maturation of the neuronal network is accompanied by an increase in expression of α3/ß2 complexes in these brain structures.

Asunto(s)

Encéfalo/enzimología , Encéfalo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica , ATPasa Intercambiadora de Sodio-Potasio/biosíntesis , Factores de Edad , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Isoenzimas/genética , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Subunidades de Proteína/biosíntesis , Subunidades de Proteína/genética , ATPasa Intercambiadora de Sodio-Potasio/genética

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: Cancer stem cells (CSC) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathways are crucial for cancer progression. However, synergistic interactions between CSC and EMT are not clear in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The objective of this study was to investigate CSC markers such as CD44, NANOG, and ALDH1 expression and its correlation with EMT markers in NSCLC patients. Its association with survival was also determined. METHODS: CD44, NANOG, and ALDH1 protein expression was evaluated in 267 resected NSCLC and its correlation with e-cadherin, ß-catenin, p120 catenin, vimentin, SNAIL, and TWIST expressions was determined based on immunohistochemical and mRNA expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Survival analyses also were performed based on immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression data from Gene Expression Omnibus dataset. RESULTS: ALDH1 expression in lung adenocarcinoma was positively correlated with the epithelial-like phenotype, low vimentin and low TWIST in immunohistochemical and mRNA expression data. NANOG and ALDH1 expressions measured by immunohistochemical and mRNA expression profiling data of adenocarcinomas were associated with a favorable prognosis. ALDH1 was an independent favorable prognostic marker for overall survival or recurrence-free survival in adenocarcinoma (P = 0.026 and P = 0.033, respectively). The epithelial-like phenotype expressing P120-catenin and beta-catenin was associated with a favorable prognosis; however, the TWIST-expressing mesenchymal-like phenotype was correlated with an unfavorable prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: NANOG and ALDH1 protein or mRNA expression showed improved prognosis in adenocarcinoma alone. ALDH1 expression correlated with an epithelial-like phenotype.

Asunto(s)

Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/enzimología , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/genética , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Neoplasias Pulmonares/enzimología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , ARN Mensajero/biosíntesis , Retinal-Deshidrogenasa/biosíntesis , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Familia de Aldehído Deshidrogenasa 1 , Biomarcadores de Tumor/biosíntesis , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Transición Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Femenino , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Receptores de Hialuranos/biosíntesis , Inmunohistoquímica , Isoenzimas/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteína Homeótica Nanog/biosíntesis , Células Madre Neoplásicas/enzimología , Células Madre Neoplásicas/patología , Pronóstico , ARN Mensajero/genética , Retinal-Deshidrogenasa/genética

RESUMEN

Chitin synthase is responsible for chitin synthesis in the cuticles and cuticular linings of other tissues in insects. We cloned two alternative splicing variants of the chitin synthase 1 gene (SfCHS1) from the white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera. The full-length cDNA of the two variants (SfCHS1a and SfCHS1b) consists of 6408 bp, contains a 4719-bp open reading frame encoding 1572 amino acids, and has 5' and 3' non-coding regions of 283 and 1406 bp, respectively. The two splicing variants occur at the same position in the cDNA sequence between base pairs 4115 and 4291, and consist of 177 nucleotides that encode 59 amino acids but show 74.6% identity at the amino acid level. Analysis in different developmental stages showed that expression of SfCHS1 and SfCHS1a were highest just after molting, whereas SfCHS1b reached its highest expression level 2 days after molting. Further, SfCHS1 and SfCHS1a were mainly expressed in the integument, whereas SfCHS1b was predominately expressed in the gut and fat body. RNAi-based gene silencing inhibited transcript levels of the corresponding mRNAs in S. furcifera nymphs injected with double-stranded RNA of SfCHS1, SfCHS1a, and SfCHS1b, resulted in malformed phenotypes, and killed most of the treated nymphs. Our results indicate that SfCHS1 may be a potential target gene for RNAi-based S. furcifera control.

Asunto(s)

Empalme Alternativo , Quitina Sintasa , Clonación Molecular , Expresión Génica , Hemípteros , Proteínas de Insectos , Animales , Quitina Sintasa/biosíntesis , Quitina Sintasa/química , Quitina Sintasa/genética , Quitina Sintasa/aislamiento & purificación , Hemípteros/enzimología , Hemípteros/genética , Proteínas de Insectos/biosíntesis , Proteínas de Insectos/química , Proteínas de Insectos/genética , Proteínas de Insectos/aislamiento & purificación , Isoenzimas/biosíntesis , Isoenzimas/química , Isoenzimas/genética , Isoenzimas/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas Recombinantes/biosíntesis , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/aislamiento & purificación