RESUMEN
AIMS: Left atrium (LA) dilation is associated with adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. Blood stasis, thrombus formation and atrial fibrillation may occur, especially in heart failure (HF) patients. It is not known whether preventive antithrombotic treatment may decrease the incidence of CV events in HF patients with LA enlargement. We investigated the relationship between LA enlargement and CV outcomes in HF patients and the effect of different antithrombotic treatments. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two-dimensional echocardiography with LA volume index (LAVi) measurement was performed in 1148 patients with systolic HF from the Warfarin versus Aspirin in Reduced Ejection Fraction (WARCEF) trial. Patients were randomized to warfarin or aspirin and followed for 3.4 ± 1.7 years. While the primary aim of the trial was a composite of ischaemic stroke, death, and intracerebral haemorrhage, the present report focuses on the individual CV events, whose incidence was compared across different LAVi and treatment subgroups. After adjustment for demographics and clinical covariates, moderate or severe LA enlargement was significantly associated with total death (hazard ratio 1.6 and 2.7, respectively), CV death (HR 1.7 and 3.3), and HF hospitalization (HR 2.3 and 2.6) but not myocardial infarction (HR 1.0 and 1.4) or ischaemic stroke (1.1 and 1.5). The increased risk was observed in both patients treated with warfarin or aspirin. In warfarin-treated patients, a time in therapeutic range >60% was associated with lower event rates, and an interaction between LAVi and time in therapeutic range was observed for death (P = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with systolic HF, moderate or severe LA enlargement is associated with death and HF hospitalization despite treatment with antithrombotic medications. The possibility that achieving a more consistent therapeutic level of anticoagulation may decrease the risk of death requires further investigation.
Asunto(s)
Aspirina/administración & dosificación , Volumen Cardíaco/fisiología , Atrios Cardíacos/diagnóstico por imagen , Insuficiencia Cardíaca Sistólica/fisiopatología , Volumen Sistólico/efectos de los fármacos , Tromboembolia/prevención & control , Warfarina/administración & dosificación , Anticoagulantes/administración & dosificación , Argentina/epidemiología , Canadá/epidemiología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Ecocardiografía , Femenino , Atrios Cardíacos/fisiopatología , Insuficiencia Cardíaca Sistólica/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Cardíaca Sistólica/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Inhibidores de Agregación Plaquetaria/administración & dosificación , Tasa de Supervivencia/tendencias , Tromboembolia/epidemiología , Tromboembolia/etiología , Resultado del Tratamiento , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaAsunto(s)
Fiebre Reumática/diagnóstico , Válvula Aórtica/cirugía , República Dominicana , Emigración e Inmigración , Insuficiencia Cardíaca Sistólica/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Cardíaca Sistólica/diagnóstico , Insuficiencia Cardíaca Sistólica/etnología , Prótesis Valvulares Cardíacas , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Recurrencia , Fiebre Reumática/complicaciones , Fiebre Reumática/etnología , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
A insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEP) ainda apresentam alguns problemas na definição e no entedimento da fisiopatologia, o que afeta as pesquisas para a descoberta de tratamento eficaz. Independentemente de qual critério diagnóstico utilizado, a prevalência da ICFEP aumentou nos últimos anos. Aparentemente, mais de 50% dos casos de insuficiência cardíaca (IC) são por ICFEP. Até o momento, não existem estudos que avaliaram especificamente a incidência da ICFEP na comunidade. No Brasil, o cenário da ICFEP é ainda mais nebuloso. A maioria dos indivíduos com ICFEP apresenta múltiplas comorbidades que podem ser causa ou contribuírem para o fenótipo da doença, incluíndo hipertensão arterial, diabetes mellitus, doença arterial coronária, doença renals crônica, anemia e obesidade. A função distólica é definida como a habilidade do venrículo encher e depende do relaxamento miocárdico ativo (necessita de energia) e das propriedades passivas (rigidez). Os processos cardiovasculares que podem contribuir para a disfuncão diastólica são aqueles que influenciam o funcionamento ao nível do sarcômero, da matriz extracelular ao redor do miócito da câmara cardíaca (incluindo hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e remodelamento concêntrico). Em relação ao prognóstico, alguns estudos epidemiológicos e de registro relataram resultados clínicos similares para pacientes com ICFEP e IC sistólica, enquanto outros mostraram declínio da mortalidade ao longo dos anos para a ICFEP e IC sistólica, enquanto outros mostraram declínio da mortalidade ao longo dos anos para a ICFEP.
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) shows some problems in its definition as well as understanding the pathophysiology which affects the research for an effective treatment. Regardless of diagnostic criteria used the prevalence of HFPEF having increased in recent years. Apparently more than 50% of cases of heart failure (HF) are by HFPEF. So far there are no studies that specifically eveluated the incidence of HFpEF in the general population. In Brazil, the scene of HFpEF is even more nebulous. Most individuals with HFPEF present multiple co-morbidities that may cause or contribute to the phenotype of the disease, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, anemia, and obesity. Diastolic function is defined as the ability of ventricular filling that depends on the active myocardial relaxation (energy needs) and passive properties (stiffness). Cardiovascular process that contribute to the diastolic dysfunction are those which operating at level of the sarcomere, extracellular matrix around the myocytes and cardiac chamber (including left ventricular hyperthropy and concentric remodeling). Regarding prognosis, epidemiological studies and registries reported similar clinical outcomes for patients with systolic HF and HFPEF, white other studies showed decline in mortality over the years with HFPEF.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Epidemiología , Insuficiencia Cardíaca Sistólica/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Cardíaca Sistólica/fisiopatología , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/complicaciones , Volumen Sistólico , Guías como Asunto/normas , PronósticoRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of anemia on outcome of patients with chronic systolic heart failure secondary to Chagas' cardiomyopathy, as no previous study has previously addressed this question. One-hundred-eight-six patients followed for chronic systolic heart failure secondary to Chagas' cardiomyopathy at our Institution from January 2000 to December 2008 were studied. Forty-nine (26%) patients were found to have anemia; 37 (20%) were men and 12 (6%) were women. Mean hemoglobin level was 14.1±1.2g/L in patients with no anemia and 11.5±1.2g/L in patients with anemia. On a Cox proportional hazards multivariate analysis, anemia was a predictor of all-cause mortality neither in the univariate nor in the multivariate analysis. Mean serum sodium (Hazard ratio=0.92; Beta-coefficient=-0.09; 95% confidence interval 0.89-0.96; p value<0.005), and Beta-Blocker therapy (Hazard ratio=0.40; 95% confidence interval 0.26-0.61; p value<0.005) were retained as independent predictors of mortality for patients with Chagas' cardiomyopathy with chronic heart failure. Probability of survival for patients with anemia, however, was significantly lower in patients with anemia in comparison to patients with no anemia, mainly in patients with advanced heart failure. Anemia is not an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in patients with Chagas' cardiomyopathy with chronic systolic heart failure. Probability of survival is poorer in patients with anemia than in those without.