RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The increasing consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) may be a result of the environmental influences to which adolescents are exposed and/or habits acquired since childhood through family interactions. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate whether type of school administration (public or private), eating habits, and screen time are associated with the percentage caloric contribution of UPFs to total kilocalories consumed by Brazilian adolescents. DESIGN: A cross-sectional secondary analysis of the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA) performed between March 2013 and December 2014. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Overall, 71,553 adolescents from 1,247 public and private schools in 124 Brazilian cities (with a population of more than 100,000) were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We measured the percentage caloric contribution of UPFs to the total kilocalories consumed, obtained using one 24-hour food recall. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Generalized linear models were used, guided by the hierarchical model. Sample complexity was considered using the Stata svy command, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Overall, UPFs contributed an average of 28% (95% CI, 27.80%-28.15%) of total energy intake. Based on the final multivariate analysis, a significantly higher UPF diet was observed among adolescents from private schools (P < .001), those who do not consume meals offered by schools (P < .001), those who do not eat breakfast regularly (P < .05), those who eat in front of screens almost every day or every day (P < .001), and those who spend more time in front of screens (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study indicate that UPF consumption is associated with school type, eating habits, and screen time among Brazilian adolescents.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Alimentaria , Manipulación de Alimentos , Instituciones Académicas , Tiempo de Pantalla , Adolescente , Conducta del Adolescente , Brasil , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Dieta , Ingestión de Energía , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Comidas , Instituciones Académicas/clasificación , Instituciones Académicas/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe breastfeeding trends from 2002 to 2012/2013, and to investigate whether breastfeeding practices differ between mothers of children in public and private schools. METHODS: Data were obtained from three school-based cross-sectional studies conducted with 7 to 10 years old children. The total sample was 7264 individuals. Data related to breastfeeding were analyzed descriptively and compared using the chi-square test for heterogeneity or trend. RESULTS: In the 10-year period was observed a decrease in the total percentage of schoolchildren who were not breastfed (12.9%-10.5%) and an increase in the percentage of schoolchildren breastfed for >12 months (23.9%-36.7%). In public schools, the increase of breastfeeding for >12 months was independent of maternal age and years of schooling. In private schools, the increase was observed for schoolchildren born to older mothers and to more educated mothers, although the highest percentage was observed for schoolchildren born to less educated mothers. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the complexity of determining breastfeeding behaviors, and understanding these dynamics is fundamental to develop and improve programs and actions aimed at encouraging, supporting, and protecting breastfeeding. However, strategies developed in Brazil during the first decade of the 21st century should explain the increase of proportion of breastfed children for more than 12 months, and the concomitant decrease of never breastfeed children in the city of Florianopolis (Southern Brazil).
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Lactancia Materna/estadística & datos numéricos , Instituciones Académicas/clasificación , Brasil , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Clase Social , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Objective: To compare and analyze the consumption of minimally processed and ultra-processed foods among students from public and private schools. Methods: Study conducted in Uberlândia, MG, with fifth-grade students from three private and six public schools, selected by stratified cluster sampling. We collected data on food consumption using the 24-hour recall. Foods were classified into four groups (G) according to extent and purpose of processing: fresh/minimally processed foods (G1) culinary ingredients (G2), processed foods (G3), and ultra-processed foods (G4). Total energy intake (kcal) of each group, amount of sugar (g), sodium (mg), and fiber (g) were quantified and compared according to administrative affiliation (private or public). Results: Percentage of total energy intake was: G1 - 52%; G2 - 12%; G3 - 5%; e G4 - 31%. Energy intake from G1 (53 vs. 47%), G2 (12 vs. 9%), and G3 (6.0 vs. 0.1%), and amount of sodium (3,293 vs. 2,724 mg) and fiber (23 vs. 18 g) were higher among students from public schools. Energy intake from G4 (36 vs. 28%) and amount of sugar (20 vs. 14%) were higher among students from private schools. The consumption of foods from G1 in the school environment was higher among students from public schools (40 vs. 9%). Conclusions: Foods from G1 represent the highest percentage of total energy intake, while those from G4 constitute a third of calories consumed. Processed juice, sandwich cookie, processed cake, and breakfast cereals are more frequent among private school students; snacks and juice powder are more common for students from public schools.
RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar e analisar o consumo de alimentos minimamente processados e ultraprocessados entre escolares das redes pública e privada. Métodos: Estudo realizado em Uberlândia, MG, com escolares do quinto ano do ensino fundamental em nove escolas (três privadas e seis públicas), selecionados por amostragem estratificada por conglomerado. O consumo alimentar foi analisado utilizando recordatório de 24 horas. Os alimentos foram classificados segundo extensão e propósito do seu processamento em quatro grupos (G): alimentos in natura/minimamente processados (G1), ingredientes culinários (G2), alimentos processados (G3) e ultraprocessados (G4). Os valores energéticos totais (kcal) provenientes de cada grupo, quantidade de açúcar (g), sódio (mg) e fibras (g) foram quantificados e comparados segundo dependência administrativa. Resultados: O consumo de energia foi: G1, 52%; G2, 12%; G3, 5%; e G4, 31%. Os valores energéticos provenientes de G1 (53 vs. 47%), G2 (12 vs. 9%) e G3 (6,0 vs. 0,1%), a quantidade de sódio (3.293 vs. 2.724 mg) e a de fibras (23 vs. 18 g) foram superiores em escolares da rede pública. O valor percentual energético do G4 (36 vs. 28%) e a quantidade de açúcar (20 vs. 14%) foram superiores em escolares da rede privada. O consumo do G1 na escola foi superior nos escolares da rede pública (40 vs. 9%). Conclusões: Alimentos do G1 representam o maior percentual do valor energético total e do G4, um terço das calorias ingeridas. Suco pronto, biscoito recheado, bolo industrializado, cereais matinais são mais frequentes em escolares da rede privada e salgadinhos e suco em pó nos da rede pública.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Ingestión de Energía , Sector Público/estadística & datos numéricos , Sector Privado/estadística & datos numéricos , Conducta Alimentaria/clasificación , Comida Rápida , Alimentos Crudos , Instituciones Académicas/clasificación , Instituciones Académicas/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudiantes/psicología , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Brasil , Encuestas sobre Dietas , Valor NutritivoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare and analyze the consumption of minimally processed and ultra-processed foods among students from public and private schools. METHODS: Study conducted in Uberlândia, MG, with fifth-grade students from three private and six public schools, selected by stratified cluster sampling. We collected data on food consumption using the 24-hour recall. Foods were classified into four groups (G) according to extent and purpose of processing: fresh/minimally processed foods (G1) culinary ingredients (G2), processed foods (G3), and ultra-processed foods (G4). Total energy intake (kcal) of each group, amount of sugar (g), sodium (mg), and fiber (g) were quantified and compared according to administrative affiliation (private or public). RESULTS: Percentage of total energy intake was: G1 - 52%; G2 - 12%; G3 - 5%; e G4 - 31%. Energy intake from G1 (53 vs. 47%), G2 (12 vs. 9%), and G3 (6.0 vs. 0.1%), and amount of sodium (3,293 vs. 2,724 mg) and fiber (23 vs. 18 g) were higher among students from public schools. Energy intake from G4 (36 vs. 28%) and amount of sugar (20 vs. 14%) were higher among students from private schools. The consumption of foods from G1 in the school environment was higher among students from public schools (40 vs. 9%). CONCLUSIONS: Foods from G1 represent the highest percentage of total energy intake, while those from G4 constitute a third of calories consumed. Processed juice, sandwich cookie, processed cake, and breakfast cereals are more frequent among private school students; snacks and juice powder are more common for students from public schools.
Asunto(s)
Ingestión de Energía , Comida Rápida , Conducta Alimentaria/clasificación , Sector Privado/estadística & datos numéricos , Sector Público/estadística & datos numéricos , Alimentos Crudos , Estudiantes , Brasil , Niño , Encuestas sobre Dietas , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Valor Nutritivo , Instituciones Académicas/clasificación , Instituciones Académicas/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudiantes/psicología , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was the assessment of dental caries and the gingival status of 6-year-old children living in the Maule region, Chile's most rural region, and to determine if rurality was related to a higher prevalence of oral conditions. METHODS: A representative sample of 485 children aged 6 years was examined using WHO methods. Children were chosen from schools belonging to urban and rural districts of the region. Caries status was obtained by deft (decayed, extracted, filled teeth), DMFT (decayed, missing, filled teeth) and SiC (Significant Caries) indexes. To assess gingival health status, the oral hygiene (OHI) and the gingival index (GI) were used. Urban and rural children data were compared using student's t-test at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Overall caries prevalence was 80.62%. Rural children showed higher prevalence (p < 0.0001) than urban 6-year-olds, with 88.3% and 69.9%, respectively. The deft (decayed, extracted, filled teeth) index was 4.63 for the region, with 5.74 for rural and 3.09 for urban districts (p < 0.05). The SiC index was 10.23 for rural and 7.13 for urban children (p < 0.05). Mean OHI score was 1.44, but rural children had higher OHI: 1.49 compared with 1.37 for urban 6-year-olds (p < 0.0001). The GI of the region was 1.37, but no differences were detected between rural and urban children (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Children from the Maule region in Chile have a severely deteriorated oral health, higher than Chile's mean. Rural are significantly more affected than urban children. A special focus on rural communities when designing oral health policies is strongly suggested.
Asunto(s)
Caries Dental/epidemiología , Gingivitis/epidemiología , Población Rural/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Chile/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Interpretación Estadística de Datos , Encuestas de Salud Bucal , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Índice de Higiene Oral , Índice Periodontal , Prevalencia , Características de la Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Instituciones Académicas/clasificación , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Clase Social , Organización Mundial de la SaludRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Assessing lifetime prevalence of illegal substance use and accessibility to such substances. Determining risk factors and the protective factors linked to them. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using descriptive and bivariate analysis. A survey was applied to 1,515 students from 8th to 11th grades in the city's schools, ages ranging from 12 to 18. RESULTS: An increase in lifetime prevalence and lower age for consumption onset were found. The main risk factors were determined to be academic environment and attitudes towards school authorities, linked to recreational and sports groups without control by elders, gang membership and engaging in risky and dangerous activities. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed the need for a critical review of current promotion and prevention strategies aimed at controlling the use of psychoactive substances amongst children and adolescents, according to the current reality of trafficking and domestic consumption in Colombia.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos Relacionados con Cocaína/epidemiología , Abuso de Marihuana/epidemiología , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Edad de Inicio , Actitud , Niño , Trastornos Relacionados con Cocaína/psicología , Colombia , Estudios Transversales , Conducta Peligrosa , Utilización de Medicamentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Abuso de Marihuana/psicología , Grupo Paritario , Prevalencia , Recreación , Factores de Riesgo , Asunción de Riesgos , Instituciones Académicas/clasificación , Estudiantes/psicología , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Objectives Assessing lifetime prevalence of illegal substance use and accessibility to such substances. Determining risk factors and the protective factors linked to them. Methods This was a cross-sectional study using descriptive and bivariate analysis. A survey was applied to 1,515 students from 8th to 11th grades in the city's schools, ages ranging from 12 to 18. Results An increase in lifetime prevalence and lower age for consumption onset were found. The main risk factors were determined to be academic environment and attitudes towards school authorities, linked to recreational and sports groups without control by elders, gang membership and engaging in risky and dangerous activities. Conclusions The results showed the need for a critical review of current promotion and prevention strategies aimed at controlling the use of psychoactive substances amongst children and adolescents, according to the current reality of trafficking and domestic consumption in Colombia.
Objetivo Evaluar la prevalencia de vida del consumo de sustancias ilegales y la accesibilidad a sustancias ilegales. Determinar factores de riesgo y factores protectores relacionados con el consumo. Métodos Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal mediante el análisis descriptivo y bivariado. Se aplicó una encuesta a 1 515 estudiantes de los grados 8 al 11 en las escuelas de la ciudad, entre las edades de 12 a 18. Resultados Se encontró un aumento de la prevalencia de vida y una disminución en la edad de inicio al consumo. Los principales factores de riesgo encontrados fueron: ambiente académico y las actitudes hacia las autoridades escolares, la vinculación a los grupos de deportes recreativos, no respeto a los mayores, pertenecer a pandillas y participar en actividades riesgosas y peligrosas. Conclusiones Los resultados mostraron la necesidad de una revisión crítica de la promoción actual y las estrategias de prevención destinadas a controlar el uso de sustancias psicoactivas entre los niños y adolescentes, de acuerdo a la nueva realidad de la tráfico y consumo interno en Colombia.
Asunto(s)
Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Relacionados con Cocaína/epidemiología , Abuso de Marihuana/epidemiología , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Edad de Inicio , Actitud , Trastornos Relacionados con Cocaína/psicología , Colombia , Estudios Transversales , Conducta Peligrosa , Utilización de Medicamentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Abuso de Marihuana/psicología , Grupo Paritario , Prevalencia , Recreación , Factores de Riesgo , Asunción de Riesgos , Instituciones Académicas/clasificación , Estudiantes/psicología , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Objetivo Estimar la prevalencia de síntomas ansiosos y depresivos en adolescentes escolarizados entre los 10-17 años, de la comunidad de Chía Cundinamarca, utilizando las escalas CDI y SCARED, durante los años 2008 a 2010. Metodología Estudio de corte transversal, realizado en 538 estudiantes. Se identificaron las variables socio demográficas: edad, sexo, seguridad social y centro educativo de procedencia (público, privado, oficial o urbano). Se aplicaron las escalas CDI y SCARED. Resultados Se detectaron síntomas ansiosos o depresivos en el 40,5 % de la población estudiada (538); de los cuales el 28,3 % presentó síntomas sugestivos de ansiedad exclusivamente, con síntomas depresivos exclusivamente en 3,3 % y síntomas tanto de ansiedad, como de depresión en 8,9 %. Los síntomas ansiosos fueron más frecuentes en las mujeres y los síntomas depresivos y mixtos se presentaron con más frecuencia en hombres. Se encontró mayor prevalencia de síntomas depresivos 6,9 % en hombres vs 5,4 % en mujeres, dato que no fue estadísticamente significativo. Conclusión Los síntomas ansiosos y depresivos son frecuentes en adolescentes, se hace indispensable sospecharlos y diagnosticarlos tempranamente, con el fin de poder brindar una atención oportuna. Se deben implementar estrategias que permitan detectar factores protectores y de riesgo para evitar que se desarrollen trastornos mayores, diseñando programas de educación encaminados hacia una buena salud mental de niños y adolescente.
Objective This study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety amongst 10 to 17 year-old adolescents still attending school using the CDI and SCARED questionnaires for early screening in Chía, a town near Bogota, from 2008 to 2010. Method This was a cross-sectional study of prevalence. Results 37 % of the 538 adolescents interviewed had anxiety symptoms, 12.3 % had depression symptoms and 9% presented anxiety and depression symptoms, males having greater prevalence for depression symptoms (6.9 % cf 5.4 % for females) but lacking statistical significance. There was a greater tendency for anxiety symptoms to be found in adolescents attending public schools. Concerning co morbidity, more anxiety symptoms were found in adolescents having depression symptoms. Conclusions It was concluded that anxiety and depression symptoms are real at this age, this being reason enough why it is necessary to suspect and detect them on time so that adolescents can receive suitable attention. Protective factors must be strengthened for this to happen and there must be real awareness by everybody to create educational and health programmes directed towards ensuring good mental health.
Asunto(s)
Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicología del Adolescente , Ansiedad/epidemiología , Psicología Infantil , Depresión/epidemiología , Estudiantes/psicología , Colombia/epidemiología , Comorbilidad , Estudios Transversales , Prevalencia , Muestreo , Instituciones Académicas/clasificación , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Factores Socioeconómicos , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
Objetivo Determinar el nivel de conocimiento en VIH-SIDA en estudiantes de Cartagena, Colombia. Método Se diseñó un estudio transversal con una muestra de estudiantes de secundaria que completó el cuestionario de seis preguntas sobre conocimientos y mitos relacionados con VIH-Sida. Mediante regresión logística se ajustaron asociaciones. Resultados Participaron 2 625 estudiantes entre 10 y 20 años. Un total 249 (9,5 % IC95 % 8,4-10,6) respondieron en forma correcta el cuestionario. Ser estudiante de media vocacional (OR 2,62; IC95 % 4,82-13,29) y estudiar en colegio privado (OR 1,32; IC95 % 1,24-3,54), ajustados por edad, se asociaron a buen conocimiento en VIH-Sida. Conclusiones Los estudiantes de secundaria de Cartagena presentan un bajo conocimiento sobre el VIH-Sida. El nivel es superior en estudiantes de media vocacional y de colegios privados. Se necesita más investigación y fortalecer la formación en educación en salud sexual y reproductiva.
Objective Determining the level of HIV/AIDS knowledge amongst high-students living in Cartagena, Colombia. Method A cross-sectional study was designed using a sample of secondary school students who completed a six-question questionnaire about their knowledge of HIV/AIDS and the myths related to it. Logistic regression was used for adjusting associations. Results A total of 2,625 10- to 20-year-old students participated in the research. A group of 249 (9.5 OR; 8.4-10.6 95 %CI) answered the questionnaire properly. Being a high-school student (2.62 OR; 4.82-13.29 95 %CI) and studying in a private school (1.32 OR, 1.24 to 3.54 95 %CI), adjusted for age, were associated with having good HIV/AIDS knowledge. Conclusions Students from secondary schools in Cartagena were seen to have limited knowledge of HIV/AIDS. A higher level of knowledge was observed amongst high school and private school students. More research is needed to strengthen sexual and reproductive health education.
Asunto(s)
Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicología del Adolescente , Psicología Infantil , Infecciones por VIH/psicología , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Estudiantes/psicología , Conducta del Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Colombia , Estudios Transversales , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Instituciones Académicas/clasificación , Educación Sexual , Conducta Sexual , Educación VocacionalAsunto(s)
Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Niño , Femenino , Promoción de la Salud , Humanos , Masculino , México , Encuestas Nutricionales , Factores de Riesgo , Instituciones Académicas/clasificación , Instituciones Académicas/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Determining the level of HIV/AIDS knowledge amongst high-students living in Cartagena, Colombia. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was designed using a sample of secondary school students who completed a six-question questionnaire about their knowledge of HIV/AIDS and the myths related to it. Logistic regression was used for adjusting associations. RESULTS: A total of 2,625 10- to 20-year-old students participated in the research. A group of 249 (9.5 OR; 8.4-10.6 95 %CI) answered the questionnaire properly. Being a high-school student (2.62 OR; 4.82-13.29 95 %CI) and studying in a private school (1.32 OR, 1.24 to 3.54 95 %CI), adjusted for age, were associated with having good HIV/AIDS knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: Students from secondary schools in Cartagena were seen to have limited knowledge of HIV/AIDS. A higher level of knowledge was observed amongst high school and private school students. More research is needed to strengthen sexual and reproductive health education.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/psicología , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Psicología del Adolescente , Psicología Infantil , Estudiantes/psicología , Adolescente , Conducta del Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Actitud Frente a la Salud , Niño , Colombia , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Instituciones Académicas/clasificación , Educación Sexual , Conducta Sexual , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Educación VocacionalRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety amongst 10 to 17 year-old adolescents still attending school using the CDI and SCARED questionnaires for early screening in Chía, a town near Bogota, from 2008 to 2010. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study of prevalence. RESULTS: 37% of the 538 adolescents interviewed had anxiety symptoms, 12.3% had depression symptoms and 9% presented anxiety and depression symptoms, males having greater prevalence for depression symptoms (6.9% cf 5.4% for females) but lacking statistical significance. There was a greater tendency for anxiety symptoms to be found in adolescents attending public schools. Concerning co morbidity, more anxiety symptoms were found in adolescents having depression symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that anxiety and depression symptoms are real at this age, this being reason enough why it is necessary to suspect and detect them on time so that adolescents can receive suitable attention. Protective factors must be strengthened for this to happen and there must be real awareness by everybody to create educational and health programmes directed towards ensuring good mental health.
Asunto(s)
Ansiedad/epidemiología , Depresión/epidemiología , Psicología del Adolescente , Psicología Infantil , Estudiantes/psicología , Adolescente , Niño , Colombia/epidemiología , Comorbilidad , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalencia , Muestreo , Instituciones Académicas/clasificación , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Factores Socioeconómicos , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: oral narrative is a means of language development assessment. However, standardized data for deaf patients are scarce. The aim here was to compare the use of narrative competence between hearing-impaired and normal-hearing children. DESIGN AND SETTING: analytical cross-sectional study at the Department of Speech-Language and Hearing Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo. METHODS: twenty-one moderately to profoundly bilaterally hearing-impaired children (cases) and 21 normal-hearing children without language abnormalities (controls), matched according to sex, age, schooling level and school type, were studied. A board showing pictures in a temporally logical sequence was presented to each child, to elicit a narrative, and the child's performance relating to narrative structure and cohesion was measured. The frequencies of variables, their associations (Mann-Whitney test) and their 95% confidence intervals was analyzed. RESULTS: the deaf subjects showed poorer performance regarding narrative structure, use of connectives, cohesion measurements and general punctuation (P < 0.05). There were no differences in the number of propositions elaborated or in referent specification between the two groups. The deaf children produced a higher proportion of orientation-related propositions (P = 0.001) and lower proportions of propositions relating to complicating actions (P = 0.015) and character reactions (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: hearing-impaired children have abnormalities in different aspects of language, involving form, content and use, in relation to their normal-hearing peers. Narrative competence was also associated with the children's ages and the school type.
Asunto(s)
Desarrollo del Lenguaje , Narración , Personas con Deficiencia Auditiva/psicología , Factores de Edad , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Instituciones Académicas/clasificaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare 12-year-old students from public and private schools in the city of Goiânia, Brazil, in terms of the prevalence of caries, periodontal conditions, dentofacial anomalies, and fluorosis. METHODS: In 2003, the 2002-2003 Oral Health Conditions in the Brazilian Population project (SB Brasil) was expanded to Goiânia as a cross-sectional study, as described in the present article. The sample included 1 947 students from urban schools: 1 790 (91.9%) attended public schools and 157 (8.1%) attended private schools. Data on the following oral conditions were collected through clinical examination: dental caries (decayed, missing, or filled teeth index, DMFT), periodontal condition (Community Periodontal Index, CPI), dentofacial anomaly (Dental Aesthetics Index, DAI), and dental fluorosis (Dean index). The groups were compared using the chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS: There were differences between the public and private schools for all the variables. DMFT, CPI, and DAI indexes were higher in children from public schools (P < 0.05). Fluorosis was more prevalent in students from private schools (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The type of school was associated with the oral health condition of the children in this sample. Investments in actions and services to mitigate this inequality and its effects should be made as part of the policies to promote oral health.
Asunto(s)
Encuestas de Salud Bucal , Salud Bucal , Instituciones Académicas/estadística & datos numéricos , Brasil , Niño , Caries Dental/epidemiología , Estética Dental , Femenino , Financiación Gubernamental , Fluorosis Dental/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Enfermedades Periodontales/epidemiología , Sector Privado , Instituciones Académicas/clasificación , Instituciones Académicas/economía , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
The study's objective was to characterize the nutritional status of 3,254 Kaingáng Indians in indigenous schools in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. This was a school-based study. Weight (W), height (H), and waist circumference (WC) were measured according to World Health Organization guidelines (1995). Children's nutritional status classification included H/A, W/A, and W/H according to the National Center for Health Statistics (WHO, 1995) and H/A, W/A, and body mass index/age (BMI/A) according to WHO (2006). Adolescents were classified for BMI/A (WHO, 1995 and 2006) and H/A (WHO, 2006). Adults were classified for BMI (WHO, 1995) and WC (WHO, 2003). Adolescents represented 56% of the sample, children 42.5%, adults 1.4%, and elderly 0.1%. Prevalence rates for stunting were 15.1% (WHO, 1983) and 15.5% (WHO, 2006) in children and 19.9% in adolescents. Prevalence rates for overweight were 11% (WHO, 1983) and 5.7% (WHO, 2006) in children, 6.7% in adolescents, and 79.2% in adults. 45.3% of adults were at increased risk of metabolic diseases. A nutritional transition was observed in the group, characterized by significant prevalence of stunting in children and adolescents and prominent overweight in all age groups.
Asunto(s)
Indígenas Sudamericanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Estado Nutricional/fisiología , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Índice de Masa Corporal , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Valores de Referencia , Instituciones Académicas/clasificación , Organización Mundial de la Salud , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Caracterizar o estado nutricional de 3.254 Kaingáng de escolas indígenas de 12 terras indígenas do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Transversal de base escolar. Obtidas medidas de peso (P), estatura (E) e circunferência da cintura (CC) conforme Organização Mundial da Saúde - OMS (1995). Classificação do estado nutricional: crianças: índices E/I, P/I e P/E, de acordo com o National Center for Health Statistics (WHO, 1995) e E/I, P/I e índice de massa corporal/idade (IMC/I) de acordo com OMS (2006); adolescentes: IMC/I (OMS, 1995 e 2006) e E/I (OMS, 2006); adultos: IMC (OMS, 1995) e CC (OMS, 2003). Adolescentes representaram 56 por cento dos avaliados, crianças 42,5 por cento, adultos 1,4 por cento e idosos 0,1 por cento. Deficit estatural de 15,1 por cento (OMS, 1995) e 15,5 por cento (OMS, 2006) entre as crianças e de 19,9 por cento entre adolescentes. Freqüências de excesso de peso foram: crianças: 11 por cento (OMS, 1995) e 5,7 por cento (OMS, 2006); adolescentes: 6,7 por cento; adultos: 79,2 por cento. Entre adultos, 45,3 por cento estavam em risco aumentado para doenças metabólicas. Observada a transição nutricional no segmento, caracterizada por prevalências importantes de baixa estatura na infância e adolescência e sobrepeso proeminente em todas as faixas etárias.
The study's objective was to characterize the nutritional status of 3,254 Kaingáng Indians in indigenous schools in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. This was a school-based study. Weight (W), height (H), and waist circumference (WC) were measured according to World Health Organization guidelines (1995). Children's nutritional status classification included H/A, W/A, and W/H according to the National Center for Health Statistics (WHO, 1995) and H/A, W/A, and body mass index/age (BMI/A) according to WHO (2006). Adolescents were classified for BMI/A (WHO, 1995 and 2006) and H/A (WHO, 2006). Adults were classified for BMI (WHO, 1995) and WC (WHO, 2003). Adolescents represented 56 percent of the sample, children 42.5 percent, adults 1.4 percent, and elderly 0.1 percent. Prevalence rates for stunting were 15.1 percent (WHO, 1983) and 15.5 percent (WHO, 2006) in children and 19.9 percent in adolescents. Prevalence rates for overweight were 11 percent (WHO, 1983) and 5.7 percent (WHO, 2006) in children, 6.7 percent in adolescents, and 79.2 percent in adults. 45.3 percent of adults were at increased risk of metabolic diseases. A nutritional transition was observed in the group, characterized by significant prevalence of stunting in children and adolescents and prominent overweight in all age groups.
Asunto(s)
Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Indígenas Sudamericanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Estado Nutricional/fisiología , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Índice de Masa Corporal , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Valores de Referencia , Instituciones Académicas/clasificación , Organización Mundial de la Salud , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Comparar os alunos de 12 anos das escolas públicas e privadas de Goiânia, Goiás, quanto à prevalência de cárie, condição periodontal, anomalia dentofacial e fluorose. MÉTODOS: Em 2003, o Projeto Condições de Saúde Bucal da População Brasileira 2002-2003 (SB Brasil) foi ampliado para Goiânia na forma de um estudo transversal, descrito neste trabalho. A amostra foi constituída por 1 947 escolares de 12 anos frequentando escolas da zona urbana do Município: 1 790 (91,9 por cento) eram de escolas públicas e 157 (8,1 por cento) de escolas privadas. Através de exame clínico, foram coletados dados sobre as seguintes condições bucais: cárie dentária (índice de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturado, CPOD), condição periodontal (índice periodontal comunitário, CPI), anormalidade dento-facial (índice de estética dental, DAI) e fluorose dentária (índice de Dean). Para comparação entre os grupos foram utilizados os testes do qui-quadrado e U de Mann Whitney. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença entre os tipos de escola para todas as variáveis investigadas. Os escolares de instituições públicas apresentaram índices mais elevados de cárie, condição periodontal e anomalia dentofacial do que aqueles de escolas privadas (P < 0,05). Os escolares de instituições privadas apresentaram maior prevalência de fluorose (P < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: O tipo de escola foi associado à condição de saúde bucal dos escolares pesquisados. São recomendados investimentos em ações e serviços que busquem minimizar tais desigualdades e seus efeitos como parte das políticas de saúde bucal.
OBJECTIVE: To compare 12-year-old students from public and private schools in the city of Goiânia, Brazil, in terms of the prevalence of caries, periodontal conditions, dentofacial anomalies, and fluorosis. METHODS: In 2003, the 2002-2003 Oral Health Conditions in the Brazilian Population project (SB Brasil) was expanded to Goiânia as a cross-sectional study, as described in the present article. The sample included 1 947 students from urban schools: 1 790 (91.9 percent) attended public schools and 157 (8.1 percent) attended private schools. Data on the following oral conditions were collected through clinical examination: dental caries (decayed, missing, or filled teeth index, DMFT), periodontal condition (Community Periodontal Index, CPI), dentofacial anomaly (Dental Aesthetics Index, DAI), and dental fluorosis (Dean index). The groups were compared using the chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS: There were differences between the public and private schools for all the variables. DMFT, CPI, and DAI indexes were higher in children from public schools (P < 0.05). Fluorosis was more prevalent in students from private schools (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The type of school was associated with the oral health condition of the children in this sample. Investments in actions and services to mitigate this inequality and its effects should be made as part of the policies to promote oral health.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Encuestas de Salud Bucal , Salud Bucal , Instituciones Académicas/estadística & datos numéricos , Brasil , Caries Dental/epidemiología , Estética Dental , Financiación Gubernamental , Fluorosis Dental/epidemiología , Enfermedades Periodontales/epidemiología , Sector Privado , Instituciones Académicas/clasificación , Instituciones Académicas/economía , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to test the notion that Brazilian children entering private school have a motor function advantage over those entering their first year in public school. METHODS: Four hundred and two children from the two cultural settings were examined for motor function in the first and 10th month of school (first grade). Participants were assessed based on age-level standards and by total score for all items for children 3 to 7 years of age. RESULTS: The private school group outperformed their public setting peers on the first and second assessment; both groups improved over the school year. The most interesting outcome was the type of motor task that most clearly differentiated the groups: activities requiring gross motor (interlimb) coordination. CONCLUSION: Among the recommendations given, it is suggested that motor skill activities, especially those involving interlimb coordination, be included with any type of motor programming for young children.
Asunto(s)
Desarrollo Infantil/fisiología , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/epidemiología , Instituciones Académicas/clasificación , Clase Social , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Escolaridad , Femenino , Humanos , Extremidad Inferior , Masculino , Trastornos de la Destreza Motora/diagnóstico , Examen Neurológico , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Responsabilidad Parental , Sector Privado , Desempeño Psicomotor , Sector Público , Medición de Riesgo , Factores Socioeconómicos , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Oral narrative is a means of language development assessment. However, standardized data for deaf patients are scarce. The aim here was to compare the use of narrative competence between hearing-impaired and normal-hearing children. DESIGN AND SETTING: Analytical cross-sectional study at the Department of Speech-Language and Hearing Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo. METHODS: Twenty-one moderately to profoundly bilaterally hearing-impaired children (cases) and 21 normal-hearing children without language abnormalities (controls), matched according to sex, age, schooling level and school type, were studied. A board showing pictures in a temporally logical sequence was presented to each child, to elicit a narrative, and the child's performance relating to narrative structure and cohesion was measured. The frequencies of variables, their associations (Mann-Whitney test) and their 95 percent confidence intervals was analyzed. RESULTS: The deaf subjects showed poorer performance regarding narrative structure, use of connectives, cohesion measurements and general punctuation (P < 0.05). There were no differences in the number of propositions elaborated or in referent specification between the two groups. The deaf children produced a higher proportion of orientation-related propositions (P = 0.001) and lower proportions of propositions relating to complicating actions (P = 0.015) and character reactions (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Hearing-impaired children have abnormalities in different aspects of language, involving form, content and use, in relation to their normal-hearing peers. Narrative competence was also associated with the children's ages and the school type.
CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A narrativa oral constitui elemento de avaliação do desenvolvimento lingüístico, entretanto, são escassos os dados padronizados para pacientes surdos. O objetivo foi comparar o uso das competências narrativas entre crianças deficientes auditivas e ouvintes. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal analítico no Departamento de Fonoaudiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo. MÉTODO: Foram avaliadas 21 crianças com deficiência auditiva de grau moderado a profundo bilateral (casos) e 21 crianças ouvintes sem alterações de linguagem (controles) pareadas por sexo, idade, grau de escolaridade e tipo de escola frequentada. Foi apresentada uma prancha com figuras em sequência lógico-temporal para cada criança, para elicitar uma narrativa, e foi medido o desempenho na estrutura da narrativa e coesão. Foram analisadas as frequências das variáveis, suas associações (teste de Mann-Whitney) e intervalos de confiança de 95 por cento. RESULTADOS: As crianças surdas apresentaram desempenho pior, na estrutura da narrativa, uso de conjunções, medidas de coesão e pontuação geral da narrativa (P < 0,05). Não houve diferença no número de proposições elaboradas e especificação de referentes nos dois grupos. Os surdos produziram maior proporção de proposições do tipo orientação (P = 0,001) e menor proporção dos tipos ações complicadoras (P = 0,015) e reação do personagem (P = 0,005). CONCLUSÃO: Os deficientes auditivos possuem alterações nos diferentes aspectos da linguagem, envolvendo forma, conteúdo e uso em relação a seus pares ouvintes. A competência narrativa também está relacionada ao tipo de escola e idade das crianças estudadas.
Asunto(s)
Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Personas con Deficiencia Auditiva/psicología , Desarrollo del Lenguaje , Narración , Factores de Edad , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios Transversales , Instituciones Académicas/clasificaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: important reading performance measurements are related to how and to what extent a child understands a written text. AIM: to study the performance of primary school (Ensino Fundamental) students in reading comprehension tasks according to the variables grade and type of school. METHOD: 160 students from the 3rd to the 6th grades were screened and later evaluated based on the retelling and question answering about a given text. RESULTS: students of the 5th and 6th grades of private schools presented a better performance on issues related to implicit information when compared to students of public schools. The overall analysis of the educational level revealed, through the retelling task, a better performance of the 6th grade students in terms of the number of present macro propositions and a low performance of the 5th grade students in terms of the achieved comprehension level, in both types of school. When answering text-derived questions, the 4th, 5th and 6th grade students performed better than the 3rd grade students regarding explicit questions. When considering implicit questions, the 4th grade students performed better than all the other grades, in both types of school. These results gave evidence to the influence of the different texts used in each grade. CONCLUSION: the 5th and 6th grades from private schools were the only grades that performed better when compared to public schools in general, regarding answering implicit knowledge questions. All students achieved some level of reading comprehension.