RESUMEN
The frequent occurrence of food safety incidents has aroused public concern about food safety and key contaminants. Foodborne pathogen contamination, pesticide residues, heavy metal residues, and other food safety problems will significantly impact human health. Therefore, developing efficient and sensitive detection method to ensure food safety early warning is paramount. The aptamer-based sensor (aptasensor) is a novel analytical tool with strong targeting, high sensitivity, low cost, etc. It has been extensively utilized in the pharmaceutical industry, biomedicine, environmental engineering, food safety detection, and in other diverse fields. This work reviewed the latest research progress of aptasensors for food analysis and detection, mainly introducing their application in detecting various key food contaminants. Subsequently, the sensing mechanism and performance of aptasensors are discussed. Finally, the review will examine the challenges and opportunities related to aptasensors for detecting major contaminants in food, and advance implementation of aptasensors in food safety and detection.
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Aptámeros de Nucleótidos , Técnicas Biosensibles , Contaminación de Alimentos , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Nanoestructuras , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Aptámeros de Nucleótidos/química , Técnicas Biosensibles/instrumentación , Técnicas Biosensibles/métodos , Nanoestructuras/química , Humanos , Análisis de los Alimentos/métodos , Análisis de los Alimentos/instrumentaciónRESUMEN
The COVID-19 pandemic caused notable changes to the food-related habits of consumers worldwide due to their concerns about the risk of infection and the requirement to follow government mandates. To investigate the impact of the pandemic on Chinese consumers' food safety knowledge, food safety behaviors, and their most recent food poisoning experiences, we compared the results from an online survey (n = 583, Dec 2019) conducted before the pandemic was officially announced with an identical survey (n = 599, Aug 2023) conducted seven months after the Chinese government downgraded restrictions related to COVID-19. Post-pandemic there was a significant decrease in consumers' food safety knowledge and self-reported food safety behaviors and a significant increase in their self-reported experiences of food poisoning. Despite respondents stating that their food safety knowledge and behaviors had improved since the start of the pandemic, the data obtained from the two surveys and the respondents self-reporting of foodborne illness suggest that in fact their safety knowledge and behaviors had decreased. These findings highlight the need to reinforce food safety education and behaviors during times when the food system is disrupted, and consumers are focusing on what they perceive to be more immediate issues.
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COVID-19 , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , China/epidemiología , Femenino , Masculino , Adulto , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/prevención & control , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , SARS-CoV-2 , Comportamiento del Consumidor , Población Urbana , Adolescente , Anciano , PandemiasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the nutritional quality and microbial contamination of raw camel milk sourced from street vendors and compare it with milk obtained from farms, with a particular emphasis on pathogenic organisms. METHODS: Twenty samples were systematically collected from street vendors and farms between July 2022 and February 2023 and analyzed at King Fahad Medical Research Centre and the Pharmacy College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The microbial analysis employed culture-dependent techniques for colony-forming unit analysis and isolation of microbial colonies from milk samples. Microbial identification utilized advanced methods, including VITEK-MS equipment and the MALDI-TOF technique. The chemical composition was analysed through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: The findings revealed significant differences in microbial loads, with milk sourced from street vendors exhibiting considerably higher microbial counts than farm-sourced milk, including pathogenic species like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results indicated that camel milk from street vendors possessed a higher level of microbial contamination, suggesting potential health risks associated with its purchase and consumption from these sources. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the urgent need for stringent food safety practices in handling, selling, and distributing camel milk to reduce microbial risks to safe levels, thereby mitigating potential health hazards.
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Camelus , Leche , Valor Nutritivo , Animales , Arabia Saudita , Camelus/microbiología , Leche/microbiología , Humanos , Microbiología de Alimentos , Granjas , Salud Pública , Staphylococcus aureus/aislamiento & purificación , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Comercio , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisisRESUMEN
The Preventive Controls for Human Food Rule regulation under the Food Safety Modernization Act sets new food safety standards. Both food safety educators and small and medium sized food processing businesses that manufacture certain value-added or processed foods lack knowledge regarding costs to prepare, implement, and manage ongoing food safety practices under the new standards. Current food safety training materials do not acknowledge costs or provide content addressing potential costs, and food safety educators do not have information needed to guide development of relevant materials that address costs. We combine economics and food science principles and use mixed methods to identify and estimate cost barriers for food processing businesses through an interdisciplinary research and extension project in the Northeast U.S. We first modify Preventive Controls extension programming to acknowledge costs and test how modified programming improves self-reported knowledge about costs. Materials that acknowledge that costs are associated with meeting standards significantly increases participants' self-reported perceived knowledge of costs by 1.3 points on a 1-to-5-point Likert scale. Compared with programming areas in which detailed content is provided, however, improvements in knowledge of costs lags behind overall knowledge gains (3.2 for costs versus 4.1 for food safety content). To fill this content gap, we next conduct semi-structured group interviews with a subset of participants (N = 10), develop a costs analysis framework, and measure actual costs associated with Preventive Controls. We find that initial costs average $20,000 per business to plan, implement, and manage standards, and almost $8,000 in every subsequent year to manage. We demonstrate that even modest interventions can reduce cost barriers for businesses seeking to meet compliance standards. We provide food safety educators with concrete cost information to support businesses to pursue Preventive Controls standards. Study results imply that low-cost methods could improve food safety in mid-scale supply chains.
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Manipulación de Alimentos , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Humanos , Manipulación de Alimentos/economía , Manipulación de Alimentos/normas , Costos y Análisis de Costo , Femenino , Masculino , AdultoRESUMEN
Sarcocystis is a genus of protozoa with a worldwide distribution infecting a wide range of animals, including humans. Wild boars can harbor at least two species of Sarcocystis, that is, the zoonotic Sarcocystis suihominis, using humans as definitive hosts, and Sarcocystis miescheriana, for which wild and domestic canids serve as definitive hosts. In Portugal, hunting holds significant economic and social importance, and wild boars are among the most appreciated hunted species. As the consumption of wild boar meat can expose humans to several foodborne pathogens, the presence of trained hunters can make a difference in ensuring animal health surveillance and food safety. Herein, we report the detection of macroscopic cystic lesions associated with S. miescheriana in a wild boar hunted for human consumption, resulting in carcass condemnation. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the presence of S. miescheriana in wild boar tissues has never been associated with macroscopic pathological alterations before. Although S. miescheriana cannot infect humans, carcasses affected by grossly visible pathological changes must be declared unfit for consumption. Therefore, our finding points out the potential economic damage associated with carcass rejection due to the presence of gross lesions associated with generalized sarcocystosis. Nonetheless, further studies are required to investigate these alterations that currently appear to be occasional findings.
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Sarcocystis , Sarcocistosis , Sus scrofa , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Sarcocystis/aislamiento & purificación , Sarcocistosis/veterinaria , Sarcocistosis/parasitología , Sus scrofa/parasitología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/parasitología , Porcinos , Portugal , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Humanos , Carne/parasitologíaAsunto(s)
Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas , Ingredientes Alimentarios , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos , Sustitutos de la Carne , United States Food and Drug Administration , Humanos , Ingredientes Alimentarios/análisis , Ingredientes Alimentarios/envenenamiento , Ingredientes Alimentarios/normas , Regulación Gubernamental , Riesgo , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug Administration/normas , Sustitutos de la Carne/análisis , Sustitutos de la Carne/envenenamiento , Sustitutos de la Carne/normas , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/etiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/prevención & control , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/etiología , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Food processing unavoidably introduces various risky ingredients that threaten food safety. N-Nitrosamines (NAs) constitute a class of food contaminants, which are considered carcinogenic to humans. According to the compiled information, pretreatment methods based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) were widely used before the determination of volatile NAs in foods. The innovation of adsorbents and hybridization of other methods have been confirmed as the future trends of SPE-based pretreatment methods. Moreover, technologies based on liquid chromatography and gas chromatography were popularly applied for the detection of NAs. Recently, sensor-based methods have garnered increasing attention due to their efficiency and flexibility. More portable sensor-based technologies are recommended for on-site monitoring of NAs in the future. The application of artificial intelligence can facilitate data processing during high-throughput detection of NAs. Natural bioactive compounds have been confirmed to be effective in mitigating NAs in foods through antioxidation, scavenging precursors, and regulating microbial activities. Meanwhile, they exhibit strong protective activities against hepatic damage, pancreatic cancer, and other NA injuries. Further supplementation of data on the bioavailability of bioactives can be achieved through encapsulation and clinical trials. The utilization of bioinformatics tools rooted in various omics technologies is suggested for investigating novel mechanisms and finally broadening their applications in targeted therapies.
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Contaminación de Alimentos , Nitrosaminas , Nitrosaminas/química , Contaminación de Alimentos/prevención & control , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Humanos , Inocuidad de los Alimentos/métodos , Extracción en Fase Sólida/métodos , Análisis de los Alimentos/métodosRESUMEN
Food safety has emerged as the topmost priority in the current fast-paced food industry era. According to the World Health Organization, around 600 million people, approximately 1 in 10 individuals worldwide, experience illness due to contaminated food consumption, resulting in nearly 0.42 million fatalities annually. The recent development in software and hardware sectors has created opportunities to improve the safety concerns in the food supply chain. The objective of this review is to explain the fundamentals of blockchain and its integration into the supply chain of various food commodities to enhance food safety. This paper presents the analysis of 31 conceptual works, 10 implementation works, 39 case studies, and other investigations in blockchain-based food supply chain from a total of 80 published papers. In this paper, the significance of adapting conceptual ideas into practical applications for effectively tracing food commodities throughout the supply chain has been discussed. This paper also describes the transformative role of blockchain platforms in the food industry, providing a decentralized and transparent ledger to access real-time and immutable records of a product's journey. In addition, both the positive impacts and challenges associated with implementing blockchain technology in the food supply chain have been evaluated. In summary, the blockchain-based food supply chains offer greater transparency, traceability, and trust, ultimately resulting in higher standards of food safety and quality.
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Cadena de Bloques , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Abastecimiento de Alimentos , Inocuidad de los Alimentos/métodos , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/normas , HumanosRESUMEN
Network pharmacology is an emerging interdisciplinary research method. The application of network pharmacology to reveal the nutritional effects and mechanisms of active ingredients in food is of great significance in promoting the development of functional food, facilitating personalized nutrition, and exploring the mechanisms of food health effects. This article systematically reviews the application of network pharmacology in the field of food science using a literature review method. The application progress of network pharmacology in food science is discussed, and the mechanisms of functional factors in food on the basis of network pharmacology are explored. Additionally, the limitations and challenges of network pharmacology are discussed, and future directions and application prospects are proposed. Network pharmacology serves as an important tool to reveal the mechanisms of action and health benefits of functional factors in food. It helps to conduct in-depth research on the biological activities of individual ingredients, composite foods, and compounds in food, and assessment of the potential health effects of food components. Moreover, it can help to control and enhance their functionality through relevant information during the production and processing of samples to guarantee food safety. The application of network pharmacology in exploring the mechanisms of functional factors in food is further analyzed and summarized. Combining machine learning, artificial intelligence, clinical experiments, and in vitro validation, the achievement transformation of functional factor in food driven by network pharmacology is of great significance for the future development of network pharmacology research.
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Tecnología de Alimentos , Alimentos Funcionales , Farmacología en Red , Humanos , Farmacología en Red/métodos , Tecnología de Alimentos/métodos , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Aprendizaje AutomáticoRESUMEN
Food contamination has long plagued agriculture, posing significant health risks to consumers. The use of volatile gases for food safety detection has proven highly effective, with composite gas sensors that leverage the two-dimensional material MXene exhibiting notable advancements in detecting various target gases. This paper reviews the progress of MXene-based composite gas sensors in the detection of food safety-related gases. The review begins by examining MXene material synthesis methods and then presents an overview of techniques aimed at enhancing MXene-based sensor detection capabilities. Recently, advancements in MXene composite gas sensors tailored for food safety gases have been highlighted. Finally, challenges encountered in gas-sensing applications of MXene-based composites are outlined, alongside predictions for their future development, aiming to offer insights for the application and advancement of intelligent gas sensors for target gases in food safety.
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Contaminación de Alimentos , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Gases , Gases/análisis , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisisRESUMEN
Chemical pollutants such as mycotoxins and pesticides exert harmful effects on human health such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and cancer. Several strategies were applied for food decontamination, including physicochemical and biological strategies. The present review comprehensively discussed the recent efforts related to the biodegradation of eight food chemical contaminants, including mycotoxins, acrylamide, biogenic amines, N-nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, bisphenol A, pesticides, and heavy metals by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Biological detoxification by LAB such as Lactobacillus is a promising approach to remove the risks related to the presence of chemical and environmental pollutants in foodstuffs. It is a safe, efficient, environmentally friendly, and low-cost strategy to remove hazardous compounds. LAB can directly decrease these chemical pollutants by degradation or adsorption. Also, it can indirectly reduce the content of these pollutants by reducing their precursors. Hence, LAB can contribute to reducing chemical pollutants in contaminated foods and enhance food safety.
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Biodegradación Ambiental , Contaminación de Alimentos , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Humanos , Micotoxinas/metabolismo , Micotoxinas/análisis , Micotoxinas/química , Lactobacillales/metabolismo , Lactobacillus/metabolismo , Plaguicidas/metabolismo , Plaguicidas/química , Plaguicidas/análisisRESUMEN
The big progress of materials science along with chemical engineering and biotechnology has significantly promoted interdisciplinary development, achieving advanced analytical methodologies, improved inspection performance, as well as promising regulation principles for food safety. The very recent progress on nano/microporous architectures for agri-food science, including new strategies for precise inspection and new principles for controllable regulation of food hazards, are summarized and discussed. Major attention is paid to the newly emerged porous architectures with their derivative nano/microstructures contributing to food safety through their instinctive advantages including special material surface, extraordinary porous structure, ease-of-modification, and excellent diversity and variability. This review clearly and logically displays the research road maps and development trends for current food safety issues and give suggestive directions for future outlook as well as the bottleneck problems to be solved, not only smart inspection and analysis but also elimination and control of ever-emerging food hazards.
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Contaminación de Alimentos , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Porosidad , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Contaminación de Alimentos/prevención & control , Nanoestructuras/químicaRESUMEN
The US food supply is increasingly associated with diet-related diseases, toxicity, cancer, and other health harms. These public health concerns are partly attributable to a loophole in federal law. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evaluates the premarket safety of ingredients regulated as food additives but allows the food industry to self-regulate and determine which substances to classify as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) based on undisclosed data and conclusions that the FDA never sees. Furthermore, the FDA lacks a formal approach for reviewing food additives and GRAS substances already found in the food supply. Substances in the food supply thus include innocuous ingredients (e.g., black pepper), those that are harmful at high levels (e.g., salt), those that are of questionable safety (e.g., potassium bromate), and those that are unknown to the FDA and the public. A recent court decision codified these gaps in the FDA's current approach, leaving states to try to fill the regulatory void. The FDA and Congress should consider several policy options to ensure that the FDA is meeting its mission to ensure a safe food supply. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(10):1061-1070. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307755).
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Aditivos Alimentarios , United States Food and Drug Administration , Estados Unidos , Humanos , Aditivos Alimentarios/normas , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/normas , Regulación Gubernamental , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Legislación AlimentariaRESUMEN
The development of a highly selective and sensitive method for detecting chlortetracycline (CTC) is crucial for safeguarding public health and food safety. Herein, a novel ratiometric fluorescence sensor called SiC@ZIF-8@MIP was constructed to specifically recognize and sensitively detect CTC. The sensor has the advantages of fast response speed (7 min), wide linear range (0.1-18 µg mL-1), and low limit of detection (4.56 ng mL-1). With the addition of CTC, the fluorescence of SiC@ZIF-8@MIP is quenched at 410 nm due to the internal filtration effect (IFE) and a new fluorescence signal is generated at 515 nm by CTC due to the aggregation induced emission effect (AIE). Additionally, for rapid on-site detection of CTC, a smartphone is applied to digitize fluorescence images of SiC@ZIF-8@MIP, helping individuals read and analyze the images. This detection method is a promising strategy for on-site assessments of food safety and public health safety.
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Antibacterianos , Clortetraciclina , Colorantes Fluorescentes , Contaminación de Alimentos , Límite de Detección , Teléfono Inteligente , Clortetraciclina/análisis , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Antibacterianos/análisis , Colorantes Fluorescentes/química , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia/métodos , Fluorescencia , Inocuidad de los AlimentosRESUMEN
The exponential number of food alerts about concerning levels of some plant-alkaloids, such as pyrrolizidine, tropane and opium alkaloids, have stressed the need to monitor their occurrence in foods to avoid toxic health effects derived from their intake. Therefore, analytical strategies to simultaneously monitor the occurrence of these alkaloids should be developed to ensure food safety an comply with regulations. Accordingly, this work proposes an efficient multicomponent analytical strategy for the simultaneous extraction of these alkaloids from commercial bakery products. The analytical method was validated and applied to the analysis of 15 samples, revealing that 100% of them contained at least one of the target alkaloids, in some cases exceeding the maximum limits legislated. Moreover, in two samples the 3 different alkaloid families were detected. These results confirm the importance of simultaneously monitoring these alkaloids in food and highlight also considering some opium alkaloids in current legislation.
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Contaminación de Alimentos , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Alcaloides de Pirrolicidina , Tropanos , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Alcaloides de Pirrolicidina/análisis , Alcaloides de Pirrolicidina/química , Tropanos/análisis , Tropanos/química , Opio/análisis , Opio/química , Pan/análisis , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Alcaloides/análisis , Alcaloides/químicaRESUMEN
Food safety is vital to human health, necessitating the development of nondestructive, convenient, and highly sensitive methods for detecting harmful substances. This study integrates cellulose dissolution, aligned regeneration, in situ nanoparticle synthesis, and structural reconstitution to create flexible, transparent, customizable, and nanowrinkled cellulose/Ag nanoparticle membranes (NWCM-Ag). These three-dimensional nanowrinkled structures considerably improve the spatial-electromagnetic-coupling effect of metal nanoparticles on the membrane surface, providing a 2.3 × 108 enhancement factor for the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect for trace detection of pesticides in foods. Notably, the distribution of pesticides in the apple peel and pulp layers is visualized through Raman imaging, confirming that the pesticides penetrate the peel layer into the pulp layer (â¼30 µm depth). Thus, the risk of pesticide ingestion from fruits cannot be avoided by simple washing other than peeling. This study provides a new idea for designing nanowrinkled structures and broadening cellulose utilization in food safety.
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Celulosa , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Nanopartículas del Metal , Plaguicidas , Espectrometría Raman , Celulosa/química , Plaguicidas/análisis , Plaguicidas/química , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Espectrometría Raman/métodos , Plata/química , Malus/química , Humanos , Frutas/química , Nanotecnología/métodos , Propiedades de Superficie , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisisRESUMEN
The emergence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria especially carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) in food animals poses a serious threat to food safety and public health. Reports about the dissemination of carbapenem-resistant bacteria along the food animal production chain are scattered and mainly focus on swine and chicken. Abuse of antibiotics in duck farms is common especially in China which has the largest duck production industry, however, the CREC transmission between farmed ducks and slaughtered meats remains unclear and the role of slaughterhouse in disseminating CREC among duck meats remains largely unknown. Herein, we collected 251 fecal samples from five typical duck farms along with 125 slaughtered meat samples (25 from each farm) in the corresponding slaughterhouse in Anhui Province, China, in December 2018. All samples were screened for CREC isolates which were analyzed for the presence of carbapenemase genes and colistin resistance gene mcr. The resistance profiles, transferability, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the CREC isolates from both ducks and meats were further characterized. This is the first report presenting the high prevalence of blaNDM-positive CREC isolates in ducks from duck farms (57.8 %) and slaughtered meats (33.6 %) in the corresponding slaughterhouse. Among the 203 blaNDM-positive CREC isolates obtained in this study, 19.2 % harbored mcr-1 and all CREC isolates showed resistance to nearly all currently available antibiotics (except tigecycline). Of note, mcr-1 was found in 17.8 % of the meat-derived CREC carrying blaNDM. Based on the PFGE analysis, clonal spread of blaNDM-positive CREC including some also carrying mcr-1 was found between farmed ducks and slaughtered duck meats even from different farms. Special attention should be paid to the clonal dissemination of meat-derived CREC within the slaughterhouse, which contributed to the high prevalence of blaNDM in slaughtered meats. Additionally, horizontal transmission mainly mediated by transferable blaNDM-5-bearing IncX3 plasmids, untypable blaNDM-1-bearing plasmids and mcr-1-bearing IncHI2 plasmids further facilitated the rapid spread of such multidrug-resistant strains. Notably, the blaNDM-bearing plasmids and mcr-1-bearing plasmids in CREC from meats were highly similar to those from animals and humans. More worryingly, the phylogenomic analysis showed that CREC isolates from both ducks and corresponding meats clustered with previously reported human CREC isolates carrying mcr-1 in different geographical areas including China. These findings further prove that the CREC and resistance plasmids in farmed ducks could transmit to meats even from different farms via the slaughterhouse and then trigger infections in humans. The high prevalence and clonal transmission of CREC isolates including those also carrying mcr-1 between ducks and meats are alarming, and urgent control measures are required to reduce the dissemination of such organisms.
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Mataderos , Antibacterianos , Patos , Escherichia coli , Carne , beta-Lactamasas , Animales , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Carne/microbiología , China/epidemiología , Prevalencia , beta-Lactamasas/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Granjas , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/transmisión , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/epidemiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Filogenia , Heces/microbiología , Microbiología de Alimentos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/genéticaRESUMEN
The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system plays a crucial role in ensuring food safety within food service establishments, effectively reducing the risk of foodborne diseases. This study focused on assessing the risk of microbe contamination in poultry-based cook-served food during meal preparation in four restaurants and five selected HACCP-certified hotels in eastern China. We examined samples collected from 26 poultry-based cooked dishes, 248 food contact surfaces, 252 non-food contact surfaces, and 121 hand swabs. Our findings indicated a favorable trend of compliance with Chinese national standards, as Escherichia coli and Campylobacter were not detected in any cooked food samples. However, the microbiological assessments revealed non-compliance with total plate count standards in 7 % of the cooked samples from restaurants. In contrast, both dine-in hotels and restaurants exhibited significant non-compliance with guidance concerning food and non-food contact surfaces. Furthermore, our study found that chefs' hand hygiene did not meet microbiological reference standards, even after washing. Notably, Campylobacter persisted at 27 % and 30 % on chefs' hands, posing a significant risk of cross-contamination and foodborne diseases. These findings emphasize the urgent necessity for enhanced supervision of hygiene procedures and process monitoring in the HACCP-certified establishments engaged in the preparation and serving of food. Targeted interventions and food safety education for different chef subgroups can enhance food handling practices and reduce the risk of foodborne diseases in independent food establishments.
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Contaminación de Alimentos , Microbiología de Alimentos , Restaurantes , Restaurantes/normas , China , Humanos , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Contaminación de Alimentos/prevención & control , Análisis de Peligros y Puntos de Control Críticos/métodos , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Manipulación de Alimentos/normas , Culinaria/normas , Campylobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Higiene de las Manos/normasRESUMEN
The biocompatible MIL-88A metal-organic framework (MOF), synthesized from food-grade fumaric acid and ferric chloride, was introduced for the efficient one-step in situ encapsulation of capsaicinoids as a nanopreservative. The resulting MIL-88A@Caps nanoparticles can load 61.43 mg/g of capsaicinoids, surpassing conventional MOF-based encapsulation. The potent MIL-88A@Caps nanoformulations synergize the intrinsic antimicrobial properties of MIL-88A and capsaicinoids. At the same concentration (0.5 mg/mL), MIL-88A@Caps was highly effective against S. aureus and Salmonella, with inhibition rates of 94.90 ± 0.58% and 94.30 ± 1.24%, respectively, compared to MIL-88A (62.28 ± 5.04% and 70.46 ± 1.96%) and capsaicinoids (63.68 ± 1.25% and 49.53 ± 1.22%), respectively. Model precooked-chicken preservation experiments revealed that MIL-88A@Caps significantly delayed spoilage parameters compared to untreated samples, with more favorable viable counts (8.08 lgCFU/g), pH value (6.60 ± 0.02), TVB-N value (8.59 ± 0.21 mg/100 g), and color changes on day 9. Our findings yield a green nanopreservative for meat safety.