RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the simplified Q-sort method used to investigate the highest level of agreement among dentists, orthodontists and laypeople when assessing smile and dental attractiveness. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An album containing 258 photos of 86 individuals with their lips at rest, a slight and broad smile, was assessed by 25 dentists (general clinicians and various specialties), 23 orthodontists and 27 laypeople with regard to smile and dental attractiveness. To this end, both VAS and simplified Q-sort method were used. Agreements were calculated by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: For the single measurement between the VAS method and the simplified Q-sort method, all simplified Q-sort rates were higher in all groups. The simplified Q-sort method results ranged between 0.42 and 0.49 while those of the VAS method varied between 0.37 and 0.42. The simplified Q-sort method also presented higher mean measurement values (0.95 and 0.96) in comparison to VAS (0.94 and 0.95). CONCLUSIONS: Both scales may be considered reliable for evaluating smile and dental attractiveness; however, the simplified Q-Sort method presented slightly higher values than the VAS method. .
OBJETIVO: comparar a escala visual analógica (EVA) e o método Q-sort simplificado quanto à maior concordância nas avaliações entre cirurgiões-dentistas, ortodontistas e leigos em atratividade dentária e do sorriso. MÉTODOS: 258 fotografias, provenientes de 86 indivíduos, fotografados com os lábios em repouso, sorriso leve e sorriso amplo, foram avaliadas quanto à atratividade dentária e do sorriso por meio da EVA e do Q-sort simplificado por 25 cirurgiões-dentistas (clínicos gerais e especialidades diversas), 23 Ortodontistas e 27 leigos. As concordâncias foram calculadas pelo Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (ICC). RESULTADOS: para medida única entre a EVA e o método Q-sort simplificado, todas as taxas do Q-sort simplificado foram maiores em todos os grupos. O resultado do Q-sort simplificado variou entre 0,42 e 0,49, e da EVA entre 0,37 e 0,42. O Q-sort simplificado também apresentou valores de medida média superiores (0,95 e 0,96) em relação à EVA (0,94 e 0,95). CONCLUSÃO: pode-se considerar que ambas as escalas são confiáveis para avaliação da atratividade dentária e do sorriso; porém, o método Q-sort simplificado apresentou valores ligeiramente maiores que os da EVA. .
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Inmunoglobulina E/fisiología , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Calorimetría , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Transferencia Resonante de Energía de Fluorescencia , Hipersensibilidad/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina E/química , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Receptores de IgE/química , Resonancia por Plasmón de SuperficieRESUMEN
Small ruminants are affected by gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection. A promising alternative strategy for control of GIN infection is to increase the level of resistance in the population by taking advantage of the host's immune response. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and E (IgE) are known to be involved in immune response to GIN. The aim of this study was thus to investigate genetic parameters of IgA and IgE responses against Haemonchus contortus in Creole kids naturally challenged at pasture and to determine the relationship with other resistance criteria such as faecal egg counts, packed-cell volume, eosinophil counts and bodyweight. Variance and covariance components for genetic and residuals effects for each trait were estimated on 3862 males at 11 months of age. Heritability estimates for IgA and IgE ranged between 0.15 and 0.57. Strong positive genetic correlations were observed between either IgE or IgA responses against L3 and adult excretory/secretory products (ESP) antigens of H. contortus, suggesting that the humoral immune response is not specific to the life cycle stage of the parasite suggesting that there is substantial cross recognition between the different parasite antigens. Heritability estimates for faecal egg count (FEC), packed-cell volume (PCV) and bodyweight (BW) were in accordance with previous results in Creole kids. Blood eosinophil counts were found moderately heritable and negatively correlated with FEC, suggesting that this cell population plays a role in resistance to nematode parasite infection in Creole goats. IgA response was positively correlated to FEC, in contrast with the negative correlation between IgE against L3 of H. contortus and FEC. In Creole goats, IgA response against L3 or ESP of H. contortus would rather be associated with the worm burden than an immune protective response. The immune response involving activity of IgE against L3 of H. contortus may be one important pathway for development of resistance to gastrointestinal nematode infections in Creole goats.
Asunto(s)
Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Enfermedades de las Cabras/genética , Hemoncosis/veterinaria , Haemonchus/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina A/fisiología , Inmunoglobulina E/fisiología , Animales , Recuento de Células Sanguíneas/veterinaria , Peso Corporal , Eosinófilos , Heces/parasitología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/parasitología , Cabras , Hemoncosis/genética , Hemoncosis/inmunología , Hematócrito , Masculino , Recuento de Huevos de ParásitosRESUMEN
El síndrome de Hiper IgE o hiperinmunoglobulinemia E por infección recurrente es una enfermedad rara, descripta inicialmente por JOb Buckey en 1966. Su diagnóstico se realiza a través de la tríada: *)eosinofilia y elevados niveles de IgE, *) eczema e infecciones recurrentes de piel y *) aparato respiratorio (pulmones). Tiene dos variantes: tipo 1 o autosómica y tipo 2 o autosómica recesiva. PUedepresentar facies características y alteraciones óseas y dentales. Son pacientes que requieren terapias prolongadas con antibióticos para evitar las infecciones respiratorias. La importancia de la atención odontológica radica en mantener una boca saludable para evitar focos sépticos que pongan en riesgo la vida del paciente.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Niño , Atención Dental para Enfermos Crónicos/métodos , Hipergammaglobulinemia/diagnóstico , Hipergammaglobulinemia/terapia , Inmunoglobulina E/fisiología , Síndrome de Job/terapia , Manifestaciones Bucales , Síndrome de Job/patologíaRESUMEN
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and mast cells are believed to play important roles in allergic inflammation. However, their contributions to the pathogenesis of human asthma have not been clearly established. Significant progress has been made recently in our understanding of airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness through studies of murine models of asthma and genetically engineered mice. Some of the studies have provided significant insights into the role of IgE and mast cells in the allergic airway response. In these models mice are immunized systemically with soluble protein antigens and then receive an antigen challenge through the airways. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mice with allergic airway inflammation contains significant amounts of IgE. The IgE can capture the antigen presented to the airways and the immune complexes so formed can augment allergic airway response in a high-affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI)-dependent manner. Previously, there were conflicting reports regarding the role of mast cells in murine models of asthma, based on studies of mast cell-deficient mice. More recent studies have suggested that the extent to which mast cells contribute to murine models of asthma depends on the experimental conditions employed to generate the airway response. This conclusion was further supported by studies using FcepsilonRI-deficient mice. Therefore, IgE-dependent activation of mast cells plays an important role in the development of allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in mice under specific conditions. The murine models used should be of value for testing inhibitors of IgE or mast cells for the development of therapeutic agents for human asthma.
Asunto(s)
Asma/inmunología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Inmunoglobulina E/inmunología , Mastocitos/inmunología , Animales , Inmunoglobulina E/fisiología , Mastocitos/fisiología , Ratones , Receptores de IgE/inmunología , Receptores de IgE/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Although many authors have considered the possibility of a direct interaction between food allergy and behavioral changes, the evidence supporting this hypothesis is elusive. Here, we show that after oral ovalbumin (OVA) challenge, allergic mice present higher levels of anxiety, increased Fos expression in emotionality-related brain areas, and aversion to OVA-containing solution. Moreover, treatment with anti-IgE antibody or induction of oral tolerance abrogate both food aversion and the expression of c-fos in the central nervous system (CNS). Our findings establish a direct relationship between brain function and food allergy, thus creating a solid ground for understanding the etiology of psychological disorders in allergic patients.
Asunto(s)
Hipersensibilidad a los Alimentos/inmunología , Hipersensibilidad a los Alimentos/psicología , Inmunoglobulina E/fisiología , Neuronas/fisiología , Administración Oral , Animales , Anticuerpos Antiidiotipos/administración & dosificación , Ansiedad/inmunología , Ansiedad/fisiopatología , Reacción de Prevención/fisiología , Química Encefálica/inmunología , Emociones/fisiología , Conducta Alimentaria/fisiología , Hipersensibilidad a los Alimentos/metabolismo , Hipersensibilidad a los Alimentos/prevención & control , Inmunización , Inmunoglobulina E/inmunología , Inyecciones Intraperitoneales , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Neuronas/metabolismo , Ovalbúmina/administración & dosificación , Ovalbúmina/inmunología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-fos/biosíntesisRESUMEN
This review discusses experimental evidences that indicate the IgE participation on the effector mechanisms that leads to gastrointestinal nematode elimination. Data discussed here showed that, for most experimental models, the immune response involved in nematode elimination is regulated by Th-2 type cytokines (especially IL-4). However, the mechanism(s) that result in worm elimination is not clear and might be distinct in different nematode species. Parasite specific IgE production, especially the IgE produced by the intestinal mucosae or associated lymphoid organs could participate in the intestinal elimination of Trichinella spiralis from infected rats. Intestinal IgE may also be important to the protective mechanism developed against other gastrointestinal nematodes that penetrate the murine duodenum mucosa tissue, such as Strongyloides venezuelensis and Heligmosomoides polygyrus. At least in Trichinella spiralis infected rats, the results indicated that intestinal IgE might work independently from mast cell degranulation for worm elimination.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/parasitología , Inmunoglobulina E/fisiología , Infecciones por Nematodos/inmunología , Animales , Enfermedades Gastrointestinales/inmunología , Inmunidad Mucosa/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina E/biosíntesis , Inmunoglobulina E/inmunología , Mucosa Intestinal/inmunología , Mucosa Intestinal/parasitología , RatasRESUMEN
We have investigated the role of IgE in the local immunity of intestinal amebiasis, a parasitic infection known to induce specific antibody-forming cells (AFC) and IgA antibodies in rodents and humans. We found that intragastric immunization of rats with glutaraldehyde-fixed Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites significantly increased antiameba AFC in the Peyer's patches and spleen and that the lamina propria of the cecum from immunized animals was infiltrated by eosinophils armed with IgE antibodies. Morphometric analysis showed that IgE-containing cells and eosinophils were nearly three times more abundant in the cecum of immunized rats. Antigenic challenge with amebal lysates provoked an increase in the short-circuit current and in the transepithelial potential difference in Ussing-chambered cecum preparations from immunized rats. Although eosinophilia and the increase of IgE are common consequences of infection by parasitic worms, our results indicate that local immunity in intestinal amebiasis also involves IgE deposition, eosinophil infiltration, and type I hypersensitivity, which may explain some symptoms of amebic dysentery such as colic, abdominal tension, tenesmus, and bloody stools.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Protozoos/inmunología , Entamoeba histolytica/inmunología , Eosinofilia/inmunología , Mucosa Gástrica/inmunología , Hipersensibilidad Inmediata/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina E/fisiología , Amebiasis/etiología , Amebiasis/inmunología , Animales , Células Productoras de Anticuerpos/citología , Ciego/inmunología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta Inmunológica , Electrofisiología , Inmunización , Infusiones Parenterales , Mucosa Intestinal/inmunología , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
Recent data have indicated that CD8+ T cells suppress rodent IgE responses. In this study we investigated the effect of CD8+ T cells on primary and established IgE responses in euthymic and athymic nude rats. Euthymic PVG rats were depleted of CD8+ T cells by intraperitoneal injection of a CD8-specific monoclonal antibody (OX8), which resulted in an apparent loss of 92% of splenic and 98% of peripheral blood CD8+ T cells. The CD8+ T-cell depleted animals failed to mount a significant IgE response compared with control animals given an irrelevant monoclonal antibody (OX21). Furthermore, PVG nude rats reconstituted with purified CD4+ thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) alone failed to mount a significant IgE response, while animals given unfractionated TDL (containing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) did. Depletion of CD8+ T cells 7 days prior to immunization and subsequent reconstitution at the time of immunization restored the IgE response. In contrast, removal of CD8+ T cells 1 month after induction of IgE by immunization with ovalbumin (OVA) and ricin prolonged the IgE response. In all cases IgG antibody responses were unaffected by the presence or absence of CD8+ T cells. This study shows that some CD8+ T cells are required for IgE, but not IgG, production to soluble antigen in a primary immune response. However, later in the immune response CD8+ T cells were shown to inhibit IgE production. These effects were apparently restricted to the immune response to soluble antigen, as Hooded Lister rats infected with 9000 larvae of the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis produced high sustained levels of circulating IgE, in excess of 10 micrograms/ml, regardless of whether CD8+ T cells were depleted before or 1 month after infection.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos Helmínticos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina E/fisiología , Nippostrongylus/inmunología , Animales , Inmunización , Inmunoglobulina E/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas , Ratas Desnudas , Bazo/inmunología , TimectomíaRESUMEN
Eosinophils are supposed to play a critical role in the pathology of several allergic diseases because after activation they can release toxic and proinflammatory agents. In this study we have investigated whether IgE-mediated rat pleurisy could be affected by an ongoing pleural eosinophilic inflammatory response. IgE-passively sensitized rats were challenged with an intrapleural (i.pl.) injection of allergen (dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin, 1 microgram/cavity) and exudation assessed by measuring the amount of protein extravasated into the pleural cavity within 4 h. We have confirmed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation (250 ng/cavity i.pl.) was followed by a marked pleural neutrophilia, apparent at 3 h, which was followed by an eosinophil accumulation noted within 48-72 h postchallenge. We have also confirmed that a boiled sample of LPS pleural washing (LPS-PW, 200 microliters i.pl.) caused selective eosinophilia in recipient rats. Pleural exudation remained unaltered when the allergenic challenge was performed 3 h after LPS in a condition of intense pleural fluid neutrophilia. In contrast, this was significantly reduced (P < .001) when the challenge occurred 72 h after LPS or 24 h after LPS-PW in selective pleural fluid eosinophilia. In another series of experiments repeated daily i.pl. injections of platelet-activating factor (PAF; 1 microgram/cavity) resulted in a progressive increase in eosinophil number recovered from the pleural cavity. The values were 1.2 +/- 0.2, 3.0 +/- 0.2, and 5.8 +/- 0.5 x 10(6) eosinophils/cavity (mean +/- SEM) after 0, 1, and 4 injections, respectively. Allergen challenge performed after 0, 1, or 4 PAF stimulations led to pleural protein levels of 88.6 +/- 5.7, 33.7 +/- 0.7, and 19.4 +/- 2.3 mg/cavity, respectively, indicating that the allergic pleurisy is inhibited in a manner dependent on the magnitude of eosinophil accumulation. Furthermore, the impairment of PAF-induced eosinophil accumulation by cetirizine (30 mg/kg i.p.) restored the exudatory response. Exudation triggered by compound 48/80 (25 micrograms/cavity), histamine (200 micrograms/cavity), or 5-hydroxytryptamine (100 micrograms/cavity) was not affected by four previous PAF daily injections. The findings indicate that allergen-induced exudation is selectively down-regulated in the eosinophil-enriched pleural space of rats, a suppression that increased with increasing eosinophil number and disappeared after chemical impairment of the eosinophilia.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Sanguíneas/metabolismo , Eosinófilos/fisiología , Exudados y Transudados/citología , Inmunoglobulina E/fisiología , Derrame Pleural/patología , Animales , Dinitrofenoles , Eosinofilia/inducido químicamente , Eosinofilia/patología , Eosinofilia/fisiopatología , Eosinófilos/inmunología , Femenino , Histamina/toxicidad , Hipersensibilidad/inmunología , Hipersensibilidad/fisiopatología , Inmunoglobulina E/inmunología , Lipopolisacáridos/toxicidad , Masculino , Mastocitos/citología , Factor de Activación Plaquetaria/toxicidad , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Serotonina/toxicidad , Albúmina Sérica Bovina , p-Metoxi-N-metilfenetilamina/toxicidadRESUMEN
The role of mast cells in allergic reactions is reviewed and the origin, distribution and properties of mast cells are reported. The characteristics of two phenotypically distinct mast cell populations are described. The function and properties of the IgE molecule as an antigen receptor on mast cells is discussed. The IgE receptor and its structure is updated. The participation of mast cells in the acute and late phase of the allergic reaction is pointed out. A double role for mast cells in allergic reactions is suggested: they may be responsible for the acute phase reaction through the release of mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes and for the late phase reaction through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Asunto(s)
Mastocitos/fisiología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Histamina/metabolismo , Humanos , Hipersensibilidad/fisiopatología , Inmunoglobulina E/fisiología , Leucotrienos/metabolismo , Fenotipo , Receptores de IgE/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The role of mast cells in allergic reactions is reviewed and the origin, distribution and properties of mast cells are reported. The characteristics of two phenotypically distinct mast cell populations are described. The function and properties of the IgE molecule as an antigen receptor on mast cells is discussed. The participation of mast cells in the acute and late phase of the allergic reaction is pointed out. A double role for mast cells in allergic reactions is suggested: they may be responsible for the acute phase reaction through the release of mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes and for the late phase reaction through the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Hipersensibilidad/fisiopatología , Inmunoglobulina E/fisiología , Mastocitos/fisiología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Histamina/metabolismo , Leucotrienos/metabolismo , Fenotipo , Receptores de IgE/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Two years after graduating from medical school, Ivan Mota decided to spend a year doing postgraduate training. Little did he realise that he was embarking on a course that would see him lay the foundations for modern research into allergy and anaphylaxis. Here, he recounts his own tale.
Asunto(s)
Anafilaxia/historia , Histamina/historia , Inmunoglobulina E/historia , Mastocitos , Animales , Brasil , Histamina/fisiología , Historia del Siglo XX , Inmunoglobulina E/fisiología , Mastocitos/fisiologíaRESUMEN
A anafilaxia é um complexo de sintomas que envolve vários órgäos e que tem um curso variável. O mecanismo da reaçäo envolve geralmente o anticorpo IgE que libera mediadores responsáveis pelo quadro clínico. A reaçäo anafilactóide é devido à açäo direta de algumas drogas nos mastócitos e basófilos que estimulam a liberaçäo de histamina. As manifestaçöes da reaçäo anafilactóide säo indistingüíveis da reaçäo anafilática ou da ativaçäo do sistema complemento. Nesta revisäo é discutida a diferença entre as duas reaçöes, as substâncias liberadas, a prevençäo e o tratamento da reaçäo alérgica grave
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Anafilaxia/fisiopatología , Hipersensibilidad a las Drogas/prevención & control , Liberación de Histamina , Inmunoglobulina E/fisiología , Hipersensibilidad a las Drogas/terapiaRESUMEN
To obtain direct evidence for the involvement of IgE antibodies in eosinophil-mediated killing of schistosomula of S. japonicum, dinitrophenylated (DNP) schistosomula pretreated with mouse monoclonal IgE antibodies were co-cultured with purified rat peritoneal eosinophils. It was found that the eosinophil-mediated adherence and damage to haptenated schistosomula were dependent on a monoclonal anti-DNP IgE antibody, but not on monoclonal anti-ovalbumin IgE antibody. Moreover, eosinophils from N. brasiliensis-infected rats demonstrated an enhanced ability in the IgE-dependent damage to DNP-schistosomula as compared with the cells from normal rats. The enhancement was associated with an increase in the proportion of eosinophils expressing Fc receptors for IgE.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Monoclonales/fisiología , Citotoxicidad Inmunológica , Eosinófilos/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina E/fisiología , Infecciones por Nematodos/inmunología , Receptores Fc/análisis , Esquistosomiasis/inmunología , Animales , Adhesión Celular , Dinitrobencenos/inmunología , Eosinófilos/metabolismo , Eosinófilos/fisiología , Haptenos/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina E/metabolismo , Ratones , Nippostrongylus/inmunología , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas , Receptores de IgE , Formación de Roseta , Schistosoma japonicum/inmunología , Esquistosomiasis/parasitologíaRESUMEN
The Waorani Indians of eastern Ecuador have the highest blood concentration of IgE reported in a human population. Evidence obtained by medical history, physical examination, and immediate hypersensitivity skin tests suggests that pollen allergy and other atopic diseases are rare among the Waorani. A similar association between parasite-induced hyperimmunoglobulinemia-E and a low prevalence of conventional atopic disease has been reported in numerous other tropical populations. Saturation of mast cell IgE receptors with antibodies directed to the parasite and/or other antigens and competitive inhibition of passive binding of pollen allergen-specific IgE is one hypothetical cause of this association. We have tested this interesting conjecture by passively sensitizing the skin of Waorani Indians with serum containing pollen allergen-specific IgE antibodies. Waorani Indians with hyperimmunoglobulinemia-E can be adoptively sensitized with human ragweed or rye grass hyperimmune IgE antisera. This suggests that the cutaneous mast cells of healthy Waorani have active IgE receptors. The high circulating plasma concentrations of IgE in the Waorani do not prevent adoptive cutaneous sensitization with pollen-specific IgE antibodies.