RESUMEN
In defying conventional views that dismissed itch as trivial, I persisted in studying basophils and ILC2s in human skin and atopic dermatitis. My research on JAK inhibitors for itch ultimately led to FDA-approved drugs. This is my story of disregarding categories and definitions-a story about an unconventional path in science that emphasizes innovation over conformity.
Asunto(s)
Dermatitis Atópica , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Prurito , Humanos , Animales , Ratones , Dermatitis Atópica/patología , Dermatitis Atópica/tratamiento farmacológico , Dermatitis Atópica/inmunología , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Basófilos/metabolismo , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Piel/patología , Piel/metabolismoRESUMEN
Myelofibrosis should be diagnosed according to the WHO classification (2022, 5th Ed.) and International Consensus Conference 2022 criteria. Testing for driver mutations in the three genes JAK2, CALR, and MPL is recommended to ensure a definitive diagnosis. Ruxolitinib is the only JAK inhibitor currently approved in Japan, but momelotinib is under regulatory review. The MOMENTUM study showed similar spleen volume reduction at 24 weeks and MFSAF-TSS reduction as the COMFORT study of ruxolitinib. Momelotinib acts on ACVR1 and, therefore, improves anemia through suppression of hepcidin. Anemia and/or transfusion dependency are known to be associated with overall survival duration. Consequently, supportive care measures such as ESA and danazol in lieu of transfusion should be considered in addition to JAK inhibitor selection. Mean survival after discontinuation of JAK inhibitors is 11 to 14 months. Pacritinib (not approved in Japan) is suitable for MF patients with thrombocytopenia. JAK inhibitor selection and supportive care by ESA or danazol in lieu of transfusion should be considered. Many classes of drugs other than JAK inhibitors for myelofibrosis are under investigation.
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Benzamidas , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus , Nitrilos , Mielofibrosis Primaria , Pirazoles , Pirimidinas , Mielofibrosis Primaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Mielofibrosis Primaria/diagnóstico , Humanos , Pirimidinas/uso terapéutico , Pirazoles/uso terapéutico , Pirazoles/farmacología , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Hidrocarburos Aromáticos con PuentesRESUMEN
Introduction: The Janus kinase (JAK) family includes four cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2) constitutively bound to several cytokine receptors. JAKs phosphorylate downstream signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT). JAK-STAT5 pathways play a critical role in basophil and mast cell activation. Previous studies have demonstrated that inhibitors of JAK-STAT pathway blocked the activation of mast cells and basophils. Methods: In this study, we investigated the in vitro effects of ruxolitinib, a JAK1/2 inhibitor, on IgE- and IL-3-mediated release of mediators from human basophils, as well as substance P-induced mediator release from skin mast cells (HSMCs). Results: Ruxolitinib concentration-dependently inhibited IgE-mediated release of preformed (histamine) and de novo synthesized mediators (leukotriene C4) from human basophils. Ruxolitinib also inhibited anti-IgE- and IL-3-mediated cytokine (IL-4 and IL-13) release from basophils, as well as the secretion of preformed mediators (histamine, tryptase, and chymase) from substance P-activated HSMCs. Discussion: These results indicate that ruxolitinib, inhibiting the release of several mediators from human basophils and mast cells, is a potential candidate for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
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Basófilos , Janus Quinasa 1 , Janus Quinasa 2 , Mastocitos , Nitrilos , Pirazoles , Pirimidinas , Humanos , Basófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Basófilos/inmunología , Basófilos/metabolismo , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Nitrilos/farmacología , Mastocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Mastocitos/inmunología , Mastocitos/metabolismo , Pirazoles/farmacología , Janus Quinasa 1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Janus Quinasa 1/metabolismo , Janus Quinasa 2/metabolismo , Janus Quinasa 2/antagonistas & inhibidores , Células Cultivadas , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Inmunoglobulina E/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina E/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Reduction in muscle contractile force associated with many clinical conditions incurs serious morbidity and increased mortality. Here, we report the first evidence that JAK inhibition impacts contractile force in normal human muscle. Muscle biopsies were taken from patients who were randomized to receive tofacitinib (n = 16) or placebo (n = 17) for 48 h. Single-fiber contractile force and molecular studies were carried out. The contractile force of individual diaphragm myofibers pooled from the tofacitinib group (n = 248 fibers) was significantly higher than those from the placebo group (n = 238 fibers), with a 15.7% greater mean maximum specific force (P = 0.0016). Tofacitinib treatment similarly increased fiber force in the serratus anterior muscle. The increased force was associated with reduced muscle protein oxidation and FoxO-ubiquitination-proteasome signaling, and increased levels of smooth muscle MYLK. Inhibition of MYLK attenuated the tofacitinib-dependent increase in fiber force. These data demonstrate that tofacitinib increases the contractile force of skeletal muscle and offers several underlying mechanisms. Inhibition of the JAK-STAT pathway is thus a potential new therapy for the muscle dysfunction that occurs in many clinical conditions.
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Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus , Contracción Muscular , Músculo Esquelético , Piperidinas , Pirimidinas , Humanos , Piperidinas/farmacología , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Contracción Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/efectos de los fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Masculino , Pirroles/farmacología , Femenino , Adulto , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/efectos de los fármacos , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Small molecules, including Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators (S1PRMs), are promising new treatments for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Small molecules exhibit more predictable pharmacokinetics than biologics, are less likely to induce immune responses, and can be administered orally. JAK inhibitors function by blocking the activity of JAK enzymes, which prevents the subsequent phosphorylation and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins. Tofacitinib and filgotinib are approved for treating ulcerative colitis (UC), while upadacitinib is approved for UC and Crohn's disease. Nevertheless, JAK inhibitors can increase the risk of herpes zoster, cancer, major adverse cardiovascular events, and venous thromboembolism. S1PRMs bind to S1PRs, particularly S1PR1, on lymphocytes. This interaction inhibits lymphocytes from exiting the lymph nodes and migrating to the gut, thereby reducing inflammation and the immune response in the intestinal mucosa. Ozanimod and etrasimod are S1PRMs approved for the treatment of UC, but they can cause side effects such as bradycardia, conduction disorder, and macular edema. Overall, JAK inhibitors and S1PRMs offer significant benefits in managing IBD, although their potential side effects require careful monitoring.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus , Moduladores de los Receptores de fosfatos y esfingosina 1 , Humanos , Indanos , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/metabolismo , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Oxadiazoles , Piridinas , Receptores de Lisoesfingolípidos/metabolismo , Receptores de Lisoesfingolípidos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Moduladores de los Receptores de fosfatos y esfingosina 1/farmacología , Moduladores de los Receptores de fosfatos y esfingosina 1/uso terapéutico , Receptores de Esfingosina-1-Fosfato/metabolismo , Receptores de Esfingosina-1-Fosfato/antagonistas & inhibidores , TriazolesRESUMEN
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a highly prevalent autoimmune disorder. The pathogenesis of the disease is complex and involves various cellular populations, including fibroblast-like synoviocytes, macrophages, and T cells, among others. Identification of signalling pathways and molecules that actively contribute to the development of the disease is crucial to understanding the mechanisms involved in the chronic inflammatory environment present in affected joints. Recent studies have demonstrated that the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway regulates the behaviour of immune cells and contributes to the progression of RA. Several JAK inhibitors, such as tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, and filgocitinib, have been developed, and their efficacy and safety in patients with RA have been comprehensively investigated in a number of clinical trials. Consequently, JAK inhibitors have been approved and registered as a treatment for patients with RA. In this review, we discuss the involvement of JAK/STAT signalling in the pathogenesis of RA and summarise the potential beneficial effects of JAK inhibitors in cells implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. Moreover, we present the most important phase 3 clinical trials that evaluated the use of these agents in patients.
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Artritis Reumatoide , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus , Quinasas Janus , Humanos , Artritis Reumatoide/tratamiento farmacológico , Artritis Reumatoide/inmunología , Artritis Reumatoide/metabolismo , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Quinasas Janus/antagonistas & inhibidores , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Animales , Antirreumáticos/uso terapéutico , Antirreumáticos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses a group of non-specific chronic intestinal inflammatory conditions of unclear etiology. The current treatment and long-term management primarily involve biologics. Nevertheless, some patients experience treatment failure or intolerance to biologics [1], making these patients a primary focus of IBD research. The Janus kinase (JAK)-Signal Transducers and Activator of Transcription (STAT) signal transduction pathway is crucial to the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses [2], and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD. JAK inhibitors alleviate IBD by suppressing the transmission of JAK-STAT signaling pathway. As the first small-molecule oral inhibitor for IBD, JAK inhibitors greatly improved the treatment of IBD and have demonstrated significant efficacy, with tofacitinib and upadacitinib being approved for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) [3]. JAK inhibitors can effectively alleviate intestinal inflammation in IBD patients who have failed to receive biologics, which may bring new treatment opportunities for refractory IBD patients. This review aims to elucidate the crucial roles of JAK-STAT signal transduction pathway in IBD pathogenesis, examine its role in various cell types within IBD, and explore the research progress of JAK inhibitors as therapeutic agents, paving the road for new IBD treatment strategies.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus , Quinasas Janus , Factores de Transcripción STAT , Transducción de Señal , Humanos , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción STAT/antagonistas & inhibidores , Quinasas Janus/antagonistas & inhibidores , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Animales , Piperidinas/uso terapéutico , Piperidinas/farmacología , Pirimidinas/uso terapéutico , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Colitis Ulcerosa/tratamiento farmacológico , Compuestos Heterocíclicos con 3 AnillosRESUMEN
The JAK-STAT signalling pathway is primarily involved in cytokine signalling and induces various factors namely, erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, interferons, interleukins, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factors. These factors tremendously influenced understanding human health and illness, specifically cancer. Inhibiting the JAK/STAT pathway offers enormous therapeutic promises against cancer. Many JAK inhibitors are now being studied due to their efficacy in various cancer treatments. Further, the Nitrogen-heterocyclic (N-heterocyclic) scaffold has always shown to be a powerful tool for designing and discovering synthetic compounds with diverse pharmacological characteristics. The review focuses on several FDA-approved JAK inhibitors and their systematic categorization. The medicinal chemistry perspective is highlighted and classified review on the basis of N-heterocyclic molecules. Several examples of designing strategies of N-heterocyclic rings including pyrrolo-azepine, purine, 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine, pyrazole, thieno[3,2-d] pyrimidine, and, pyrimidine-based derivatives and their structure-activity relationships (SAR) are discussed. Among the various N-heterocyclic-based JAK inhibitors pyrimidine-containing compound 1 exhibited excellent inhibition activity against JAK2WT and mutated-JAK2V617F with IC50 of 2.01 and 18.84 nM respectively. Amino pyrimidine-containing compound 6 and thiopheno[3,2-d]pyrimidine-containing compound 13 expressed admirable JAK3 inhibition activity with IC50 of 1.7 nM and 1.38 nM respectively. Our review will support the medicinal chemists in refining and directing the development of novel N-heterocyclic-based JAK inhibitors.
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Antineoplásicos , Compuestos Heterocíclicos , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus , Animales , Humanos , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/química , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/farmacología , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/síntesis química , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/química , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/síntesis química , Quinasas Janus/antagonistas & inhibidores , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Estructura Molecular , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Nitrógeno/química , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Pirimidinas/síntesis química , Pirimidinas/química , Pirimidinas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Adult dermatomyositis (DM) and juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) are rare autoimmune diseases with characteristic skin rashes, weakness, and other systemic features. Upregulated interferon signaling has been consistently described in both adult and juvenile DM which makes janus kinase inhibitors (jakinibs) an attractive therapeutic agent that has a targeted mechanism of action. AREAS COVERED: Herein is a review of the growing literature of jakinib use in adult and juvenile DM, including reports on specific disease features and safety of jakinibs in this population and a comparison between adult and juvenile DM. We performed a literature review using PubMed including all English-language publications before 1 February 2024 and abstracts from key recent rheumatology conferences. EXPERT OPINION: Jakinibs are an exciting and promising treatment in both adult and juvenile DM. Current Phase 2 and 3 randomized placebo-controlled trials of jakinibs in both adult and JDM will provide significant insights into the efficacy of this class of medication as a potentially more mechanistically targeted treatment of both skin and muscle disease. In fact, these results will likely inform the treatment paradigm of dermatomyositis in that it may even be considered as first or second line. The next five years in the therapeutic landscape of both juvenile and adult DM is an exciting time for both patients and medical providers.
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Dermatomiositis , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus , Humanos , Dermatomiositis/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/efectos adversos , Niño , Adulto , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Factores de EdadRESUMEN
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by facial erythema and telangiectasia. Despite ongoing research, the pathogenesis of rosacea remains incompletely understood, and current therapies are not entirely satisfactory. The JAK/STAT signaling pathway plays an essential role in immunoregulation, inflammation, and neurovascular regulation. Inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway appears to hold promise as a potential therapy for rosacea. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib on rosacea and to preliminarily explore its therapeutic mechanism. To this end, a rosacea-like mouse model was induced using LL37 and treated with a 2% tofacitinib emulsion. The results demonstrated that topical application of tofacitinib significantly ameliorated rosacea-like phenotype, reduced the infiltration of CD4+ T cells and mast cells, and suppressed dermal angiogenesis. RT-qPCR analysis revealed a reduction in mRNA expression levels of STAT1, STAT4, and STAT5a in skin lesions following topical tofacitinib treatment. Additionally, three patients diagnosed with erythematotelangiectatic rosacea (ETR) were included in the study and treated with oral tofacitinib, leading to a significant improvement in erythema and flushing symptoms. These findings collectively suggest that tofacitinib alleviates LL37-induced rosacea-like skin inflammation in mice and rosacea skin lesions by inhibiting the JAK/STAT signaling pathway.
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Piperidinas , Pirimidinas , Rosácea , Transducción de Señal , Adulto , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Persona de Mediana Edad , Administración Oral , Administración Tópica , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/administración & dosificación , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Quinasas Janus/antagonistas & inhibidores , Mastocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Mastocitos/inmunología , Mastocitos/metabolismo , Piperidinas/farmacología , Piperidinas/uso terapéutico , Piperidinas/administración & dosificación , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Pirimidinas/administración & dosificación , Pirimidinas/uso terapéutico , Pirroles/farmacología , Pirroles/administración & dosificación , Rosácea/tratamiento farmacológico , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/patología , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción STAT/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factor de Transcripción STAT1/metabolismoRESUMEN
Background and Objectives: Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder with a significant burden on patients' quality of life. This systematic review aims to evaluate the restoration of skin barrier abnormalities with interleukin-4/interleukin-13 (IL-4/IL-13) inhibitors and Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors in atopic dermatitis. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted, focusing on studies that assess the use of IL-4/IL-13 inhibitors and JAK inhibitors for atopic dermatitis. We identified eligible studies by searching Medline via PubMed with a special focus on their effect on the restoration of the epidermal barrier. Included studies evaluated the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), the reduction in epidermal thickness (ET), the improvement in ceramide synthesis, and the increase in stratum corneum hydration (SCH) with IL-4/IL-13 inhibitors and JAK inhibitors. The quality of included studies was assessed using the ROBINS-I and the RoB 2.0 tool for assessing the risk of bias. Results: Ten of the included studies concern dupilumab, while two concern JAK inhibitors. Ten were observational studies and two were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The total number of included participants was 378 concerning dupilumab and 38 concerning JAK inhibitors. Five studies did not include any comparison group, three included healthy volunteers, two were conducted versus placebo, and two compared dupilumab with other treatments. The follow-up period ranged between 29 days and 32 weeks. The results demonstrated a significant decrease in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and an increase in SCH on eczematous lesions for patients with sustained response to dupilumab treatment and observed improvements in ET and filaggrin (FLG) staining, which further support the efficacy of JAK inhibitors in enhancing skin barrier function. Conclusions: This review underscores the efficacy of IL-4/IL-13 inhibitors in improving skin barrier function. However, the limited number of studies focusing on JAK inhibitors and the overall lack of RCTs highlight the need for further research to establish the definitive role of IL-4/IL-13 inhibitors and JAK inhibitors in the restoration of the skin barrier.
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Dermatitis Atópica , Interleucina-13 , Interleucina-4 , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus , Dermatitis Atópica/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Interleucina-4/análisis , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados/uso terapéutico , Pérdida Insensible de Agua/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas FilagrinaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The hallmark discovery of hyperactivation of the janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway was a sentinel moment in the history of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). This finding paved the way for the development of JAK inhibitors, which now represent the foundation of myelofibrosis therapy. With four JAK inhibitors now approved for myelofibrosis, awareness of their clinical efficacy and safety data and recognition of their unique pharmacologic attributes are of critical importance. Additionally, ruxolitinib represents an integral part of the therapeutic arsenal for polycythemia vera. AREAS COVERED: This review provides a broad overview of the published literature supporting JAK inhibitor therapy for MPNs. Primarily focusing on myelofibrosis, each of the four available JAK inhibitors is reviewed in detail, including pharmacology, efficacy, and safety data. Failure of JAK inhibitors and future directions in JAK inhibitor therapy are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION: JAK inhibitors revolutionized the treatment of MPNs and have dramatically improved patient outcomes. However, data informing selection between currently available JAK inhibitors is limited. These agents are not curative and eventually fail most patients with myelofibrosis. Combining JAK inhibitors with novel targeted agents appears to be the most promising path to further improve outcomes.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus , Trastornos Mieloproliferativos , Mielofibrosis Primaria , Humanos , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Trastornos Mieloproliferativos/tratamiento farmacológico , Mielofibrosis Primaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Quinasas Janus/antagonistas & inhibidores , Nitrilos/uso terapéutico , Animales , Desarrollo de Medicamentos , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Pirazoles/uso terapéutico , Pirazoles/farmacología , Policitemia Vera/tratamiento farmacológico , Policitemia Vera/genética , Pirimidinas/uso terapéutico , Pirimidinas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease which can induce progressive disability if not properly treated early. Over the last 20 years, the improvement of knowledge on the pathogenesis of the disease has made available several drugs targeting key elements of the pathogenetic process, which now represent the preferred treatment option after the failure of first-line therapy with conventional drugs such as methotrexate (MTX). To this category of targeted drugs belong anti-cytokine or cell-targeted biological agents and more recently also Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis). In the absence to date of specific biomarkers to guide the therapeutic choice in the context of true precision medicine, the choice of the first targeted drug after MTX failure is guided by treatment cost (especially after the marketing of biosimilar products) and by the clinical characteristics of the patient (age, sex, comorbidities and compliance) and the disease (presence or absence of autoantibodies and systemic or extra-articular manifestations), which may influence the efficacy and safety profile of the available products. This viewpoint focuses on the decision-making process underlying the personalized approach to RA therapy and will analyse the evidence in the literature supporting the choice of individual products and in particular the differential choice between biological drugs and JAKis.
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Antirreumáticos , Artritis Reumatoide , Productos Biológicos , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus , Humanos , Artritis Reumatoide/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Antirreumáticos/uso terapéutico , Antirreumáticos/farmacología , Productos Biológicos/uso terapéutico , Productos Biológicos/farmacología , Metotrexato/uso terapéutico , Metotrexato/farmacología , Medicina de PrecisiónAsunto(s)
Antígeno CD47 , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas , Acondicionamiento Pretrasplante , Trasplante Homólogo , Humanos , Antígeno CD47/antagonistas & inhibidores , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/métodos , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-kit/antagonistas & inhibidores , Acondicionamiento Pretrasplante/métodosRESUMEN
This study aims to identify factors influencing the alleviation of knee joint symptoms in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with biologic or target synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (b/tsDMARDs). Among 2321 patients who started b/tsDMARDs between 2010 and 2023, we focused on 295 patients who had knee swelling or tenderness at the initiation of b/tsDMARDs and continued b/tsDMARDs at least 3 months, with recorded knee symptoms 6 months later. Symptom relief after 6 months was 78.2% for interleukin 6 (IL-6) inhibitors, 68.6% for Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, 65.8% for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, and 57.6% for cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4-Ig (CTLA4-Ig). The initial use of b/tsDMARDs and the use of IL-6 inhibitors in comparison to CTLA4-Ig emerged as a significant factor associated with the improvement of knee joint symptoms. Among 141 patients who underwent knee radiography at baseline and two years later, the deterioration in knee joint radiographs was 7.7% for IL-6 inhibitors, 6.3% for JAK inhibitors, 21.9% for TNF inhibitors, and 25.9% for CTLA4-Ig. The use of IL-6 inhibitors was a significant factor associated with the improvement of knee joint symptoms and the inhibition of joint destruction compared to CTLA4-Ig.
Asunto(s)
Abatacept , Antirreumáticos , Artritis Reumatoide , Interleucina-6 , Inhibidores del Factor de Necrosis Tumoral , Humanos , Artritis Reumatoide/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Masculino , Interleucina-6/antagonistas & inhibidores , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Abatacept/uso terapéutico , Antirreumáticos/uso terapéutico , Antirreumáticos/farmacología , Inhibidores del Factor de Necrosis Tumoral/uso terapéutico , Anciano , Articulación de la Rodilla/diagnóstico por imagen , Articulación de la Rodilla/patología , Articulación de la Rodilla/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Resultado del Tratamiento , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem, home to hundreds of bacterial species and a vast repository of enzymes capable of metabolising a wide range of pharmaceuticals. Several drugs have been shown to affect negatively the composition and function of the gut microbial ecosystem. Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors and Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulators are drugs recently approved for inflammatory bowel disease through an immediate release formulation and would potentially benefit from colonic targeted delivery to enhance the local drug concentration at the diseased site. However, their impact on the human gut microbiota and susceptibility to bacterial metabolism remain unexplored. With the use of calorimetric, optical density measurements, and metagenomics next-generation sequencing, we show that JAK inhibitors (tofacitinib citrate, baricitinib, filgotinib) have a minor impact on the composition of the human gut microbiota, while ozanimod exerts a significant antimicrobial effect, leading to a prevalence of the Enterococcus genus and a markedly different metabolic landscape when compared to the untreated microbiota. Moreover, ozanimod, unlike the JAK inhibitors, is the only drug subject to enzymatic degradation by the human gut microbiota sourced from six healthy donors. Overall, given the crucial role of the gut microbiome in health, screening assays to investigate the interaction of drugs with the microbiota should be encouraged for the pharmaceutical industry as a standard in the drug discovery and development process.
Asunto(s)
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus , Moduladores de los Receptores de fosfatos y esfingosina 1 , Humanos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/microbiología , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/metabolismo , Pirazoles/farmacología , Colon/microbiología , Colon/metabolismo , Colon/efectos de los fármacos , Sulfonamidas/farmacología , Sulfonamidas/administración & dosificación , Purinas , Azetidinas/farmacología , Azetidinas/administración & dosificación , Compuestos de Bencilo/farmacología , Compuestos de Bencilo/administración & dosificación , Piperidinas/farmacología , Piperidinas/administración & dosificación , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Pirimidinas/administración & dosificación , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Oxadiazoles/farmacología , Oxadiazoles/administración & dosificación , Receptores de Esfingosina-1-Fosfato/metabolismo , Receptores de Esfingosina-1-Fosfato/antagonistas & inhibidores , Pirroles/farmacología , Pirroles/administración & dosificación , Indanos/farmacología , Indanos/administración & dosificación , Piridinas , TriazolesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution and activation of B-cell subpopulations in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis) and to analyze their correlation with disease remission. METHODS: Peripheral blood samples were collected from 23 adult healthy controls and 58 RA patients, 31 of whom were treated with JAKis and assessed during a 24-month follow-up. The number of peripheral B-cell subpopulations (including naive B cells, nonswitched memory B (NSMB) cells, switched memory B cells, and double-negative B cells), their activation, and phosphorylation of SYK and AKT upon B-cell receptor (BCR) stimulation in each population were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Compared with that in healthy controls, the frequency of NSMB cells was significantly lower in new-onset untreated RA patients. However, expression of CD40, CD80, CD95, CD21low and pAKT significantly increased in these NSMB cells. Additionally, the number of NSMB cells correlated negatively with DAS28-ESR and IgG and IgA levels in these patients; expression of CD80, CD95 and CD21low on NSMB cells correlated positively with DAS28-ESR and IgG and IgA levels. After treatment with JAKis, the serum IgG concentration significantly decreased in RA patients in remission, but CD40, CD95 and pAKT levels in NSMB cells significantly decreased. CONCLUSION: RA patients present different B-cell subpopulations, in which the frequency of NSMB cells is negatively associated with disease activity. However, treatment with JAKis can inhibit activation of NSMB cells, restore the balance of kinase phosphorylation, and facilitate disease remission in RA patients.
Asunto(s)
Artritis Reumatoide , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus , Humanos , Artritis Reumatoide/tratamiento farmacológico , Artritis Reumatoide/inmunología , Artritis Reumatoide/sangre , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Femenino , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Adulto , Células B de Memoria/inmunología , Células B de Memoria/efectos de los fármacos , Inducción de Remisión , Anciano , Activación de Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Antirreumáticos/uso terapéutico , Citometría de Flujo , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Linfocitos B/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos B/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Treatment with regorafenib, a multiple-kinase inhibitor, to manage metastatic colorectal cancers (mCRCs) shows a modest improvement in overall survival but is associated with severe toxicities. Thus, to reduce regorafenib-induced toxicity, we used regorafenib at low concentration along with a dual JAK/HDAC small-molecule inhibitor (JAK/HDACi) to leverage the advantages of both JAK and HDAC inhibition to enhance antitumor activity. The therapeutic efficacy and safety of the combination treatment was evaluated with CRC models. METHODS: The cytotoxicity of JAK/HDACi, regorafenib, and their combination were tested with normal colonic and CRC cells exhibiting various genetic backgrounds. Kinomic, ATAC-seq, RNA-seq, cell cycle, and apoptosis analyses were performed to evaluate the cellular functions/molecular alterations affected by the combination. Efficacy of the combination was assessed using patient-derived xenograft (PDX) and experimental metastasis models of CRC. To evaluate the interplay between tumor, its microenvironment, and modulation of immune response, MC38 syngeneic mice were utilized. RESULTS: The combination therapy decreased cell viability; phosphorylation of JAKs, STAT3, EGFR, and other key kinases; and inhibited deacetylation of histone H3K9, H4K8, and alpha tubulin proteins. It induced cell cycle arrest at G0-G1 phase and apoptosis of CRC cells. Whole transcriptomic analysis showed that combination treatment modulated molecules involved in apoptosis, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, and focal adhesion pathways. It synergistically reduces PDX tumor growth and experimental metastasis, and, in a syngeneic mouse model, the treatment enhances the antitumor immune response as evidenced by higher infiltration of CD45 and cytotoxic cells. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that combination increased the bioavailability of regorafenib. CONCLUSIONS: The combination treatment was more effective than with regorafenib or JAK/HDACi alone, and had minimal toxicity. A clinical trial to evaluate this combination for treatment of mCRCs is warranted.
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Neoplasias Colorrectales , Inhibidores de Histona Desacetilasas , Compuestos de Fenilurea , Piridinas , Neoplasias Colorrectales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Colorrectales/patología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/metabolismo , Humanos , Compuestos de Fenilurea/farmacología , Compuestos de Fenilurea/administración & dosificación , Animales , Ratones , Piridinas/farmacología , Piridinas/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores de Histona Desacetilasas/farmacología , Inhibidores de Histona Desacetilasas/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de Histona Desacetilasas/administración & dosificación , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de Xenoinjerto , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Línea Celular Tumoral , Femenino , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/uso terapéutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacología , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: HBV infects ~257 million people and can cause hepatocellular carcinoma. Since current drugs are not curative, novel therapies are needed. HBV infects chimpanzee and human livers. However, chimpanzee studies are severely restricted and cost-prohibitive, while transgenic/chimeric mouse models that circumvent the species barrier lack natural HBV infection and disease progression. Thus, in vitro human models of HBV infection are useful in addressing the above limitations. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells mitigate the supply limitations of primary human hepatocytes and the abnormal proliferation/functions of hepatoma cell lines. However, variable infection across donors, deficient drug metabolism capacity, and/or low throughput limit iHep utility for drug development. METHODS: We developed an optimal pipeline using combinations of small molecules, Janus kinase inhibitor, and 3',5'-cAMP to infect iHep-containing micropatterned co-cultures (iMPCC) with stromal fibroblasts within 96-well plates with serum-derived HBV and cell culture-derived HBV (cHBV). Polyethylene glycol was necessary for cell-derived HBV but not for serum-derived HBV infection. RESULTS: Unlike iHep monocultures, iMPCCs created from 3 iHep donors could sustain HBV infection for 2+ weeks. Infected iMPCCs maintained high levels of differentiated functions, including drug metabolism capacity. HBV antigen secretion and gene expression patterns in infected iMPCCs in pathways such as fatty acid metabolism and cholesterol biosynthesis were comparable to primary human hepatocyte-MPCCs. Furthermore, iMPCCs could help elucidate the effects of interferons and direct-acting antiviral drugs on the HBV lifecycle and any hepatotoxicity; iMPCC response to compounds was similar to primary human hepatocyte-MPCCs. CONCLUSIONS: The iMPCC platform can enable the development of safe and efficacious drugs against HBV and ultimately help elucidate genotype-phenotype relationships in HBV pathogenesis.
Asunto(s)
Virus de la Hepatitis B , Hepatocitos , Células Madre Pluripotentes Inducidas , Humanos , Hepatocitos/virología , Células Madre Pluripotentes Inducidas/virología , Células Madre Pluripotentes Inducidas/metabolismo , Virus de la Hepatitis B/genética , Virus de la Hepatitis B/fisiología , Virus de la Hepatitis B/efectos de los fármacos , Hepatitis B/virología , Hepatitis B/tratamiento farmacológico , Técnicas de Cocultivo , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Antivirales/farmacología , Células CultivadasRESUMEN
Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRis) are used to treat many cancers, but their use is complicated by the development of a skin rash that may be severe, limiting their use and adversely affecting patient quality of life. Most studies of EGFRi-induced rash have focused on the fully developed stage of this skin disorder, and early pathological changes remain unclear. We analyzed high-throughput transcriptome sequencing of skin samples from rats exposed to the EGFRi afatinib and identified that keratinocyte activation is an early pathological alteration in EGFRi-induced rash. Mechanistically, the induction of S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) occurred before skin barrier disruption and led to keratinocyte activation, resulting in expression of specific cytokines, chemokines, and surface molecules such as interleukin 6 (Il6) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) to recruit and activate monocytes through activation of the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway, further recruiting more immune cells. Topical JAK inhibition suppressed the recruitment of immune cells and ameliorated the severity of skin rash in afatinib-treated rats and mice with epidermal deletion of EGFR, while having no effect on EGFRi efficacy in tumor-bearing mice. In a pilot clinical trial (NCT05120362), 11 patients with EGFRi-induced rash were treated with delgocitinib ointment, resulting in improvement in rash severity by at least one grade in 10 of them according to the MASCC EGFR inhibitor skin toxicity tool (MESTT) criteria. These findings provide a better understanding of the early pathophysiology of EGFRi-induced rash and suggest a strategy to manage this condition.