RESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae family), commonly known as horseradish or tree of life, is traditionally used for various diseases, such as diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, neurological disorders, among others. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the toxicological profile of the oral use of an aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves for 13 weeks in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Initially, a factorial design (23) was carried out to optimize aqueous extraction using as variables; the extraction method and proportion of drug. The 13-week repeated-dose toxicity trial used female and male mice, with oral administration of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg. The animals were evaluated for body weight, water and feed intake, biochemical and hematological parameters, urinalysis, ophthalmology and histopathology of the liver, spleen and kidneys. RESULTS: The extraction efficiency was evidenced by the extraction by maceration at 5%, obtaining the optimized extract of Moringa oleifera (OEMo). The oral administration of OEMo did not promote significant difference (p > 0.05) in the weight gain, food and water consumption of the control animals and those treated with 250 and 500 mg/kg. However, treatment with 1000 mg/kg promoted a reduction (p < 0.05) in food intake and body weight from the 7th week onwards in male and female mice. No alterations were detected in the hematological and histological parameters in the concentrations tested for both sexes. The highest concentration treatment (1000 mg/kg) promoted an increase in transaminases in males and females. All concentrations promoted a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the serum lipid profile of mice. CONCLUSION: This study developed an optimized extract of Moringa oleifera leaves, which should be used with caution in preparations above 500 mg/kg for the long term because it leads to significant changes in liver enzymes. On the other hand, the extract proved to be a promising plant preparation for hyperlipidemia in mice.
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Moringa oleifera , Extractos Vegetales , Hojas de la Planta , Animales , Moringa oleifera/química , Extractos Vegetales/toxicidad , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Masculino , Femenino , Ratones , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/patología , Administración Oral , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/patologíaRESUMEN
(1) Background: We examined the effect of the acute administration of olive oil (EVOO), linseed oil (GLO), soybean oil (SO), and palm oil (PO) on gastric motility and appetite in rats. (2) Methods: We assessed food intake, gastric retention (GR), and gene expression in all groups. (3) Results: Both EVOO and GLO were found to enhance the rate of stomach retention, leading to a decrease in hunger. On the other hand, the reduction in food intake caused by SO was accompanied by delayed effects on stomach retention. PO caused an alteration in the mRNA expression of NPY, POMC, and CART. Although PO increased stomach retention after 180 min, it did not affect food intake. It was subsequently verified that the absence of an autonomic reaction did not nullify the influence of EVOO in reducing food consumption. Moreover, in the absence of parasympathetic responses, animals that received PO exhibited a significant decrease in food consumption, probably mediated by lower NPY expression. (4) Conclusions: This study discovered that different oils induce various effects on parameters related to food consumption. Specifically, EVOO reduces food consumption primarily through its impact on the gastrointestinal tract, making it a recommended adjunct for weight loss. Conversely, the intake of PO limits food consumption in the absence of an autonomic reaction, but it is not advised due to its contribution to the development of cardiometabolic disorders.
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Regulación del Apetito , Hipotálamo , Neuropéptido Y , Aceite de Oliva , Aceite de Palma , Aceite de Soja , Nervio Vago , Animales , Nervio Vago/efectos de los fármacos , Nervio Vago/fisiología , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Hipotálamo/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Aceite de Oliva/farmacología , Neuropéptido Y/genética , Neuropéptido Y/metabolismo , Aceite de Palma/farmacología , Regulación del Apetito/efectos de los fármacos , Aceite de Soja/administración & dosificación , Aceite de Soja/farmacología , Ratas Wistar , Aceite de Linaza/farmacología , Ratas , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Proopiomelanocortina/genética , Proopiomelanocortina/metabolismo , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/genética , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/metabolismo , Motilidad Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/genéticaRESUMEN
AIM: Maternal caffeine crosses the placenta and mammary barriers, reaching the baby and, because his/her caffeine metabolism is immature, our hypothesis is that even a low caffeine intake (250 mg/day), lower than the dose limit recommended by the World Health Organization, can promote caffeine overexposure in the offspring, leading to short- and long-term changes. MAIN METHODS: Pregnant Wistar rats received intragastric caffeine (CAF) (25 mg/Kg/day) or vehicle during the gestation and lactation periods. We evaluated morphometrical, metabolic, hormonal, and behavioral parameters of male and female offspring at different ages. KEY FINDINGS: Even a low caffeine intake promoted lower maternal body mass and adiposity, higher plasma cholesterol and lower plasma T3, without changes in plasma corticosterone. Female CAF offspring exhibited lower birth weight, body mass gain and food intake throughout life, and hyperinsulinemia at weaning, while male CAF offspring showed reduced food intake and lower plasma T3 at weaning. At puberty and adulthood, male CAF showed higher preference for palatable food, aversion to caffeine intake and higher locomotor activity, while female CAF only showed lower preference for high fat diet (HFD) and lower anxiety-like behavior. At adulthood, both male and female offspring showed higher plasma T3. Male CAF showed hypertestosteronemia, while female CAF showed hypoinsulinemia without effect on glucose tolerance. SIGNIFICANCE: A low caffeine intake during the perinatal period affects rat's offspring development, promoting sex-dependent hormonal and behavior changes. Current data suggest the need to review caffeine recommendations during the perinatal period.
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Conducta Animal , Cafeína , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Ratas Wistar , Animales , Femenino , Cafeína/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Embarazo , Ratas , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Lactancia , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
In the last few years, there has been a growing interest in the use of natural feed additives in animal feed. These can be used as replacements for antibiotics, to alter rumen fermentation and increase feed efficiency in ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of adding different feed additives in the diet of beef and dairy cattle on their performance, dry matter intake (DMI) and feed efficiency, through a systematic review followed by meta-analysis. The systematic review suggested 43 peer-reviewed publications, according to the pre-established criteria. In beef cattle, the ionophore antibiotics reduced the DMI, improved the feed efficiency without interfering in the average daily gain (ADG). Non-ionophore antibiotics and propolis extract increased the ADG. In dairy cattle, the ionophores, yeast-based additives, and enzyme additives increased the feed efficiency, DMI, and daily milk production (MY), respectively. Essential oil supplementation in beef and dairy cattle had no effect on the feed intake and animal performance. The systematic review and meta-analysis allowed us to conclude that different feed additives have different effects on cattle performance, however, our results suggest that there are a few gaps regarding their effects on animal performance.
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Alimentación Animal , Bovinos , Animales , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Ingestión de Alimentos/fisiología , Aditivos Alimentarios/administración & dosificación , Aditivos Alimentarios/farmacología , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
This study aimed to assess the impact of protein supplementation and its interaction with calf sex (CS) on the performance, metabolism and physiology of pregnant beef cows. Fifty-two multiparous Zebu beef cows carrying female (n = 22) and male (n = 30) fetuses were used. Cows were individually housed from day 100 to 200 of gestation and randomly assigned to restricted (RES, n = 26) or supplemented (SUP, n = 26) groups. The RES cows were ad libitum fed a basal diet (corn silage + sugarcane bagasse + mineral mixture), achieving 5.5% crude protein (CP), while SUP cows received the same basal diet plus a protein supplement (40% CP, at 3.5 g/kg of body weight). All cows were fed the same diet during late gestation. Differences were declared at p < 0.05. No significant interaction between maternal nutrition and calf sex was found for maternal outcomes (p ≥ 0.34). The SUP treatment increased the total dry matter (DM) intake (p ≤ 0.01) by 32% and 19% at mid- and late-gestation respectively. The total tract digestibility of all diet components was improved by SUP treatment at day 200 of gestation (p ≤ 0.02), as well as the ruminal microbial CP production (p ≤ 0.01). The SUP treatment increased (p ≤ 0.03) the cows' body score condition, ribeye area, the average daily gain (ADG) of pregnant components (PREG; i.e., weight accretion of cows caused by pregnancy) and the ADG of maternal tissues (i.e., weight accretion discounting the gain related to gestation) in the mid-gestation. The SUP cows exhibited a lower maternal ADG (p < 0.01) compared to RES cows in late pregnancy. There was a 24% additional gain (p < 0.01) in the PREG components for SUP cows during late gestation, which in turn improved the calf birthweight (p = 0.05). The uterine arterial resistance and pulsatility indexes (p ≤ 0.01) at mid-gestation were greater for RES cows. In conclusion, protein supplementation during mid-gestation is an effective practice for improving maternal performance, growth of the gravid uterus and the offspring's birth weight.
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Alimentación Animal , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Dieta , Proteínas en la Dieta , Suplementos Dietéticos , Útero , Animales , Bovinos/fisiología , Femenino , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Embarazo , Dieta/veterinaria , Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Proteínas en la Dieta/farmacología , Útero/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Digestión/efectos de los fármacos , Digestión/fisiología , Fenómenos Fisiologicos Nutricionales Maternos , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The dynorphin peptides are the endogenous ligands for the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) and regulate food intake. Administration of dynorphin-A1-13 (DYN) in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) increases palatable food intake, and this effect is blocked by co-administration of the orexin-A neuropeptide, which is co-released with DYN in PVN from neurons located in the lateral hypothalamus. While PVN administration of DYN increases palatable food intake, whether it increases food-seeking behaviors has yet to be examined. We tested the effects of DYN and norBNI (a KOR antagonist) on the seeking and consumption of sucrose using a progressive ratio (PR) and demand curve (DC) tasks. In PVN, DYN did not alter the sucrose breaking point (BP) in the PR task nor the elasticity or intensity of demand for sucrose in the DC task. Still, DYN reduced the delay in obtaining sucrose and increased licks during sucrose intake in the PR task, irrespective of the co-administration of orexin-A. In PVN, norBNI increased the delay in obtaining sucrose and reduced licks during sucrose intake in the PR task while increasing elasticity without altering intensity of demand in the DC task. However, subcutaneous norBNI reduced the BP for sucrose and increased the delay in obtaining sucrose in the PR task while reducing the elasticity of demand. Together, these data show different effects of systemic and PVN blockade of KOR on food-seeking, consummatory behaviors, and incentive motivation for sucrose and suggest that KOR activity in PVN is necessary but not sufficient to drive seeking behaviors for palatable food.
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Dinorfinas , Motivación , Núcleo Hipotalámico Paraventricular , Receptores Opioides kappa , Receptores Opioides kappa/metabolismo , Dinorfinas/farmacología , Dinorfinas/metabolismo , Núcleo Hipotalámico Paraventricular/metabolismo , Núcleo Hipotalámico Paraventricular/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Masculino , Motivación/efectos de los fármacos , Orexinas , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Naltrexona/farmacología , Naltrexona/análogos & derivados , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Ingestión de Alimentos/fisiología , Ingestión de Alimentos/psicología , Sacarosa , Conducta Alimentaria/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Alimentaria/psicología , Antagonistas de Narcóticos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is part of the dopaminergic reward system and controls energy balance. Recently, a cluster of neurons was identified as responsive to the orexigenic effect of ghrelin and fasting. However, the signaling pathway by which ghrelin and fasting induce feeding is unknown. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular energy sensor, and its Thr172 phosphorylation (AMPKThr172) in the mediobasal hypothalamus regulates food intake. However, whether the expression and activation of AMPK in CeA could be one of the intracellular signaling activated in response to ghrelin and fasting eliciting food intake is unknown. AIM: To evaluate the activation of AMPK into CeA in response to ghrelin, fasting, and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) and whether feeding accompanied these changes. In addition, to investigate whether the inhibition of AMPK into CeA could decrease food intake. METHODS: On a chow diet, eight-week-old Wistar male rats were stereotaxically implanted with a cannula in the CeA to inject several modulators of AMPKα1/2Thr172 phosphorylation, and we performed physiological and molecular assays. KEY FINDINGS: Fasting increased, and refeeding reduced AMPKThr172 in the CeA. Intra-CeA glucose injection decreased feeding, whereas injection of 2DG, a glucoprivation inductor, in the CeA, increased food intake and blood glucose, despite faint increases in AMPKThr172. Intra-CeA ghrelin injection increased food intake and AMPKThr172. To further confirm the role of AMPK in the CeA, chronic injection of Melanotan II (MTII) in CeA reduced body mass and food intake over seven days together with a slight decrease in AMPKThr172. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings identified that AMPK might be part of the signaling machinery in the CeA, which responds to nutrients and hormones contributing to feeding control. The results can contribute to understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of altered feeding behavior/consumption, such as binge eating of caloric-dense, palatable food.
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Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP , Núcleo Amigdalino Central , Ingestión de Alimentos , Ayuno , Ghrelina , Ratas Wistar , Animales , Masculino , Ghrelina/metabolismo , Ghrelina/farmacología , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Núcleo Amigdalino Central/metabolismo , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Ingestión de Alimentos/fisiología , Ratas , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Desoxiglucosa/farmacología , Desoxiglucosa/metabolismo , Conducta Alimentaria/efectos de los fármacos , Glucosa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Several triggers can trigger a migraine attack, including food. By the way, food only triggers headache in migraine sufferers. The foods that most trigger headache attacks are these: cheese, chocolate, citrus fruits and some sweet fruits, such as watermelon.
Vários gatilhos podem desencadear uma crise de enxaqueca, incluindo alimentos. Aliás, a comida só provoca dor de cabeça em quem sofre de enxaqueca. Os alimentos que mais desencadeiam as crises de dor de cabeça são estes: queijo, chocolate, frutas cítricas e algumas frutas doces, como a melancia.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Frutas/efectos adversos , Cefalea/diagnóstico , Trastornos Migrañosos/clasificaciónRESUMEN
Coffee beans contain high polyphenol content, which have the potential to modulate the intestinal microbiota, and possibly attenuate weight gain and the associated dyslipidemia. This study investigated the effect of freeze-dried coffee solution (FCS) consumption on physiological parameters, lipid profile, and microbiota of Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet (HF) or control diet (CT). FCS combined with a high-fat diet increased the fecal and cecal Bifidobacterium spp. population and decreased the cecal Escherichia coli population and intestinal Il1b mRNA level. Regardless of the diet type, FCS increased the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); however, it did not affect body weight, food intake, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, fecal bile acids, and intestinal Il6 mRNA levels. The high-fat diet increased weight gain, hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides, fecal bile acids, and the fecal and cecal Lactobacillus spp. population, and reduced food intake, the fecal E. coli population, and intestinal Il6 mRNA level. The results suggest that FCS consumption exhibits positive health effects in rats fed a high-fat diet by increasing Bifidobacterium spp. population and HDL-C reverse cholesterol transport, and by reducing Il1b mRNA level. However, FCS administration at a dose of 0.39 g/100 g diet over an eight-week period was not effective in controlling food intake, and consequently, preventing weight gain in rats of high-fat diet-induced obesity model.
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Café , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Inflamación/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Lípidos/sangre , Obesidad/metabolismo , Animales , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Obesidad/etiología , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Triclosan (TCS) is a phenolic compound with broad-spectrum antimicrobial action that has been incorporated into a variety of personal care products and other industry segments such as toys, textiles, and plastics. Due to its widespread use, TCS and its derivatives have been detected in several environmental compartments, with potential bioaccumulation and persistence. Indeed, some studies have demonstrated that TCS may act as a potential endocrine disruptor for the reproductive system. In the current study, we are reporting on the results obtained for male rats after a two-generation reproduction toxicity study conducted with TCS. Female and male Wistar rats were treated daily by gavage with TCS at doses of 0.8, 2.4, and 8.0 mg/kg/day or corn oil (control group) over 10 weeks (F0) and over 14 weeks (F1) before mating and then throughout mating, until weaning F2 generations, respectively. TCS exposure decreased sperm viability and motility of F1 rats at the dose of 2.4 mg/kg. The effects of TCS on sperm quality may be related to the exposure window, which includes the programming of reproductive cells that occurs during fetal/neonatal development.
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Antiinfecciosos Locales/administración & dosificación , Disruptores Endocrinos/administración & dosificación , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Sexual/efectos de los fármacos , Espermatozoides/efectos de los fármacos , Triclosán/administración & dosificación , Administración Oral , Animales , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Recuento de Espermatozoides , Motilidad Espermática/efectos de los fármacos , Testosterona/sangreRESUMEN
The research was conducted to determine the effects of cutting interval and fertilization on the nutritional quality, nutrient uptake, and biomass production of King grass. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, using 4 blocks and 8 treatments per block; treatments consisted of 4 ages of cutting (30, 45, 60, and 90 days), with fertilization and without fertilization. The results showed increases of up to 72,000 kg ha-1 year-1 of dry matter (DM) when fertilization was implemented. There was a significant reduction in with an increase in the cutting days (12.70-6.53% protein). Fiber increased (48.79-72.99% NDF) when fertilization treatments were included and cutting days increased. The elements that were included in fertilization (N, P, K) showed a higher foliar content and also presented a reduction in foliar content with growth of the plant. Treatments with fertilization showed a nutrient uptake increase for all the elements up to 60 days, where a reduction in uptake capacity was observed. King grass is a plant with a high nutrient uptake capacity and, therefore, with high biomass and nutrient production. This is an advantage since it can be used in multiple applications, such as animal feed, biofuel production, and as a substrate for biodigestion, among others.
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Biomasa , Fertilización , Valor Nutritivo/efectos de los fármacos , Poaceae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Alimentación Animal , Animales , Biocombustibles , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Nutrientes , Pennisetum/efectos de los fármacos , Pennisetum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Poaceae/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Ghrelin stimulates both GH secretion and food intake. The orexigenic action of ghrelin is mainly mediated by neurons that coexpress agouti-related protein (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH). GH also stimulates food intake and, importantly, ARHAgRP/NPY neurons express GH receptor (GHR). Thus, ghrelin-induced GH secretion may contribute to the orexigenic effect of ghrelin. Here, we investigated the response to ghrelin in male mice carrying GHR ablation specifically in neurons (brain GHR knockout [KO] mice) or exclusively in ARHAgRP/NPY neurons (AgRP GHR KO mice). Although brain GHR KO mice showed normal ghrelin-induced increase in plasma GH levels, these mutants lacked the expected orexigenic response to ghrelin. Additionally, brain GHR KO mice displayed reduced hypothalamic levels of Npy and Ghsr mRNA and did not elicit ghrelin-induced c-Fos expression in the ARH. Furthermore, brain GHR KO mice exhibited a prominent reduction in AgRP fiber density in the ARH and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). In contrast, AgRP GHR KO mice showed no changes in the hypothalamic Npy and Ghsr mRNAs and conserved ghrelin-induced food intake and c-Fos expression in the ARH. AgRP GHR KO mice displayed a reduced AgRP fiber density (~16%) in the PVH, but this reduction was less than that observed in brain GHR KO mice (~61%). Our findings indicate that GHR signaling in the brain is required for the orexigenic effect of ghrelin, independently of GH action on ARHAgRP/NPY neurons.
Asunto(s)
Núcleo Arqueado del Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Ghrelina/farmacología , Hormona del Crecimiento/sangre , Receptores de Somatotropina/genética , Receptores de Somatotropina/fisiología , Proteína Relacionada con Agouti/análisis , Animales , Núcleo Arqueado del Hipotálamo/química , Expresión Génica , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Neuropéptido Y/genética , Núcleo Hipotalámico Paraventricular/química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-fos/análisis , ARN Mensajero/análisis , Receptores de Ghrelina/genética , Receptores de Somatotropina/deficiencia , Transducción de Señal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) is a potent heme oxygenase-1 inductor that produces temporary hypophagia and chronic weight loss. A complete description of this effect and the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In this work, we challenged the ability of CoPP to produce changes in rat behavior and cellular alterations in the Nucleus Accumbens that would explain those effects. We subcutaneously administered 25 µmol/kgbody weight CoPP in female rats and determined body weight, food intake, hyperactivity, and anxiety-like behavior, as well as the number of neurons and glial cells in the Nucleus Accumbens. CoPP significantly reduced food intake, water consumption, and body weight. Behavioral tests showed that anxiety-like behaviors and locomotor activity were not modified five days after the administration of CoPP. We also found a reduced number of neurons in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell. The above results could be relevant to diseases like anorexia, so it is necessary to deepen the study about the molecular mechanisms involved in reducing the food intake and weight loss elicited by CoPP.
Asunto(s)
Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Núcleo Accumbens/efectos de los fármacos , Protoporfirinas/farmacología , Animales , Femenino , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Solanum lycocarpum is a medicinal plant used in Brazil with hypoglycemic activity by its fruits use. However, the fruits production is restricted in some periods of the year, differently of leaves. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of S. lycocarpum leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. METHODS: Hydroalcoholic extract of S. lycocarpum was characterized by phytochemical and GCMS analysis. The Antidiabetic activity was assessed following treatment for 22 days with S. lycocarpum extract at 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg. Bodyweight, water, and food intake, glycemia, biochemical parameters, anatomy-histopathology of the pancreas, liver and kidney, and expression of target genes were analyzed. In addition, oral acute toxicity was evaluated. RESULTS: Animals treated showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in glycemia following a dose of 125 mg/kg. Food intake remained similar for all groups. Decreased polydipsia symptoms were observed after treatment with 250 (p < 0.001) and 500 mg/kg (p < 0.01) compared with diabetic control, although normal rates were observed when 125 mg/kg was administered. A protective effect was also observed in the pancreas, liver, and kidneys, through the regeneration of the islets. Hypoglycemic activity can be attributed to myo-inositol, which stimulates insulin secretion, associated with α-tocopherol, which prevents damage from oxidative stress and apoptosis of ß-pancreatic cells by an increased Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) mRNA expression. The toxicological test demonstrated safe oral use of the extract under the present conditions. CONCLUSION: Hydroalcoholic extract of S. lycocarpum promotes the regulation of diabetes in the case of moderate glycemic levels, by decreasing glycemia and exerting protective effects on the islets.
Asunto(s)
Complicaciones de la Diabetes/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Solanum/química , Alanina Transaminasa/metabolismo , Fosfatasa Alcalina/metabolismo , Aloxano/administración & dosificación , Animales , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/metabolismo , Glucemia/metabolismo , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Catalasa/metabolismo , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/metabolismo , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/patología , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/inducido químicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/patología , Ingestión de Líquidos/efectos de los fármacos , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Hipoglucemiantes/química , Inositol/farmacología , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/metabolismo , Riñón/patología , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/patología , Masculino , Ratones , Páncreas/efectos de los fármacos , Páncreas/metabolismo , Páncreas/patología , Fosfolípido Hidroperóxido Glutatión Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/química , Hojas de la Planta/química , alfa-Tocoferol/farmacologíaRESUMEN
There is a concern about early life exposure to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) in child development and motor system maturation. Little is known, however, about the interaction of environmental factors, such as maternal nutrition, associated with early exposure to SSRI. The increased maternal consumption of high-fat diets is worrisome and affects serotonin system development with repercussions in body phenotype. This study aimed to assess the short- and long-term effects of neonatal fluoxetine treatment on the body and skeletal muscle phenotype of rats exposed to a maternal lard-based high-fat (H) diet during the perinatal period. A maternal lard-based high-fat diet causes reduced birth weight, a short-term reduction in type IIA fibers in the soleus muscle, and in type IIB fibers in the Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) muscle, reducing Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in both muscles. In the long-term, the soleus showed reduced muscle weight, smaller area and perimeter of muscle fibers, while the EDL muscle showed reduced Citrate Synthase (CS) activity in offspring from the rats on the maternal lard-based high-fat diet. Early-life exposure to fluoxetine reduced body weight and growth and reduced soleus weight and enzymatic activity in young rats. Exposure to neonatal fluoxetine in adult rats caused a decreased body mass index, less food intake, and reduced muscle weight with reduced CS and LDH activity. Neonatal fluoxetine in young rats exposed to a maternal lard-based high-fat diet caused reduced body weight and growth, reduced soleus weight as well as area and perimeter of type I muscle fibers. In adulthood, there was a reduction in food intake, increased proportion of IIA type fibers, reduced area and perimeter of type IIB, and reduction in levels of CS activity in EDL muscle. Neonatal fluoxetine treatment in rats exposed to a maternal lard-based, high-fat diet induces a reduction in muscle weight, an increase in the proportion of oxidative fibers and greater oxidative enzymatic activity in adulthood.
Asunto(s)
Dieta Alta en Grasa , Fluoxetina/farmacología , Músculo Esquelético/efectos de los fármacos , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Citrato (si)-Sintasa/metabolismo , Grasas de la Dieta , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Hidroliasas/metabolismo , Masculino , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/efectos de los fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/patología , Fenotipo , Embarazo , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Sickness triggers a series of behavioral and physiological processes collectively known as acute phase response (APR). Bats are known as reservoirs of a broad variety of pathogens and the physiological changes resulting from APR activation have been tested predominantly during the resting phase (daytime) in several species exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In contrast, behavioral consequences of sickness for bats and other wild mammals have received less attention. We examined the physiological and behavioral consequences of APR activation in a fruit-eating bat (Carollia perspicillata) challenged with LPS during the active phase (nighttime). We measured changes in food intake, body mass, body temperature, total white blood cell counts, and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (N/L). No fever and leukocytosis were observed in bats injected with LPS, but food intake decreased, bats lost body mass and their N/L ratio increased. The effect of LPS on daily energy balance is remarkable and, along with the increase in N/L ratio, it is assumed to be beneficial to fight disease. On the basis of our findings and those with other bats, it is probable that the physiological and behavioral components of the immune response to LPS follow circadian rhythms, but a formal test of this hypothesis is warranted.
Asunto(s)
Reacción de Fase Aguda/fisiopatología , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Animales , Infecciones Bacterianas , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Quirópteros/fisiología , Ritmo Circadiano , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Metabolismo Energético/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunidad/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunidad/fisiología , Recuento de LeucocitosRESUMEN
To study the pathological effects of continuous hyperprolactinemia on food intake mechanisms we used female mice that lack dopamine D2 receptors in lactotropes (lacDrd2KO). These mice had lifelong hyperprolactinemia, increased food intake, and gradual development of obesity from 5 to 10 months of age. Ongoing endogenous prolactin signaling in lacDrd2KO mice was evidenced by increased basal phosphorylation of STAT5b in hypothalamic areas related to food intake, such as the arcuate (ARN), dorsomedial (DMN), and ventromedial nuclei. In the ARN of young lacDrd2KO mice there were higher Prlr mRNA levels and in obese 10-month-old lacDrd2KO mice increased expression of the orexigenic genes Neuropeptide Y (Npy) and Agouti-related peptide, compared to controls. Furthermore, Npy expression was increased in the DMN, probably contributing to increased food intake and decreased expression of Uncoupling protein-1 in brown adipose tissue, both events favoring weight gain. Leptin resistance in obese lacD2RKO mice was evidenced by its failure to lower food intake and a dampened response of STAT3 phosphorylation, specifically in the mediobasal hypothalamus. Our results suggest that pathological chronically high prolactin levels, as found in psychiatric treatments or patients with prolactinomas, may impact on specific hypothalamic nuclei altering gene expression, leptin response, and food intake.
Asunto(s)
Núcleo Arqueado del Hipotálamo/efectos de los fármacos , Núcleo Arqueado del Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Prolactina/farmacología , Animales , Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Inmunohistoquímica , Insulina/sangre , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Factor de Transcripción STAT5/genética , Factor de Transcripción STAT5/metabolismoRESUMEN
Human pharmaceuticals are pollutants of special concern due to their widespread consumption over the last decades, their high persistence in the environment, and the reported alterations produced on non-target organism. The antidepressant fluoxetine (FLX) exerts its effect by inhibiting serotonin (5-HT) reuptake at the presynaptic membrane, thus increasing brain serotonergic activity. In vertebrates, there is a clear inverse relationship between hypothalamic 5-HT levels and food intake, therefore we hypothesized that FLX would inhibit food intake, and in consequence alter energy metabolism in freshwater fish. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of FLX on feeding behavior and energy storage of the cichlid fish Cichlasoma dimerus. Adult fish were intraperitoneally injected daily with 2 or 20⯵g.g-1 FLX or saline for a 5-day period, during which the 20⯵g.g-1 FLX-injected fish exhibited a marked reduction in food intake, consistent with a decrease in total body weight and total hepatocyte area observed at the end of the experiment. Although not statistically significant, a marked 50% decrease in glycogen and lipid content and an increase in protein levels in liver was observed for the 20⯵g.g-1 FLX dose. This was evidenced histochemically by a weak PAS positive reaction and an intense Coomasie Blue stain. Taken together, these results suggest that the SSRI antidepressant FLX produces an anorectic effect in adults of C. dimerus, which could alter normal physiological function and, in consequence, have a negative impact on fish growth, reproduction, and population success.
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Cíclidos/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Alimentaria/efectos de los fármacos , Fluoxetina/toxicidad , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Animales , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Hipotálamo/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Growing evidence has suggested that ascorbic acid may exhibit rapid anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects. In this study the effects of a single administration of ascorbic acid (1â¯mg/kg, p.o.), ketamine (1â¯mg/kg, i.p., a fast-acting antidepressant) and fluoxetine (10â¯mg/kg, p.o., conventional antidepressant) were investigated on: a) behavioral performance in the novelty suppressed feeding (NSF) test; b) hippocampal synaptic protein immunocontent; c) dendritic spine density and morphology in the dorsal and ventral dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus and d) hippocampal dendritic arborization. Ascorbic acid or ketamine, but not fluoxetine, decreased the latency to feed in the NSF test in mice. This effect was accompanied by increased p70S6K (Thr389) phosphorylation 1â¯h after ascorbic acid or ketamine treatment, although only ascorbic acid increased synapsin I immunocontent. Ketamine administration increased the dendritic spine density in the dorsal DG, but none of the treatments affected the maturation of dendritic spines in this region. In addition, both ascorbic acid and ketamine increased the dendritic spine density in the ventral DG, particularly the mature spines. Sholl analysis demonstrated no effect of any treatment on hippocampal dendritic arborization. Altogether, the results provide evidence that the behavioral and synaptic responses observed following ascorbic acid administration might occur via the upregulation of synaptic proteins, dendritic spine density, and maturation in the ventral DG, similar to ketamine. These findings contribute to understand the cellular targets implicated in its antidepressant/anxiolytic behavioral responses and support the notion that ascorbic acid may share with ketamine the ability to increase synaptic function.
Asunto(s)
Ácido Ascórbico/farmacología , Espinas Dendríticas/fisiología , Ingestión de Alimentos/fisiología , Hipocampo/fisiología , Plasticidad Neuronal/fisiología , Animales , Espinas Dendríticas/efectos de los fármacos , Ingestión de Alimentos/efectos de los fármacos , Ingestión de Alimentos/psicología , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitadores/farmacología , Femenino , Hipocampo/citología , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Ketamina/farmacología , Ratones , Plasticidad Neuronal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of sericin extracted from silkworm Bombyx mori cocoon on morphophysiological parameters in mice with obesity induced by high-fat diet. METHODS: Male C57Bl6 mice aged 9 weeks were allocated to one of two groups - Control and Obese, and fed a standard or high-fat diet for 10 weeks, respectively. Mice were then further subdivided into four groups with seven mice each, as follows: Control, Control-Sericin, Obese, and Obese-Sericin. The standard or high fat diet was given for 4 more weeks; sericin (1,000mg/kg body weight) was given orally to mice in the Control-Sericin and Obese-Sericin Groups during this period. Weight gain, food intake, fecal weight, fecal lipid content, gut motility and glucose tolerance were monitored. At the end of experimental period, plasma was collected for biochemical analysis. Samples of white adipose tissue, liver and jejunum were collected and processed for light microscopy analysis; liver fragments were used for lipid content determination. RESULTS: Obese mice experienced significantly greater weight gain and fat accumulation and had higher total cholesterol and glucose levels compared to controls. Retroperitoneal and periepididymal adipocyte hypertrophy, development of hepatic steatosis, increased cholesterol and triglyceride levels and morphometric changes in the jejunal wall were observed. CONCLUSION: Physiological changes induced by obesity were not fully reverted by sericin; however, sericin treatment restored jejunal morphometry and increased lipid excretion in feces in obese mice, suggesting potential anti-obesity effects.