RESUMEN
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative disease that causes a progressive decline in memory and thinking skills. Over the past few years, diverse studies have shown that there is no single cause of AD; instead, it has been reported that factors such as genetics, lifestyle, and environment contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. In this sense, it has been shown that obesity during middle age is one of the most prominent modifiable risk factors for AD. Of the multiple potential mechanisms linking obesity and AD, the gut microbiota (GM) has gained increasing attention in recent years. However, the underlying mechanisms that connect the GM with the process of neurodegeneration remain unclear. Through this narrative review, we present a comprehensive understanding of how alterations in the GM of people with obesity may result in systemic inflammation and affect pathways related to the pathogenesis of AD. We conclude with an analysis of the relationship between GM and insulin resistance, a risk factor for AD that is highly prevalent in people with obesity. Understanding the crosstalk between obesity, GM, and the pathogenesis of AD will help to design new strategies aimed at preventing neurodegeneration.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Obesidad , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/microbiología , Humanos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Obesidad/microbiología , Obesidad/complicaciones , Resistencia a la Insulina/fisiología , Animales , Factores de Riesgo , Eje Cerebro-Intestino/fisiología , Inflamación/microbiologíaRESUMEN
The gut microbiota is one of the most critical factors in human health. It involves numerous physiological processes impacting host health, mainly via immune system modulation. A balanced microbiome contributes to the gut's barrier function, preventing the invasion of pathogens and maintaining the integrity of the gut lining. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the gut microbiome's composition and function, disrupts essential processes and contributes to various diseases. This narrative review summarizes key findings related to the gut microbiota in modern multifactorial inflammatory conditions such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. It addresses the challenges posed by antibiotic-driven dysbiosis, particularly in the context of C. difficile infections, and the development of novel therapies like fecal microbiota transplantation and biotherapeutic drugs to combat these infections. An emphasis is given to restoration of the healthy gut microbiome through dietary interventions, probiotics, prebiotics, and novel approaches for managing gut-related diseases.
Asunto(s)
Disbiosis , Trasplante de Microbiota Fecal , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Obesidad , Probióticos , Humanos , Disbiosis/microbiología , Disbiosis/terapia , Obesidad/microbiología , Probióticos/uso terapéutico , Animales , Inflamación/microbiología , Prebióticos/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Obesity often results in severe negative health consequences and represents a growing issue for global health. Reducing food intake is a crucial factor for weight loss. Intermittent fasting is a relatively new intervention that contributes to weight reduction. Considering the intimate relationship between obesity and inflammatory pathologies with gut microbiota alterations, a systematic review of the literature was herein conducted to elucidate the relationship between time-restricted food intake and gut microbiota diversity in humans. Searches are carried out in three databases (PubMed, MedLine/OVID, and Academic Search Complete) between April 2019 and April 2022. Nine studies (all with longitudinal design) were identified as eligible by presenting data about the impact of intermittent fasting schemes on gut microbiota. At the phylum level, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes increase throughout follow-ups, while 16 bacteria genera change their abundance in response to intermittent fasting. Finally, some genera associated with clinical predictors such as weight change, abdominal circumference, and metabolic variables were reported. Changes induced by fasting schemes positively impact the diversity and abundance of gut microbiota and the biomarkers described here. However, the changes previously reported have been studied in short periods and some return to their basal state after fasting intervention.
Asunto(s)
Bacterias , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Ayuno Intermitente , Obesidad , Humanos , Animales , Obesidad/microbiología , Obesidad/patología , Obesidad/terapia , Inflamación/microbiología , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Immunomodulatory therapies are claimed to enhance antimicrobial immunity and counterbalance antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria. PURPOSE: To investigate whether caffeine can be useful for control of inflammation derived from experimental systemic infection with Listeria monocytogenes. METHODS: Peritoneal macrophages (pMØ) from Swiss mice were cultured with caffeine in 96-well plates, and then infected with virulent L. monocytogenes 619. In another experiment, the pMØ were first infected with the bacterium and then treated with caffeine. Swiss mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with L. monocytogenes and then treated intravenously with caffeine (0.05; 0.5 or 5 mg/Kg). RESULTS: Caffeine did not exert direct antibacterial activity in vitro against L. monocytogenes. Macrophages exposed to caffeine before or after infection with L. monocytogenes had increased cell viability, although the intracellular bacterial loads were similar to the control groups. Caffeine treatments of Swiss mice reduced leukocyte infiltration into the peritoneal cavity after L. monocytogenes infection. However, the bacterial burden was reduced in the spleen and liver. The mRNA expressions of IL-1ß, IL-6 and the enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were reduced whereas IL-10 was increased. CONCLUSION: Caffeine has an anti-infectious potential and ameliorated infection-derived inflammation following experimental infection with L. monocytogenes.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Cafeína/farmacología , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Listeria monocytogenes/patogenicidad , Listeriosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Macrófagos Peritoneales/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Cafeína/análogos & derivados , Células Cultivadas , Quimiotaxis de Leucocito/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Inflamación/inmunología , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/microbiología , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/genética , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Listeria monocytogenes/inmunología , Listeriosis/inmunología , Listeriosis/metabolismo , Listeriosis/microbiología , Macrófagos Peritoneales/inmunología , Macrófagos Peritoneales/metabolismo , Macrófagos Peritoneales/microbiología , Ratones , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , VirulenciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The interaction of Cryptococcus neoformans with airway epithelial cells is crucial for the establishment of cryptococcosis. Aspirin-triggered-resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) is a lipid mediator produced during the resolution of inflammation and demonstrates anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution effects in several inflammatory experimental models including in the airways. METHOD: Here, we evaluated the effects of AT-RvD1 (1, 10 or 100 nM) on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) stimulated with C. neoformans (1, 10 or 100 multiplicities of infection; MOI). RESULTS: After 24 h, C. neoformans (all MOI) demonstrated no cytotoxic effects and increased IL-8 production on BEAS-2B cells when compared to controls. In addition, C. neoformans (MOI 100) increased the concentration of IL-6, but not of IL-10. AT-RvD1 (100 nM) significantly reduced the concentration of IL-8 and IL-6 and increased IL-10 production in C. neoformans-stimulated BEAS-2B cells. C. neoformans increased the phosphorylation of NF-κB and ERK1/2, and ALX/FPR2 expression. AT-RvD1 reduced the activation of NF-kB without altering the ERK1/2 and ALX/FPR2 expression. The anti-inflammatory effects of AT-RvD1 were dependent on the ALX/FPR2, once its antagonist (BOC2) reversed its anti-inflammatory effects. No alteration on the fungal burden as well as interactions with BEAS-2B cells was observed by AT-RvD1. CONCLUSION: AT-RvD1 demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects in bronchial epithelial cells infected with C. neoformans without affecting the development of C. neoformans infection in the airways. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Criptococosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/farmacología , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Antiinflamatorios/administración & dosificación , Bronquios/citología , Bronquios/microbiología , Bronquios/patología , Línea Celular , Criptococosis/patología , Cryptococcus neoformans/aislamiento & purificación , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/administración & dosificación , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Epiteliales/microbiología , Células Epiteliales/patología , Humanos , Inflamación/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Tuberculosis (TB) is an important infectious disease and a public health problem. The organs most frequently affected by TB are the lungs; despite this, it has been reported that TB patients suffer from depression and anxiety, which have been attributed to social factors. In previous experimental work, we observed that the extensive pulmonary inflammation characteristic of TB with high cytokine production induces neuroinflammation, neuronal death and behavioral abnormalities in the absence of brain infection. The objective of the present work was to reduce this neuroinflammation and avoid the psycho-affective disorders showed during pulmonary TB. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the first-line treatment for neuroinflammation; however, their systemic administration generates various side effects, mostly aggravating pulmonary TB due to immunosuppression of cellular immunity. Intranasal administration is a route that allows drugs to be released directly in the brain through the olfactory nerve, reducing their doses and side effects. In the present work, dexamethasone's (DEX) intranasal administration was evaluated in TB BALB /c mice comparing three different doses (0.05, 0.25 and 2.5 mg/kg BW) on lung disease evolution, neuroinflammation and behavioral alterations. Low doses of dexamethasone significantly decreased neuroinflammation, improving behavioral status without aggravating lung disease.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Dexametasona/farmacología , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/tratamiento farmacológico , Administración Intranasal , Animales , Ansiedad/complicaciones , Ansiedad/tratamiento farmacológico , Ansiedad/patología , Encéfalo/patología , Depresión/complicaciones , Depresión/tratamiento farmacológico , Depresión/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Glucocorticoides/farmacología , Humanos , Inflamación/complicaciones , Inflamación/microbiología , Inflamación/patología , Ratones , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efectos de los fármacos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/patogenicidad , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/complicaciones , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/microbiología , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/patologíaRESUMEN
Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue in teleosts and is essential for movement and metabolism. Recently, it has been described that skeletal muscle can express and secrete immune-related molecules during pathogen infection. However, the role of this tissue during infection is poorly understood. To determine the immunocompetence of fish skeletal muscle, juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were challenged with Piscirickettsia salmonis strain LF-89. P. salmonis is the etiological agent of piscirickettsiosis, a severe disease that has caused major economic losses in the aquaculture industry. This gram-negative bacterium produces a chronic systemic infection that involves several organs and tissues in salmonids. Using high-throughput RNA-seq, we found that 60 transcripts were upregulated in skeletal muscle, mostly associated with inflammatory response and positive regulation of interleukin-8 production. Conversely, 141 transcripts were downregulated in association with muscle filament sliding and actin filament-based movement. To validate these results, we performed in vitro experiments using rainbow trout myotubes. In myotubes coincubated with P. salmonis strain LF-89 at an MOI of 50, we found increased expression of the proinflammatory cytokine il1b and the pattern recognition receptor tlr5s 8 and 12 h after infection. These results demonstrated that fish skeletal muscle is an immunologically active organ that can implement an early immunological response against P. salmonis.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Peces/inmunología , Inflamación/inmunología , Músculo Esquelético/inmunología , Oncorhynchus mykiss/inmunología , Piscirickettsia/fisiología , Infecciones por Piscirickettsiaceae/inmunología , Transcriptoma , Animales , Acuicultura , Enfermedades de los Peces/genética , Enfermedades de los Peces/microbiología , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Inflamación/genética , Inflamación/microbiología , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/microbiología , Oncorhynchus mykiss/genética , Oncorhynchus mykiss/microbiología , Infecciones por Piscirickettsiaceae/microbiologíaRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis with high prevalence in South America and especially in Brazil with severe clinical consequences that need broadened therapeutic options. Propolis is a natural resin from bees used in folk medicine for centuries with the first report in the ancient history of Egypt by Eberly papyrus, in Middle-Ages used to wash the newborn's umbilical cord and World War II as antiseptic or antibiotics. Nowadays it is a natural product worldwide consumed as food and traditionally used for oral and systemic diseases as an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, and other diseases. Brazilian red propolis (BRP) is a new type of propolis with a distinguished chemical profile and biological activities from propolis (green) with pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and others. AIM OF STUDY: Thus, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the direct in vitro and ex vivo effect of BRP on Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Antifungal activity of different concentrations of BRP on a virulent P. brasiliensis isolate (Pb18) was evaluated using the microdilution technique. Also, mice splenic cells co-cultured with Pb18 were treated with BRP at different times and concentrations (only Pb18 = negative control). Mice were inoculated with Pb18 and treated with different concentrations of BRP (50-500 mg/mL) in a subcutaneous air pouch. In this later experimental model, macroscopic characteristics of the air pouch were evaluated, and cellular exudate was collected and analyzed for cellular composition, mitochondrial activity, total protein reactive oxygen specimens (ROS), and nitric oxide production, as well as the number of viable fungal cells. RESULTS: The in vitro experiments showed remarkable direct antifungal activity of BRP, mainly with the highest concentration employed (500 mg/mL), reducing the number of viable cells to 10% of the original inoculum after 72 h incubation. The splenocytes co-cultivation assays showed that BRP had no cytotoxic effect on these cells, on the contrary, exerted a stimulatory effect. This stimulation was also observed on the PMNs at the air pouch, as verified by production of ROS and total proteins and mitochondrial activity. This activation resulted in enhanced fungicidal activity, mainly with the 500 mg/mL concentration of BRP. An anti-inflammatory effect was also detected, as verified by the smaller volume of the BRP-treated air pouch as well as by an earlier shift from neutrophils to mononuclear cells present in the infection site. CONCLUSION: Our results strongly suggest, for the first time in the literature, that Brazilian Red propolis has four protective mechanisms in experimental paracoccidioidomycosis: activating neutrophils, exerting a direct antifungal effect, preventing fungal dissemination, and controlling excessive inflammation process.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/farmacología , Paracoccidioides/efectos de los fármacos , Paracoccidioidomicosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Própolis/farmacología , Animales , Antifúngicos/administración & dosificación , Antifúngicos/aislamiento & purificación , Brasil , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/microbiología , Ratones , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Paracoccidioidomicosis/microbiología , Própolis/administración & dosificación , Própolis/aislamiento & purificación , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of resveratrol, a nutraceutical polyphenol, and Lactococcus lactis (bacteria probiotic), on metabolic parameters and hepatic proinflammatory markers expression. C57BL/6 mice were divided into 4 groups: Standard (ST), Lactococcus lactis (LL), Resveratrol (RSV), and Lactococcus lactis plus resveratrol (LL + RSV). Lactococcus lactis and resveratrol were administered by orogastric gavage. Blood parameters were assessed (total cholesterol, triglycerides, ALT and AST). IL-6 mRNA expression was evaluated by Real-time PCR and TNF-α protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The main findings showed that resveratrol and Lactococcus lactis association decreased body weight, aspartate aminotransferase and total cholesterol levels. LL and LL + RSV decreased triglycerides levels and IL-6 and TNF-α expression. These results open a perspective of using resveratrol and Lactococcus lactis to improve metabolic parameters and Lactococcus lactis in preventing inflammation and the hepatic diseases development.
Asunto(s)
Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Lactococcus lactis/metabolismo , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Probióticos/farmacología , Resveratrol/farmacología , Administración Oral , Alanina Transaminasa/sangre , Animales , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/sangre , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Peso Corporal/fisiología , Colesterol/sangre , Biología Computacional , Femenino , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/genética , Ontología de Genes , Inmunohistoquímica , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/microbiología , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/patología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Resveratrol/administración & dosificación , Triglicéridos/sangre , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/genética , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
Butyrate, propionate, and acetate are short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) mainly produced by bacterial metabolism in the human gut after dietary fiber intake. SCFAs are considered important for health maintenance by promoting lipid, glucose, and immune homeostasis with an adequate composition of intestinal microbiota, including other beneficial effects like providing protection against colorectal cancer. Therapies with exogenous SCFAs have been proposed to reduce inflammation in intestinal diseases that result from SCFA dysbiosis and cause mucosal inflammation. The aim of this mini-review was to provide an overview of the importance of SCFAs on metabolic and inflammatory processes as well as their role in treating chronic inflammatory disorders.
Asunto(s)
Bacterias/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Enfermedades Intestinales/metabolismo , Enfermedades Intestinales/microbiología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Glucosa/metabolismo , Humanos , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/microbiologíaRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: An infusion obtained from the leaves of "chal-chal" (Allophylus edulis Radlk.) is used for popular treatment of intestinal disorders and as an anti-inflammatory throat treatment. Because of the anti-inflammatory medicinal folk use, a previous work reported scientific research confirming the anti-inflammatory activity of A. edulis essential oil collected in Dourados, MS, Brazil, in March 2015. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to evaluate the variation in the chemical profile of the essential oil of A. edulis plants collected in Dourados (EOAE-D) and Bonito (EOAE-B), two cities in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Additionally, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oil, as well as that of the major compounds (caryophyllene oxide and α-zingiberene), in experimental in vivo models of inflammation in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Leaves were collected from plants at both sites in July 2018. The composition of the essential oil (EOAE-D and EOAE-B) was determined by GC/MS, and major compounds (caryophyllene oxide and α-zingiberene) were isolated and identified by chromatographic methods and NMR spectroscopy. Anti-inflammatory capacities were assessed using two classical models of inflammatory models, carrageenan- and CFA-induced paw inflammation (mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia). RESULTS: Both EOAE-D and EOAE-B showed sesquiterpenes as a major constituent, namely, caryophyllene oxide (29.5%) and α-zingiberene (45.0%), respectively. In tests, EOAE, caryophyllene oxide and α-zingiberene-induced antiedematogenic and antihyperalgesic effects were found in the different utilized models. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that samples from the two cities differed in chemical composition but not in their anti-inflammatory and antihyperalgesic effects. This finding corroborates the use of A. edulis as a medicinal plant and indicates its potential in the therapy of inflammatory conditions.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Hiperalgesia/prevención & control , Inflamación/prevención & control , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Hojas de la Planta , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Sapindaceae , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , Brasil , Carragenina , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Hiperalgesia/inducido químicamente , Hiperalgesia/microbiología , Hiperalgesia/fisiopatología , Inflamación/inducido químicamente , Inflamación/microbiología , Inflamación/fisiopatología , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Aceites Volátiles/aislamiento & purificación , Umbral del Dolor/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/química , Aceites de Plantas/aislamiento & purificación , Sesquiterpenos Policíclicos/farmacología , Polifenoles/farmacología , Sapindaceae/químicaRESUMEN
Immunosenescence is marked by a systemic process named inflammaging along with a series of defects in the immunological activity that results in poor responses to infectious agents and to vaccination. Inflammaging, a state of low-grade chronic inflammation, usually leads to chronic inflammatory diseases and frailty in the elderly. However, some elderly escape from frailty and reach advanced age free of the consequences of inflammaging. This process has been called immunological remodeling, and it is the hallmark of healthy aging as described in the studies of centenarians in Italy. The biological markers of healthy aging are still a matter of debate, and the studies on the topic have focused on inflammatory versus remodeling processes and molecules. The sub-clinical inflammatory status associated with aging might be a deleterious event for populations living in countries where chronic infectious diseases are not prevalent. Nevertheless, in other parts of the world where they are, two possibilities may occur. Inflammatory responses may have a protective effect against these infectious agents. At the same time, the long-term consequences of protective immune responses during chronic infections may result in accelerated immunosenescence in these individuals. Therefore, the biological markers of healthy aging can vary according to environmental, cultural, and geographical settings that reflect worldwide, and in a non-biased, non-westernized perspective, the changes that we experience regarding our contacts with microorganisms and the outcomes of such contacts.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/fisiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles/inmunología , Inflamación/inmunología , Microbiota/inmunología , Animales , Enfermedades Transmisibles/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles/microbiología , Dieta Occidental , Enfermedades Endémicas , Fragilidad , Envejecimiento Saludable , Humanos , Inmunosenescencia , Inflamación/epidemiología , Inflamación/microbiología , Italia/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Brucellosis is a prevalent global zoonotic infection but has far more impact in developing countries. The adipocytes are the most abundant cell type of adipose tissue and their secreted factors play an important role in several aspects of the innate and adaptive immune response. Here, we demonstrated the ability of Brucella abortus to infect and replicate in both adipocytes and its precursor cells (pre-adipocytes) derived from 3T3-L1 cell line. Additionally, infection of pre-adipocytes also inhibited adipogenesis in a mechanism independent of bacterial viability and dependent on lipidated outer membrane protein (L-Omp19). B. abortus infection was able to modulate the secretion of IL-6 and the matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) -2 and-9 in pre-adipocytes and adipocytes, and also modulated de transcription of adiponectin, leptin, and resistin in differentiated adipocytes. B. abortus-infected macrophages also modulate adipocyte differentiation involving a TNF-α dependent mechanism, thus suggesting a plausible interplay between B. abortus, adipocytes, and macrophages. In conclusion, B. abortus is able to alter adipogenesis process in adipocytes and its precursors directly after their infection, or merely their exposure to the B. abortus lipoproteins, and indirectly through soluble factors released by B. abortus-infected macrophages.
Asunto(s)
Adipocitos/citología , Adipogénesis , Brucelosis/complicaciones , Diferenciación Celular , Inflamación/inmunología , Macrófagos/inmunología , Células 3T3-L1 , Adipocitos/inmunología , Adipocitos/metabolismo , Adipocitos/microbiología , Animales , Brucella abortus/fisiología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/microbiología , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Lipoproteínas/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/microbiología , RatonesRESUMEN
Intestinal inflammation is a condition shared by several intestinal chronic diseases, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, with severely detrimental consequences in the long run. Current mammalian models have considerably increased understanding of this pathological condition, highlighting the fact that, in most of the cases, it is a highly complex and multifactorial problem and difficult to deal with. Thus, there is an increasingly evident need for alternative animal models that could offer complementary approaches that have not been exploited in rodents, thereby contributing to a different view on the disease. Here, we report the effects of a soybean meal-induced intestinal inflammation model on intestinal integrity and function as well as on neutrophil recruitment and microbiota composition in zebrafish. We find that the induced intestinal inflammation process is accompanied by an increase in epithelial permeability in addition to changes in the mRNA levels of different tight junction proteins. Conversely, there was no evidence of damage of epithelial cells nor an increase in their proliferation. Of note, our results show that this intestinal inflammatory model is induced independently of the presence of microbiota. On the other hand, this inflammatory process affects intestinal physiology by decreasing protein absorption, increasing neutrophil replacement, and altering microbiota composition with a decrease in the diversity of cultivable bacteria.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación Animal , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Glycine max , Inflamación , Mucosa Intestinal , Neutrófilos/inmunología , Animales , Animales Modificados Genéticamente , Embrión no Mamífero , Inflamación/genética , Inflamación/inmunología , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/microbiología , Mucosa Intestinal/inmunología , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiología , Permeabilidad , Proteínas de Uniones Estrechas/genética , Pez CebraRESUMEN
The year 2020 will be remembered by a never before seen, at least by our generation, global pandemic of COVID-19. While a desperate search for effective vaccines or drug therapies is on the run, nutritional strategies to promote immunity against SARS-CoV-2, are being discussed. Certain fermented foods and probiotics may deliver viable microbes with the potential to promote gut immunity. Prebiotics, on their side, may enhance gut immunity by selectively stimulating certain resident microbes in the gut. Different levels of evidence support the use of fermented foods, probiotics and prebiotics to promote gut and lungs immunity. Without being a promise of efficacy against COVID-19, incorporating them into the diet may help to low down gut inflammation and to enhance mucosal immunity, to possibly better face the infection by contributing to diminishing the severity or the duration of infection episodes.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Coronavirus/terapia , Alimentos Fermentados , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Tracto Gastrointestinal/microbiología , Inflamación , Neumonía Viral/terapia , Prebióticos , Probióticos , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Infecciones por Coronavirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Coronavirus/microbiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Dieta , Tracto Gastrointestinal/inmunología , Humanos , Inflamación/etiología , Inflamación/microbiología , Inflamación/prevención & control , Inflamación/virología , Pandemias , Neumonía Viral/complicaciones , Neumonía Viral/microbiología , Neumonía Viral/virología , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
The epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological aspects of pythiosis in cats in northeastern Brazil are described. From January 2000 to December 2018 the Laboratory of Animal Pathology of the Federal University of Campina Grande received 1928 tissue samples of cats, three of which were diagnosed as pythiosis. Grossly, the cats showed a multinodular mass in the oral cavity associated with facial deformity (case 1), a large multinodular mass thickening the jejunum wall (case 2), and an ulcerated nodule in the skin at the base of the tail (case 3). Histologically, pyogranulomatous inflammation and necrosis, with intralesional predominantly negatively stained hyphae, were observed in all cases. Immunohistochemistry for Pythium insidiosum revealed strong immunolabelling of the hyphae. The diagnosis of pythiosis was based on the epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological findings, and was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Although uncommon in cats, pythiosis should be readily considered as a differential diagnosis of chronic pyogranulomatous infections of the gastrointestinal tract and skin, especially in endemic areas, where the disease is often diagnosed in other animal species.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Gatos/diagnóstico , Pitiosis/diagnóstico , Animales , Brasil , Enfermedades de los Gatos/microbiología , Gatos , Asimetría Facial/microbiología , Asimetría Facial/patología , Asimetría Facial/veterinaria , Femenino , Inflamación/microbiología , Inflamación/patología , Inflamación/veterinaria , Masculino , Pitiosis/microbiología , Pythium/aislamiento & purificación , Pythium/patogenicidad , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
The gut microbiota (GM) composition varies among individuals and is influenced by intrinsic (genetics, age) and extrinsic (environment, diet, lifestyle) factors. An imbalance or dysbiosis is directly associated with the development of several illnesses, due to the potential increase in intestinal permeability leading to a systemic inflammation triggered by higher levels of circulating lipopolysaccharides and changes in the immune response caused by an overgrowth of a specific genus or of pathogens. These mechanisms may increase symptoms in gastrointestinal disorders or reduce glucose tolerance in metabolic diseases. Diet also has a significant impact on GM, and functional foods, namely prebiotics and probiotics, are a novel approach to reestablish the indigenous microbiota. Prebiotics, like inulin and polyphenols, are selectively utilized by GM, releasing short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and other metabolites which may reduce the intestinal lumen pH, inhibit growth of pathogens, and enhance mineral and vitamin bioavailability. Probiotic microorganism may increase the microbial diversity of GM and improve the integrity of the intestinal barrier, leading to an improvement of baseline and pathologic inflammation. In this chapter, we will discuss the potential roles of prebiotics and probiotics in health and diseases throughout an individual's lifetime and proposed mechanisms of action.
Asunto(s)
Interacciones Farmacológicas , Disbiosis/fisiopatología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Inflamación/prevención & control , Enfermedades Metabólicas/prevención & control , Prebióticos/administración & dosificación , Probióticos/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Inflamación/microbiología , Enfermedades Metabólicas/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Escherichia coli is an important pathogen responsible for a variety of diseases. We have recently shown that Pic, a serine protease secreted by E. coli, mediates immune evasion by the direct cleavage of complement molecules. The aim of this study was to investigate the action of a Pic-producing bacteria in a murine model of sepsis. Mice were infected with Pic-producing E. coli (F5) or F5∆pic mutant. Animal survival was monitored for five days, and a subset of mice was euthanized after 12 h for sample acquisition. The inoculation of Pic-producing bacteria induced 100% death within 24 h. The colony forming units count in the organs was significantly higher in F5. Hematological analysis showed a decrease of total leukocytes. Nitric oxide and cytokines were detected in serum, as well as on peritoneal lavage of the F5 group in higher levels than those detected in the other groups. In addition, immunophenotyping showed a decrease of activated lymphocytes and macrophages in the F5 group. Therefore, Pic represents an important virulence factor, allowing the survival of the bacterium in the bloodstream and several organs, as well as inducing a high production of proinflammatory mediators by the host, and concomitantly a cellular immunosuppression, leading to sepsis and death.
Asunto(s)
Citocinas/metabolismo , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Sepsis/metabolismo , Serina Endopeptidasas/metabolismo , Animales , Citocinas/genética , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/genética , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/patología , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Femenino , Inflamación/genética , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/microbiología , Inflamación/patología , Ratones , Sepsis/genética , Sepsis/microbiología , Sepsis/patología , Serina Endopeptidasas/genéticaRESUMEN
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a growing public health problem associated with loss of kidney function and cardiovascular disease (CVD), the main leading cause of morbidity and mortality in CKD. It is well established that CKD is associated with gut dysbiosis. Over the past few years, there has been a growing interest in studying the composition of the gut microbiota in patients with CKD as well as the mechanisms by which gut dysbiosis contributes to CKD progression, in order to identify possible therapeutic targets to improve the morbidity and survival in CKD. The purpose of this review is to explore the clinical evidence and the mechanisms involved in the gut-kidney crosstalk as well as the possible interventions to restore a normal balance of the gut microbiota in CKD. It is well known that the influence of the gut microbiota on the gut-kidney axis acts in a reciprocal way: on the one hand, CKD significantly modifies the composition and functions of the gut microbiota. On the other hand, gut microbiota is able to manipulate the processes leading to CKD onset and progression through inflammatory, endocrine, and neurologic pathways. Understanding the complex interaction between these two organs (gut microbiota and kidney) may provide novel nephroprotective interventions to prevent the progression of CKD by targeting the gut microbiota. The review is divided into three main sections: evidences from clinical studies about the existence of a gut microbiota dysbiosis in CKD; the complex mechanisms that explain the bidirectional relationship between CKD and gut dysbiosis; and reports regarding the effects of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic supplementation to restore gut microbiota balance in CKD.