RESUMEN
Fatal infection by Cyathostoma (Cyathostoma) phenisci (Nematoda: Syngamidae), was identified in 2 of 52 brown boobies (Sula leucogaster) collected on beaches in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and admitted to the veterinary clinic for rehabilitation. Both infected birds were in poor physical condition, with atrophied pectoral muscles, and died soon after starting treatment. The parasitological and pathological examination of the carcasses revealed the presence of C. (C.) phenisci in the trachea, resulting in tracheitis, as well as severe parasitic granulomatous bronchopneumonia caused by eggs deposited in the lungs. In our opinion, these serious pathological changes were the primary cause of chronic respiratory illness. This is the first description of fatal cyathostomiasis in a fish-eating avian host caused by infection by a member of the subgenus Cyathostoma (Cyathostoma). Therefore, it is reasonable to consider C. (C.) phenisci to be a real threat to a wide range of their definitive hosts, and cyathostomiasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis for fish-eating marine birds, even in cases without respiratory signs. This is also the first record of the genus Cyathostoma in Brazil.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Aves/mortalidad , Enfermedades de las Aves/parasitología , Infecciones por Strongylida/veterinaria , Strongyloidea/clasificación , Animales , Atrofia , Teorema de Bayes , Enfermedades de las Aves/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Aves/terapia , Aves , Brasil/epidemiología , Bronconeumonía/parasitología , Bronconeumonía/veterinaria , Femenino , Pulmón/parasitología , Masculino , Músculos Pectorales/patología , Filogenia , Prevalencia , Infecciones por Strongylida/mortalidad , Infecciones por Strongylida/parasitología , Infecciones por Strongylida/terapia , Strongyloidea/genética , Strongyloidea/aislamiento & purificación , Tráquea/parasitología , Traqueítis/parasitología , Traqueítis/veterinariaRESUMEN
Angiostrongylus costaricensis is a parasite that infects rodents, including the wild cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus and pygmy rice rats Oligoryzomys spp., among others. However, urban Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus have not been identified as important hosts of A. costaricensis. In this study, Swiss mice (SW), Wistar R. norvegicus (RN), wild Oligoryzomys nigripes (ON) and a local strain of M. musculus (RGS) were experimentally infected with A. costaricensis. Survival, elimination of L1 (total sum per group, A0), and the number of adult worms recovered divided by the dose of each L3 inoculum (yield ratio, YR) were examined for each group after a 40-day post-infection period. The survival rates, A0 and YR values were: 27%, 207,589 and 0.42 for the SW group; 81%, 8691 and 0.01 for the RN group; and 63.6%, 26,560 and 0.16 for the RGS group, respectively, in each case. The survival rate for the ON group was 100% and the A0 value was 847,050. A YR was not calculated for the ON group since the ON group was maintained up to 565 days post-infection (pi) to examine long-term mortality. At 500 days pi (16 months), 50% of the ON group had died, while one animal (10%) survived 595 days pi (20 months). Taken together, these data indicate that A. costaricensis has undergone a greater degree of adaptation to the wild rodent, O. nigripes, than to R. norvegicus or a local M. musculus strain. In addition, titre curve (A0) modelling of adaptation status proved to be useful in evaluating A. costaricensis-rodent interactions.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Fisiológica , Angiostrongylus/fisiología , Helmintiasis Animal/parasitología , Murinae/parasitología , Infecciones por Strongylida/veterinaria , Angiostrongylus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Heces/parasitología , Helmintiasis Animal/mortalidad , Especificidad del Huésped , Interacciones Huésped-Parásitos , Larva/crecimiento & desarrollo , Larva/fisiología , Ratones , Murinae/clasificación , Ratas , Infecciones por Strongylida/mortalidad , Infecciones por Strongylida/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Background: Wild and captivity monkeys are infested by several parasites species, mainly, Strongyloides sp. and Acanthocephala sp, which has been identifi ed as the major causes of illness and death. However, Molineus torulosus is a pathogenic nematode found in Neotropical New World Primates and causes severe illness in small primates due to severe gastrointestinal injury. In South America, the parasite was described in Cebus apella and C. olivecaeus from French Guyana and were verified the occurrence in tropical forests. Thus, it is the first report about M. torulosus infestation in capitivity capuchin monkeys in Brazil. Case: Two capuchin monkeys were presented for necropsy. According to veterinarian the monkeys had about fi ve years old and weighed 0.9 kg and lived in a particular park in urban with 20 to 30 capuchin monkeys group. The veterinarian described that six capuchin monkeys were found dead in two months period. One of the monkeys were found dead and another one had respiratory disturbance, apathy, prostration, cyanotic mucosa, feces with green coloration and death after four days in observation and isolation of the group. Necropsy confirmed emaciation and moderate splenomegaly, great amount of fibrin on the intestine and presence of multifocal 1 to 2 cm nodules in small intestine with numerous parasites mainly initial portion. In the small intestine, were found several free helminthes in the feces. No parasite was attached in the gut wall. The parasites in the nodules were submitted to a standard nematode key identification, confirming the infestation by M. torulosus. The parasites were small, slender, pale red, of 4 to 6 mm length. There were no significant macroscopic findings in the other organ systems. The histological examination of nodules sections revealed an intense granulomatous inflammatory response surrounded by proliferating fibrous connective tissue and the central portion contained a mass of nematode parasites and their eggs surrounded by eosinophilic debris. The small intestine revealed the presence of eggs and larvae at the villi, epithelium and crypts necrosis areas, villi atrophy and congestion, mononuclear inflammatory reaction. Discussion: There are no reports of Molineus torulosus parasitism in captivity capuchin monkeys in Brazil. The clinical signs described in the present case were unspecific and the parasite identification was a necropsy found. However, the infestation with M. torulosus was associated with enteritis and diarrhea. The parasite causes hemorrhagic or ulcerative enteritis, sometimes associated with diverticula of the intestinal wall. Furthermore, the capuchin monkeys death in the present case was assigned with a fibrinous peritonitis and septicemia because a gut wall necrosis caused by M. torulosus infestation. Thus, the high density of M. torulosus in the small intestine is believed to be responsible for the death of these capuchin monkeys. The present report identifies the nematode M. torulosus and associated with capuchin monkey mortality. Thus, the present case also highlights the importance of performing a complete necropsy on monkeys, including thorough examination of the gastrointestinal system, and stresses the value of saving fresh tissues for diagnostic procedures including parasite recovery and identification.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Infecciones por Strongylida/mortalidad , Heces/parasitología , Molineoidae/parasitología , Sapajus apella/parasitología , Enfermedades de los MonosRESUMEN
Abdominal angiostrongyliasis (AA) is caused by the nematode Angiostrongylus costaricensis. Parasite-associated thrombosis of mesenteric vessels may lead to intestinal infarction, which might be prevented with anti-thrombotic agents. This study assessed the effect of enoxaparin on survival and pathological findings in Swiss mice with AA. In this experiment, 24 mice were infected with A. costaricensis (10 L3 per animal) followed by treatment with subcutaneous enoxaparin (40 mg/kg/day) or water (sham), starting from 15 days post-infection (dpi) and continued until animal death. Animals were monitored until death or sacrifice at the 50th dpi. Ten mice (42%) were dead after 36 ± 8 dpi. Of these, five (50%) were treated with enoxaparin. Animals treated with enoxaparin and sham did not differ in terms of weight loss (median, 1.3 vs. 4.2 g; P = 0.303) and macroscopical findings. Microscopically, no difference was found in regard to vascular granuloma (median grade, 2 vs. 3; P = 0.293) and presence of either vasculitis (75% vs. 100%; P = 0.217), mesenteric thrombosis (33% vs. 50%; P = 0.680), or bowel necrosis (25% vs. 50%; P = 0.400). Mice dead before the 50th dpi showed more pneumonia (90% vs. 21%; P = 0.002), bowel infarction (40% vs. 0%; P = 0.02), and purulent peritonitis (60% vs. 7%; P = 0.008) compared to survivors. Prophylactic enoxaparin in mice did not prevent tissue damage and mortality related with AA. The lower prevalence of mesenteric thrombosis and bowel infarction regardless of treatment were notorious. Frequent septic complications suggest the need of studies addressing the effect of antibiotics in AA.
Asunto(s)
Angiostrongylus/efectos de los fármacos , Antihelmínticos/administración & dosificación , Enoxaparina/administración & dosificación , Infecciones por Strongylida/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Quimioprevención/métodos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Histocitoquímica , Inyecciones Subcutáneas , Intestinos/patología , Masculino , Oclusión Vascular Mesentérica/patología , Ratones , Microscopía , Enfermedades de los Roedores/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Roedores/mortalidad , Enfermedades de los Roedores/patología , Infecciones por Strongylida/mortalidad , Infecciones por Strongylida/patología , Análisis de Supervivencia , Resultado del TratamientoAsunto(s)
Angiostrongylus cantonensis/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos , Meningoencefalitis , Infecciones por Strongylida , Adulto , Angiostrongylus cantonensis/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/sangre , Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Niño , Cuba/epidemiología , Humanos , Inmunoglobulinas/sangre , Inmunoglobulinas/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Inmunoglobulinas/clasificación , Incidencia , Meningoencefalitis/diagnóstico , Meningoencefalitis/epidemiología , Meningoencefalitis/mortalidad , Meningoencefalitis/parasitología , Ratas/parasitología , Caracoles/parasitología , Infecciones por Strongylida/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Strongylida/epidemiología , Infecciones por Strongylida/mortalidad , Infecciones por Strongylida/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Wild rodents have been described as the most important hosts for Angiostrongylus costaricensis in Central America and southern Brazil. Sinantropic rodents apparently do not play a significant role as natural hosts. A search for natural infection failed to document worms in 14 mice captured in the house of a patient with diagnosis of abdominal angiostrongylosis and experimental infection of a "wild" Mus musculus strain and groups of albino swiss mice were carried out. Mortality was not significantly different and varied from 42 to 80 for Swiss mice and from 26 to 80 for "wild" mice. The high mortality of a "wild" M. musculus infected with A. costaricensis was very similar to what is observed with most laboratory mice strains. These data may be taken as indications that M. musculus is not a well adapted host for A. costaricensis, although susceptibility was apparently higher with "wild" populations of M. musculus as compared to Swiss strain.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Femenino , Ratas , Angiostrongylus , Animales Salvajes , Ratones , Angiostrongylus , Animales Salvajes , Brasil , América Central , Infecciones por Strongylida/mortalidad , Infecciones por Strongylida/veterinaria , Ratones , Ratas Endogámicas , Interacciones Huésped-ParásitosRESUMEN
Wild rodents have been described as the most important hosts for Angiostrongylus costaricensis in Central America and southern Brazil. Sinantropic rodents apparently do not play a significant role as natural hosts. A search for natural infection failed to document worms in 14 mice captured in the house of a patient with diagnosis of abdominal angiostrongylosis and experimental infection of a "wild" Mus musculus strain and groups of albino swiss mice were carried out. Mortality was not significantly different and varied from 42% to 80% for Swiss mice and from 26% to 80% for "wild" mice. The high mortality of a "wild" M. musculus infected with A. costaricensis was very similar to what is observed with most laboratory mice strains. These data may be taken as indications that M. musculus is not a well adapted host for A. costaricensis, although susceptibility was apparently higher with "wild" populations of M. musculus as compared to Swiss strain.