RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Among all infectious agents that cause gastrointestinal infection in children, the most common is the Campylobacter bacterium. The bacterium has multiple virulence factors such as motility, adhesion and invasion of the human intestinal lining, and enzyme secretion. In recent years, there has been a worldwide increase in Campylobacter resistance to antibiotics. AIMS: To examine the frequency of Campylobacter among children who were hospitalized at the Poriya Medical Center during 2012-2014 and suffered from an intestinal infection caused by Campylobacter; to compare the demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of Jewish and Arab children; to examine the resistance rate of the bacterium to antibiotics. METHODS: The data on Campylobacter frequency in children who suffered from an intestinal infection was extracted from the medical records: age, sex, hospitalization duration, hemoglobin and leukocyte values in blood chemistry, the residential environment, and antibiotic treatment during hospitalization. In addition, antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed for Erythromycin and Ciprofloxacin for all Campylobacter cultures that were isolated from patients' stool samples and kept frozen. RESULTS: Campylobacter is the most prevalent bacterial factor among children who were hospitalized following enteritis. There are differences in the bacterium frequency among Jewish children in comparison to frequency in Arab children in the following aspects: Campylobacter is more frequent in Arab children, more common among children living in rural areas, and especially those of Arab origin. Arab children were hospitalized for longer durations than Jewish children. The mean age of Jewish children who suffered from infection caused by Campylobacter was higher compared to the mean age of Arab children. No difference was found in leukocyte values in the cell count. Hemoglobin values were lower among Jewish children compared to Arab children. There was a high percentage of children treated with antibiotics due to intestinal infection caused by Campylobacter, especially among Arab children. Resistance to Erythromycin was not found; however the rate of resistance to Ciprofloxacin was 10.7%. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant differences in intestinal infection caused by Campylobacter among Jewish and Arab children in parameters such as: mean age, hospitalization duration, and residential area. The antibiotic resistance rate that was found is low; however, presently, it still exists.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Infecciones por Campylobacter/etnología , Campylobacter/efectos de los fármacos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Árabes , Infecciones por Campylobacter/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Campylobacter/epidemiología , Niño , Humanos , Israel/etnología , Judaísmo , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
Case-control studies of sporadic Campylobacter infections have predominately been conducted in non-Hispanic populations. In Arizona, rates of campylobacteriosis have been historically higher than the national average, with particularly high rates in Hispanics. In 2010, health departments and a state university collaborated to conduct a statewide case-control study to determine whether risk factors differ in an ethnically diverse region of the United States. Statistically significant risk factors in the final multivariate model were: eating cantaloupe [odds ratio (OR) 7·64], handling raw poultry (OR 4·88) and eating queso fresco (OR 7·11). In addition, compared to non-Hispanic/non-travellers, the highest risk group were Hispanic/non-travellers (OR 7·27), and Hispanic/travellers (OR 5·87, not significant). Results of this study suggest Hispanics have higher odds of disease, probably due to differential exposures. In addition to common risk factors, consumption of cantaloupe was identified as a significant risk factor. These results will inform public health officials of the varying risk factors for Campylobacter in this region.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Campylobacter/epidemiología , Microbiología de Alimentos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Arizona/epidemiología , Infecciones por Campylobacter/etnología , Infecciones por Campylobacter/microbiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Preescolar , Cucumis melo/microbiología , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Campylobacteriosis is the most frequently reported food borne infection in Switzerland. We investigated determinants of infections and illness experience in wintertime. A case-control study was conducted in Switzerland between December 2012 and February 2013. Cases were recruited among laboratory-confirmed campylobacteriosis patients. Population-based controls were matched according to age group, sex and canton of residence. We determined risk factors associated with campylobacteriosis, and help seeking behaviour and illness perception. The multivariable analysis identified two factors associated with an increased risk for campylobacteriosis: consumption of meat fondue (matched odds ratio [mOR] 4.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3-7.1) and travelling abroad (mOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1-6.4). Univariable analysis among meat fondue consumers revealed chicken as the type of meat with the highest risk of disease (mOR 3.8, 95% CI 1.1-13.5). Most frequently reported signs and symptoms among patients were diarrhoea (98%), abdominal pain (81%), fever (66%), nausea (44%) and vomiting (34%). The median perceived disease severity was 8 on a 1-to-10 rating scale. Patients reported a median duration of illness of 7 days and 14% were hospitalised. Meat fondues, mostly "Fondue chinoise", traditionally consumed during the festive season in Switzerland, are the major driver of the epidemic campylobacteriosis peak in wintertime. At these meals, individual handling and consumption of chicken meat may play an important role in disease transmission. Laboratory-confirmed patients are severely ill and hospitalisation rate is considerable. Public health measures such as decontamination of chicken meat and improved food handling behaviour at the individual level are urgently needed.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Campylobacter/etnología , Epidemias , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/etnología , Gastroenteritis/etnología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Infecciones por Campylobacter/diagnóstico , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Preescolar , Intervalos de Confianza , Femenino , Gastroenteritis/etiología , Humanos , Masculino , Carne/microbiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Vigilancia de la Población , Salud Pública , Análisis de Regresión , Factores de Riesgo , Estaciones del Año , Factores Socioeconómicos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Suiza/epidemiología , Viaje , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Campylobacter, a common cause of childhood gastroenteritis, rarely causes bacteremia, which is reported mainly in immune-compromised children. Our aim was to compare demographic and clinical characteristics of childhood campylobacter bacteremia (CB) between children with and without risk factors for CB. METHODS: A retrospective, population-based study, conducted between 1989 and 2010. Risk factors were defined as immunodeficiency, malignancy, extreme prematurity or chronic diseases with malnutrition. RESULTS: Seventy-six CB episodes (1 per child/month) were identified in 14 children with risk factors (30 episodes) and 46 children without risk factors (46 episodes). Children with risk factors were older (mean age 120.0±72.8 vs. 16.2±27.6 months) with higher proportion of males (90.0% vs. 60.9%), less gastrointestinal symptoms (43.3% vs. 69.9%) and higher hospitalization rates (96.7% vs. 69.6%) compared with children without risk factors. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli (46/47 of identified species) were the most common species in both groups. Positive campylobacter stool cultures were found only in children without risk factors (0% vs. 38.5%). No mortality cases were observed. All isolates tested for antibiotic susceptibility were sensitive to macrolides and carbapenems. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood CB is rare in southern Israel. The disease manifests as a single gastroenteritis complication in a previously healthy young child or as recurrent episodes in an older, immune-compromised child, usually without gastrointestinal symptoms. This disparity may reflect pathogenesis differences, with disease in the immune-competent being dependent on pathogen virulence, whereas disease in the immune-compromised being host dependent. Disease outcome is usually favorable, and macrolides remain the antibiotic treatment of choice.
Asunto(s)
Bacteriemia/epidemiología , Bacteriemia/microbiología , Infecciones por Campylobacter/epidemiología , Infecciones por Campylobacter/microbiología , Campylobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Adolescente , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Árabes/estadística & datos numéricos , Bacteriemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Bacteriemia/etnología , Campylobacter/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones por Campylobacter/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Campylobacter/etnología , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Gastroenteritis/tratamiento farmacológico , Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Gastroenteritis/etnología , Gastroenteritis/microbiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Israel/epidemiología , Masculino , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Increased international travel raises the importance of accurate surveillance of travel-associated gastroenteric pathogens to improve treatment and the investigation of cross-border outbreaks. This study found that 45% of Salmonella and 17% of Campylobacter infections in England were travel-associated, but only 29 and 3% of travel histories were accurately identified by national laboratory surveillance. More structured data collection forms and staff training may be needed to address this.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Campylobacter/etnología , Campylobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Brotes de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Gastroenteritis/etnología , Infecciones por Salmonella/etnología , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Viaje , Adolescente , Adulto , África/etnología , Infecciones por Campylobacter/microbiología , Niño , Inglaterra/epidemiología , Femenino , Gastroenteritis/microbiología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Medio Oriente/etnología , Vigilancia de la Población , Infecciones por Salmonella/microbiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Whereas the worldwide incidence of Crohn's disease (CD) continues to rise, Maori and Pacific Islanders living in New Zealand remain largely unaffected. The reason for this is currently unknown but may be linked to emerging evidence suggesting a role for Campylobacter spp in the aetiology of CD. Rates of campylobacteriosis are notably lower among Maori and Pacific Islanders and while this may reflect poorer access to primary care and diagnostic services, resulting in lower rates of notified disease, we consider it may also reflect a level of protective immunity in Maori and Pacific Islanders as a result of chronic infection from an early age with the closely related gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Understanding the interactions between these antigenically-related bacteria may provide us with clues that ultimately help unravel the complex aetiology of CD.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Campylobacter/epidemiología , Infecciones por Campylobacter/inmunología , Campylobacter/inmunología , Enfermedad de Crohn/epidemiología , Enfermedad de Crohn/inmunología , Enteritis/epidemiología , Enteritis/inmunología , Gastritis/epidemiología , Gastritis/inmunología , Infecciones por Helicobacter/epidemiología , Infecciones por Helicobacter/inmunología , Helicobacter pylori/inmunología , Inmunidad Adaptativa/inmunología , Infecciones por Campylobacter/etnología , Niño , Enfermedad Crónica , Enfermedad de Crohn/etnología , Protección Cruzada/inmunología , Estudios Transversales , Epítopos/inmunología , Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Gastritis/etnología , Infecciones por Helicobacter/etnología , Humanos , Masculino , Nueva Zelanda , Vigilancia de la Población , Factores Socioeconómicos , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Despite a significant public health burden the epidemiology of human Campylobacter infection remains blurred. The identification of demographic determinants for Campylobacter infection is therefore essential for identifying potential areas for intervention. Demographic data from an active, population-based sentinel surveillance system for Campylobacter infection (from 2000 until 2003, n=15 907) were compared with appropriate denominator data from the 2001 United Kingdom Census. Incidence was higher in males from birth until the late teens and in females from 20 to 36 years. Age- and gender-specific differences in Campylobacter incidence were observed in different ethnic and socioeconomic groups and hence are all major drivers for Campylobacter infection. Epidemiological studies on Campylobacter infection need to take these factors into consideration during design and analysis. The collation of detailed epidemiological data and its comparison with appropriate denominator data provides a valuable epidemiological tool for studying infection.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Campylobacter/epidemiología , Demografía , Vigilancia de la Población , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Infecciones por Campylobacter/etnología , Niño , Preescolar , Inglaterra/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Sexuales , Factores Socioeconómicos , Gales/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Notifications of campylobacteriosis by New Zealand medical practitioners have increased steadily in the last two decades. To determine if this increase is real, as opposed to a surveillance artefact, we examined both available notification (1980-2003) and hospitalization data (1995-2003). The similarity in the temporal pattern of increasing hospitalizations for campylobacteriosis, with that of notifications, is suggestive that this increase is indeed real. Although some risk factors for this disease have been identified (e.g. uncooked poultry consumption) it is unclear what the likely causes of the increasing rates are. The overall disease burden is also high compared with other developed countries (an annual notification rate of 396 cases per 100000 population in 2003), with highest rates in children aged 1-4 years, males, Europeans, and those living in urban areas. Given the large disease burden, further research and intervention studies should be public health priorities in this country.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Campylobacter/epidemiología , Notificación de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Anciano , Animales , Infecciones por Campylobacter/etnología , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , Nueva Zelanda/epidemiología , Nueva Zelanda/etnología , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Distribución por SexoRESUMEN
Campylobacter is a common cause of gastroenteritis in the United States. We conducted a population-based case-control study to determine risk factors for sporadic Campylobacter infection. During a 12-month study, we enrolled 1316 patients with culture-confirmed Campylobacter infections from 7 states, collecting demographic, clinical, and exposure data using a standardized questionnaire. We interviewed 1 matched control subject for each case patient. Thirteen percent of patients had traveled abroad. In multivariate analysis of persons who had not traveled, the largest population attributable fraction (PAF) of 24% was related to consumption of chicken prepared at a restaurant. The PAF for consumption of nonpoultry meat that was prepared at a restaurant was also large (21%); smaller proportions of illness were associated with other food and nonfood exposures. Efforts to reduce contamination of poultry with Campylobacter should benefit public health. Restaurants should improve food-handling practices, ensure adequate cooking of meat and poultry, and consider purchasing poultry that has been treated to reduce Campylobacter contamination.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Campylobacter/epidemiología , Campylobacter , Pollos/microbiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Animales , Infecciones por Campylobacter/etnología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Preescolar , Culinaria , Femenino , Manipulación de Alimentos , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Aves de Corral/microbiología , Productos Avícolas , Factores de Riesgo , Viaje , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaAsunto(s)
Infecciones por Campylobacter/etnología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/etnología , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Asia/etnología , Niño , Preescolar , Notificación de Enfermedades , Inglaterra/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud/etnologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Population based-studies on Campylobacter infection have focused on age, gender, season and the level of urbanisation. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of infection in different ethnic groups resident in England. METHODS: Ethnicity-specific risk for Campylobacter infection were calculated using data on 6585 laboratory-confirmed cases from 18 health authorities in England. RESULTS. The Pakistani community was at greater risk of Campylobacter infection than the White community (Risk Ratio (RR) 1.71; exact 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45-2.01). The Indian (RR 0.38; 95% CI 0.28-0.52) and Black (RR 0.30; 95% CI 0.21-0.44) communities were at lower risk than the White community. The risk in the Chinese community was no different from other ethnic groups (RR 1.21; 95% CI 0.74-1.98). Epidemiological differences between Pakistani and White cases were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiology of Campylobacter infection in England differs according to ethnic origin, and some ethnic groups appear to be at greater risk of infection than others. This has important implications for the development of effective disease control strategies and the design of epidemiological studies. Failure to take ethnicity into consideration might mask important risk factors for infection and limit understanding of disease transmission processes, enhancing inequality of access to preventative measures.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Campylobacter/etnología , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Infecciones por Campylobacter/etiología , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Dieta , Inglaterra/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Estaciones del Año , Vigilancia de Guardia , Factores Sexuales , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Peptic ulcer occurs with different frequencies in the three main racial groups in Singapore. This study aimed firstly to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer and non-ulcer dyspepsia patients of the different races and secondly, to assess the relation between H pylori, histological gastritis, patient diagnosis, and race. Gastric antral biopsy specimens from 1502 patients undergoing gastroduodenoscopy were studied and 892 (59%) were positive for H pylori. H pylori was strongly associated with gastritis: 873 of 1197 (73%) patients with gastritis were positive compared with 19 of 305 (6%) without gastritis (p less than 0.0001). The prevalences of H pylori and gastritis were similar in peptic ulcer patients of different races. Malay patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia, however, were less likely to be positive for H pylori (10 of 46 (22%] or to have antral gastritis (17 of 46 (37%] than Chinese (292 of 605 (48%) were positive for H pylori and 421 of 605 (70%) had gastritis) and Indians (35 of 61 (57%) were H pylori positive and 42 of 61 (69%) had gastritis). Patients with duodenal ulcer were more likely to be positive for H pylori than those with non-ulcer dyspepsia, even when subjects with gastritis were considered separately. While our results do not help to explain the observed racial differences in peptic ulcer frequency it may be that the pathophysiology of non-ulcer dyspepsia is different in the different races in Singapore.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Campylobacter/etnología , Dispepsia/etnología , Gastritis/etnología , Úlcera Péptica/etnología , Adulto , China/etnología , Dispepsia/complicaciones , Femenino , Gastritis/microbiología , Humanos , India/etnología , Malasia/etnología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Úlcera Péptica/complicaciones , Prevalencia , SingapurRESUMEN
Forty two patients (20 Fijian and 22 Indian) presenting for endoscopy at the Colonial War Memorial Hospital, Suva, Fiji, were biopsied to detect Campylobacter pylori infection. Detection of the organism's urease activity in biopsy material or seeing the organism in Warthin-Starry silver stained histology sections were used to diagnose infection. Thirty-nine patients (93%) were infected; 19 of 20 Fijians (95%) and 20 of 22 Indians (91%). Of the 39 infected patients, 37 (95%) had chronic active gastritis and 24 (62%) had active peptic ulcer disease. The implications of these findings in relation to the management of endoscopy patients in Fiji are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Campylobacter/epidemiología , Gastroscopía , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Infecciones por Campylobacter/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Campylobacter/etnología , Campylobacter fetus , Femenino , Fiji/etnología , Gastritis/epidemiología , Gastritis/microbiología , Humanos , India/etnología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Úlcera Péptica/epidemiología , Úlcera Péptica/microbiologíaRESUMEN
A proper perspective of the association of Campylobacter pylori with various diseases can be achieved only when the incidence of C. pylori infection in the normal population is known. We used the 13C urea breath test (a simple, specific, noninvasive, safe, and reproducible method to assess the presence of active C. pylori infection) to compare the frequency of C. pylori infection in healthy young adults from three areas of the world. We studied 26 women and 32 men (ages 20 to 29): 29 from the United States, 10 from China, 6 from Mexico, and 13 from India. All foreign nationals had been in the United States 5 years or less. The frequency of C. pylori infection was 21%, 67%, 33% and 46%, for those from the U.S., China, Mexico and India, respectively. Although, we found no difference in the frequency of C. pylori infection among ethnic groups from North America (U.S. citizens compared with citizens of Mexico), all individuals studied were of middle to upper class socioeconomic status. Subsequent studies will investigate whether the prevalence of C. pylori infection is different in economically disadvantaged populations. Our results suggest that there may be major differences in the age-related frequency of C. pylori infection in individuals from different parts of the world.