RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Throughout a three-year study period, 1,577 bovine clinical mastitis samples and 302 bulk tank samples were analyzed from ten Brazilian dairy herds. Enterococcus spp. was isolated and identified in 93 (5.9%) clinical mastitis samples. In addition, 258 Enterococcus spp. were isolated from the bulk tank samples of the same herds. The identification of Enterococcus spp. isolated from bulk tanks and milk samples of clinical mastitis were accomplished by phenotypic characteristics and confirmed by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (MS). Fisher test was performed to verify the difference between bulk tanks and mastitis samples. RESULTS: The following species were identified from clinical mastitis: E. saccharolyticus (62.4%), E. faecalis (19.4%), E. faecium (15.1%), E. hirae (1.1%), E. mundtii (1.1%), E. durans (1.1%). Furthermore, from 258 bulk tank milk samples, eight enterococci species were isolated: E. faecalis (67.8%), E. hirae (15.1%), E. faecium (4.6%), E. saccharolyticus (4.6%), E. mundtii (3.1%), E. caseliflavus ( 2.7%), E. durans (1.2%), E. galinarum (0.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The difference in species predominance in bulk tank samples (67.8% of E. faecalis) and clinical mastitis (62.4% of E. saccharolyticus) was unexpected and caught our attention. Although Enterococcus spp. are traditionally classified as an environmental mastitis agent, in the present study, E. saccharolyticus behaved as a contagious agent of mastitis, which consequently changed the control patterns to be implemented.
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Enterococcus , Mastitis Bovina , Leche , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización Desorción , Mastitis Bovina/microbiología , Mastitis Bovina/diagnóstico , Animales , Leche/microbiología , Leche/química , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización Desorción/veterinaria , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización Desorción/métodos , Femenino , Enterococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Bovinos , Brasil , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/veterinaria , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Co-infection of Lactococcus garvieae and Aeromonas hydrophila, has been confirmed from diseased Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Chithralada strain cultured in a freshwater rearing pond of Alappuzha district of Kerala, India. The aetiological agents behind the disease outbreak were bacteriologically proven and confirmed by 16SrRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. PCR detection of the virulent genes, showed existence of adhesin and hemolysin in L. garvieae and aerolysin in A. hydrophila strain obtained. To fulfil Koch's postulates, challenge experiments were conducted and median lethal dose (LD50) of L. garvieae and A. hydrophila was calculated as 1 × 105.91 CFU per mL and 1 × 105.2 CFU per mL respectively. Histopathologically, eyes, spleen, and kidney were the predominantly infected organs by L. garvieae and A. hydrophila. Out of the 13 antibiotics tested to check antibiotic susceptibility, L. garvieae showed resistance to almost 7 antibiotics tested, with a resistance to Ciprofloxacin while A. hydrophila was found resistant to Streptomycin and Erythromycin. Understanding the complex interaction between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in the disease process and pathogenesis in fish host will contribute to efficient treatment strategies. As a preliminary investigation into this complex interaction, the present study is aimed at phenotypic and genotypic characterization, pathogenicity evaluation, and antibiotic susceptibility of the co-infecting pathogens in a diseased sample of freshwater-farmed Nile tilapia.
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Aeromonas hydrophila , Antibacterianos , Cíclidos , Coinfección , Enfermedades de los Peces , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas , Lactococcus , Filogenia , Animales , Aeromonas hydrophila/genética , Aeromonas hydrophila/aislamiento & purificación , Aeromonas hydrophila/patogenicidad , Aeromonas hydrophila/clasificación , Aeromonas hydrophila/efectos de los fármacos , Cíclidos/microbiología , India , Enfermedades de los Peces/microbiología , Lactococcus/genética , Lactococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Lactococcus/clasificación , Lactococcus/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/veterinaria , Coinfección/microbiología , Coinfección/veterinaria , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/veterinaria , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Acuicultura , Proteínas Hemolisinas/genética , Proteínas Hemolisinas/metabolismoRESUMEN
The microbiota represents a crucial area of research in maintaining human health due to its potential for uncovering novel biomarkers, therapies, and molecular mechanisms relevant to population identification and experimental model characterization. Among these microorganisms, Enterococcus faecalis, a Gram-positive bacterium found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals, holds particular significance. Strains of this bacterial species have sparked considerable debate in the literature due to their dual nature; they can either be utilized as probiotics in the food industry or demonstrate resistance to antibiotics, potentially leading to severe illness, disability, and death. Given the diverse characteristics of Enterococcus faecalis strains, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of their impact on various systems within the host, including the immunological, cardiovascular, metabolic, and nervous systems. Furthermore, we summarize the bacterium-host interaction characteristics and molecular effects to highlight their targets, features, and overall impact on microbial communities and host health.
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Enterococcus faecalis , Probióticos , Humanos , Animales , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/microbiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Tracto Gastrointestinal/microbiología , Interacciones Microbiota-HuespedRESUMEN
Bacillus cereus sensu stricto (s.s.) is a well-known foodborne pathogen that produces a range of enterotoxins and is able to cause two different types of foodborne illnesses-the emetic and the diarrheal syndromes. In this study, 54 B. cereus s.s. strains isolated from foodstuff and foods involved in food poisoning outbreaks were characterized according to the presence of toxin-encoding genes, virulence-encoding genes, and panC typing. Most isolates were assigned to panC groups IV (61.1%) and III (25.9%), but members of groups II and V could also be found. Investigation of specific alleles revealed high numbers of isolates carrying toxin and other virulence genes including nheA (100%), nheB (100%), hblA (79.6%), hblC (79.6%), hblD (74.1%), cytK-2 (61.1%), clo (100%), pc-plc (75.9%), sph (68.5%), pi-plc (66.6%), hlyIII (62.9%), and hlyII (24.1%). All isolates were negative for ces and cytK-1. In summary, we detected various enterotoxin and other virulence factor genes associated with diarrheal syndrome in strains analyzed, implicated or not with food poisoning. Furthermore, the most isolates analyzed belong to high-risk phylogenetic groups' panC types III and IV. Our study provides a convenient molecular scheme for characterization of B. cereus s.s. strains responsible for food poisoning outbreaks in order to improve the monitoring and investigation and assess emerging clusters and diversity of strains.
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Bacillus cereus , Brotes de Enfermedades , Enterotoxinas , Microbiología de Alimentos , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos , Bacillus cereus/genética , Bacillus cereus/aislamiento & purificación , Bacillus cereus/clasificación , Bacillus cereus/patogenicidad , Brasil/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/microbiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/epidemiología , Humanos , Enterotoxinas/genética , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Introducción: la persistencia de microorganismos en los conductos radiculares es uno de los principales factores del fracaso endodóncico. Por ello la importancia de conocer las propiedades antimicrobianas de los distintos tipos de selladores. Objetivo: realizar una comparación con base en la evidencia disponible sobre la actividad antimicrobiana de los diferentes cementos selladores en endodoncia. Material y métodos: la información fue recopilada de las bases de datos PubMed y Google Académico en el idioma inglés y español, publicados en el periodo 2014-2023. Resultados: un gran número de microorganismos se encuentran presentes en los diferentes tipos de infecciones de origen endodóncico, se han identificado más de 500 especies microbianas, entre ellas bacterias, hongos, arqueas y virus. Los cementos selladores se pueden clasificar según su composición química, en cementos a base de óxido de zinc-eugenol, hidróxido de calcio, a base de ionómero de vidrio, silicona, resina y biocerámicos. Conclusión: los cementos selladores que mostraron mayor actividad antimicrobiana contra los microorganismos persistentes fueron los cementos a base de óxido de zinc-eugenol, resina y biocerámicos. Sin embargo, se identificó que cada autor utilizó diferentes métodos y tiempos, por lo tanto, no es posible lograr definir con exactitud qué cemento sellador posee la mejor capacidad antimicrobiana (AU)
Introduction: the persistence of microorganisms in root canals is one of the main factors of endodontic failure. Therefore, the importance of knowing the antimicrobial properties of the different types of sealants. Objective: to make a comparison based on the available evidence on the antimicrobial activity of the different endodontics sealers. Material and methods: the information was collected from PubMed and Google Academic databases in English and Spanish, published in the period 2014-2023. Results: a large number of microorganisms are present in the different types of infections of endodontic origin, more than 500 microbiological species have been identified, including bacteria, fungi, archaea and viruses. Sealer cements can be classified according to their chemical composition, into cements based on zinc oxide-eugenol, calcium hydroxide, based on glass ionomer, silicone, resin and bioceramics. Conclusion: sealer cements that showed the highest antimicrobial activity against persistent microorganisms were zinc oxide-eugenol, resin, and bioceramic-based cements. However, it was identified that each author used different methods and times, therefore, it is not possible to accurately define which sealer cement has the best antimicrobial capacity (AU)
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Materiales de Obturación del Conducto Radicular/química , Cavidad Pulpar/microbiología , Cemento de Óxido de Zinc-Eugenol/química , Hidróxido de Calcio/química , Bases de Datos Bibliográficas , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/microbiología , Cementos de Resina/química , Cerámicas Modificadas Orgánicamente/química , Cementos de Ionómero Vítreo/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologíaAsunto(s)
Enterococcus faecium , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas , Animales , Enterococcus faecium/genética , Mascotas , Brasil/epidemiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Células Clonales , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/epidemiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/veterinaria , Proteínas Bacterianas , Ligasas de Carbono-Oxígeno , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
Mangrove ecosystems are hotspots of biodiversity, but have been threatened by anthropogenic activities. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are nosocomial bacteria classified as high priority by the World Health Organization (WHO). Herein, we describe the identification and genomic characteristics of a vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis strain isolated from a highly impacted mangrove ecosystem of the northeastern Brazilian, in 2021. Genomic analysis confirmed the existence of the transposon Tn1546-vanA and clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes, such as streptogramins, tetracycline, phenicols, and fluoroquinolones. Virulome analysis identified several genes associated to adherence, immune modulation, biofilm, and exoenzymes production. The UFSEfl strain was assigned to sequence type (ST9), whereas phylogenomic analysis with publicly available genomes from a worldwide confirmed clonal relatedness with a hospital-associated Brazilian clone. Our findings highlight the successful expansion of hospital-associated VRE in a mangrove area and shed light on the need for strengthening genomic surveillance of WHO priority pathogens in these vital ecosystems.
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Ecosistema , Enterococcus faecium , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas , Enterococos Resistentes a la Vancomicina , Humanos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Brasil/epidemiología , Células Clonales , Enterococcus faecalis/genética , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/epidemiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/microbiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Vancomicina , Resistencia a la Vancomicina/genética , Enterococos Resistentes a la Vancomicina/genética , Infección Hospitalaria/microbiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of linezolid and vancomycin for the treatment of nosocomial infections in children under 12 years old. DATA SOURCES: This is a systematic review in which five randomized clinical trials about the effectiveness of linezolid and vancomycin, involving a total of 429 children with nosocomial infections, were evaluated. They were searched in scientific databases: PubMed, Bvs, and SciELO. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS: The main nosocomial infections that affected children were bacteremia, skin, and soft tissue infections followed by nosocomial pneumonia. Most infections were caused by Gram-positive bacteria, which all studies showed infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci strains being isolated. Both linezolid and vancomycin showed high therapeutic efficacy against different types of nosocomial infections, ranging from 84.4% to 94% for linezolid and 76.9% to 90% for vancomycin. Patients receiving linezolid had lower rates of rash and red man syndrome compared to those receiving vancomycin. However, despite the adverse reactions, antimicrobials can be safely administered to children to treat nosocomial infections caused by resistant Gram-positive bacteria. CONCLUSION: Both linezolid and vancomycin showed good efficacy in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by resistant Gram-positive bacteria in hospitalized children. However, linezolid stands out regarding its pharmacological safety. Importantly, to strengthen this conclusion, further clinical trials are needed to provide additional evidence.
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Antibacterianos , Infección Hospitalaria , Linezolid , Vancomicina , Humanos , Linezolid/uso terapéutico , Infección Hospitalaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Infección Hospitalaria/microbiología , Vancomicina/uso terapéutico , Niño , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Preescolar , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/efectos de los fármacos , Lactante , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Enterococcus faecalis has emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen due to its increasing resistance to antimicrobials, mainly to vancomycin, which leads substantial cases of therapeutic failures. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), in turn, are considered hotpots in the spread of antimicrobial resistance according to One Health perspective. In this study, we present the first report of a vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis strain recovered from treated effluent in Brazil. For this purpose, the whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was carried out aiming to elucidate its molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and its phylogenetic relationships amongst strains from other sources and countries. According to Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) analysis this strain belongs to ST21. The WGS pointed the presence of vanA operon, multiple antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, and a significant pathogenic potential for humans. The phylogenomic analysis of E. faecalis 6805 was performed with ST21 representatives from the PubMLST database, including the E. faecalis IE81 strain from clinical sample in Brazil, which had its genome sequenced in this study. Our results demonstrated a strain showing resistance to vancomycin in treated effluent. To the best of our knowledge, this is an unprecedented report of vanA-carrying E. faecalis ST21. Furthermore, it is the first description of a vanA-harboring strain of this species from environmental sample in Brazil. Our data highlight the role of WWTP in the spread of AMR, since these environments are favorable for the selection of multidrug-resistant pathogens and the treated effluents, carrying antibiotic resistance genes, are directed to receiving water bodies.
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Enterococcus faecium , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas , Humanos , Enterococcus faecalis/genética , Vancomicina , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus , Brasil , Filogenia , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Resistencia a la Vancomicina/genéticaRESUMEN
Abstract Objective Research and identification of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) and other microorganisms in deeptissue samples collected in clean shoulder surgeries of patients who did not undergo any previous invasive joint procedure and who had no clinical history of infection. Methods We analyzed the results of cultures of intraoperative deep tissue samples from 84 patients submitted to primary clean shoulder surgery. Tubes containing culture medium were used for storage and transport of anaerobic agents, prolonged incubation time, and mass spectrometer for diagnosis of bacterial agents. Results Bacteria growth was evidenced in 34 patients (40.4%) of the 84 included in the study. Of these, 23 had growth of C. acnes in at least one sample of deep tissue collected, corresponding to 27.3% of the total patients. The second most common agent was Staphylococcus epidermidis, present in 7.2% of the total individuals included. We showed a higher relationship between sample positivity and males, a lower mean age, absence of diabetes mellitus, ASA I score, and antibiotic prophylaxis in anesthetic induction with cefuroxime. Conclusions A high percentage of isolates of different bacteria was found in shoulder tissue samples of patients undergoing clean and primary surgeries, who had no history of previous infection. Identification of C. acnes was high (27.6%), and Staphylococcus epidermidis was the second most frequent agent (7.2%).
Resumo Objetivo Pesquisa e identificação de Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) e de outros microrganismos em amostras de tecidos profundos coletados em cirurgias limpas de ombro em pacientes que não foram submetidos a nenhum procedimento invasivo articular prévio e que não possuíam antecedentes clínicos de infecção. Métodos Foram analisados os resultados das culturas de amostras de tecidos profundos intraoperatórias de 84 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia limpa primária do ombro. Foram utilizados tubos contendo meio de cultivo para armazenamento e transporte de agentes anaeróbicos, tempo prolongado de incubação e espectrômetro de massa para diagnósticos de agentes bacterianos. Resultados Foi evidenciado o crescimento de bactérias em 34 pacientes (40,4%) dos 84 incluídos no estudo. Desses, 23 apresentavam crescimento de C. acnes em pelo menos uma amostra de tecido profundo coletada, correspondendo a 27,3% do total de pacientes. O segundo agente mais encontrado foi o Staphylococcus epidermidis, presente em 7,2% do total de indivíduos incluídos. Evidenciamos maior relação da positividade de amostras com o gênero masculino, uma média de idade inferior, a ausência de diabetes mellitus, o escore ASA I e a profilaxia antibiótica na indução anestésica com cefuroxima. Conclusões Verificou-se um elevado percentual de isolados de diferentes bactérias em amostras de tecidos de ombros de pacientes submetidos a cirurgias limpas e primárias e sem histórico de infecção anterior. A identificação de C. acnes foi elevada (27,6%) e o Staphylococcus epidermidis foi o segundo agente mais frequente (7,2%).
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Humanos , Hombro/fisiopatología , Staphylococcus epidermidis , Infecciones por Bacterias GrampositivasRESUMEN
We report a large, hospital-wide outbreak of pseudobacteremia by Paenibacillus spp. In total, 139 patients presented at least 1 positive blood culture during a 13-month period. Microbiological experiments indicated that contaminated nonsterile gloves were associated with the pseudobacteremia episodes. The outbreak was resolved by discontinuing the use of the involved brand.
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Infección Hospitalaria , Guantes Quirúrgicos , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas , Paenibacillus , Humanos , Brotes de Enfermedades , Guantes Quirúrgicos/microbiología , Hospitales , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/epidemiología , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Infección Hospitalaria/epidemiología , Infección Hospitalaria/microbiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Patients with cancer are at risk of multidrug-resistant bacteria colonization, but association of colonization with in-hospital mortality and one-year survival has not been established in critically ill patients with cancer. METHODS: Using logistic and Cox-regression analyses adjusted for confounders, in adult patients admitted at intensive care unit (ICU) with active cancer, we evaluate the association of colonization by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria or vancomycin-resistant enterococci with in-hospital mortality and one-year survival. RESULTS: We included 714 patients and among them 140 were colonized (19.6%). Colonized patients more frequently came from ward, had longer hospital length of stay before ICU admission, had unplanned ICU admission, had worse performance status, higher predicted mortality upon ICU admission, and more hematological malignancies than patients without colonization. None of the patients presented conversion of colonization to infection by the same bacteria during hospital stay, but 20.7% presented conversion to infection after hospital discharge. Colonized patients had a higher in-hospital mortality compared to patients without colonization (44.3 vs. 33.4%; p < 0.01), but adjusting for confounders, colonization was not associated with in-hospital mortality [Odds ratio = 1.03 (0.77-1.99)]. Additionally, adjusting for confounders, colonization was not associated with one-year survival [Hazard ratio = 1.10 (0.87-1.40)]. CONCLUSIONS: Adult critically ill patients with active cancer and colonized by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria or vancomycin-resistant enterococci active cancer have a worse health status compared to patients without colonization. However, adjusting for confounders, colonization by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria or vancomycin-resistant enterococci are not associated with in-hospital mortality and one-year survival.
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Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas , Neoplasias Hematológicas , Enterococos Resistentes a la Vancomicina , Adulto , Humanos , Carbapenémicos/farmacología , Carbapenémicos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedad Crítica , Mortalidad Hospitalaria , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/epidemiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/microbiología , Bacterias GramnegativasRESUMEN
Chronic granulomatous disease is a rare primary immunodeficiency characterized by defects in one of the subunits of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase enzyme complex, which causes a deficiency in the capacity of phagocytes to generate superoxide anion. Within this group, the X-linked form is the most frequent. Here we report the case of a 2-year-old female patient with autosomal recessive chronic granulomatous disease, with a mutation in the CYBA gene, whose initial manifestation was brain abscesses caused by an opportunistic microorganism (Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis). The infection led to an early diagnostic suspicion, so treatment and prophylaxis were administered in a timely manner. Currently, she is infectionfree, awaiting hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation. .
La enfermedad granulomatosa crónica es una inmunodeficiencia primaria poco frecuente, que secaracteriza por defectos en alguna de las subunidades del complejo enzimático nicotinamida adeninadinucleótido fosfato oxidasa, que ocasiona un déficit en la generación de anión superóxido por los fagocitos. Dentro de este grupo, la forma ligada al X es la más frecuente. Se reporta el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino de 2 años con enfermedad granulomatosa crónica autosómica recesiva, con mutación en gen CYBA, quien presentó manifestación inicial de la enfermedad con abscesos cerebrales ocasionados por un germen oportunista (Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis). Esta infección permitió la sospecha diagnóstica temprana, por lo que recibió el tratamiento y la profilaxis en forma oportuna. Actualmente, se encuentra libre de infecciones, a la espera del trasplante de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas.
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Absceso Encefálico , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas , Enfermedad Granulomatosa Crónica , Absceso Encefálico/microbiología , Humanos , Femenino , Preescolar , Enfermedad Granulomatosa Crónica/complicaciones , Actinobacteria , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Renibacterium salmoninarum is one of the oldest known fish bacterial pathogens. This Gram-positive bacterium is the causative agent of Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD), a chronic infection that primarily infects salmonids at low temperatures. Externally, infected fish may show exophthalmos, skin blisters, ulcerations, and hemorrhages at the base of the fins and along the lateral line. Internally, the kidney, heart, spleen, and liver may show signs of inflammation. The best characterized virulence factor of R. salmoninarum is p57, a 57 kDa protein located on the bacterial cell surface and secreted into surrounding fish tissue. The p57 protein in fish is the main mediator in suppressing the immune system, reducing antibody production, and intervening in cytokine activity. In this review, we will discuss aspects such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that modify the DNA sequence, variants in the number of copies of MSA genes, physical-chemical properties of the signal peptides, and the limited iron conditions that can modify p57 expression and increase the virulence of R. salmoninarum.
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Enfermedades de los Peces , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas , Animales , Proteómica , Virulencia/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana Bacteriana Externa/genética , Genómica , Enfermedades de los Peces/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/veterinaria , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Abstract Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic commonly used to treat Gram-positive bacterial infections in the clinic. The aim of this study was to provide a therapeutic reference for the clinical application and dosage regimen adjustment of teicoplanin by identifying factors associated with its plasma trough concentration (Ctrough). A retrospective study was performed on patients with suspected or documented Gram-positive infections who were hospitalized from November 2017 to January 2020 and treated with teicoplanin while undergoing routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). A total of 112 Ctrough trough measurements were obtained from 72 patients were included in this study. SPSS software was used for correlation analysis and receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. The Ctrough for teicoplanin showed statistically significant relationships (P<0.05) with PLT, Scr, CLcr, eGFR, BUN and Cys-C. ROC curve analysis revealed that CLcr and eGFR were more sensitive and specific for Ctrough compared to the other factors. These findings should be considered in the clinical application of teicoplanin and for its dosage adjustment.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Pacientes/clasificación , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/patología , Teicoplanina/análisis , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Monitoreo de Drogas/instrumentación , Creatinina/efectos adversos , Tasa de Filtración GlomerularRESUMEN
In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility, the presence of gene-encoding virulence factors and CRISPR systems, as well as the ability to produce lytic enzymes among clinical E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates (n = 44). All enterococci isolates showed phenotypes of multidrug resistance. E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates exhibited high-level aminoglycoside resistance phenotype, several of them harboring the aac(6')Ie-aph(2â³)Ia and aph(3')-IIIa genes. The gene vanA was the most frequent among vancomycin-resistant E. faecium. High prevalence of the virulence genes esp and efaA were observed; hyl gene was more associated with E. faecium, while ace and efaA genes were more frequently detected in E. faecalis. Caseinase activity was frequently detected among the isolates. Gelatinase and DNAse activities predominated among E. faecalis, while hemolytic capability was frequent among E. faecium isolates. Twenty-nine isolates showed at least one CRISPR system investigated. Several enterococci isolates harbored the aac(6')-Ie-aph(2â³)-Ia or aph(3')-IIIa genes and a CRISPR loci. CRISPR loci were positively correlated to efaA and gelE genes, and gelatinase and DNAse activities, while CRISPR loci absence was related to hyl gene presence. These results show that clinical isolates of E. faecalis and E. faecium harboring virulence genes show the concomitant presence of CRISPR loci and antibiotic resistance determinants.
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Enterococcus faecium , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas , Aminoglicósidos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Repeticiones Palindrómicas Cortas Agrupadas y Regularmente Espaciadas , Desoxirribonucleasas/genética , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Enterococcus/genética , Enterococcus faecalis , Gelatinasas , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/epidemiología , Humanos , Kanamicina Quinasa/genética , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Vancomicina , Virulencia/genética , Factores de Virulencia/genéticaRESUMEN
Abstract Objective The present study aimed to identify bacterial agents in shoulder surgery specimens from patients with no history of previous shoulder infection or surgery. Methods Tendon, bursa, and bone specimens were collected during surgery, stored in sterile dry bottles, and sent to a hospital-associated laboratory for culture growth analysis in media for aerobic and anaerobic agents. Findings from 141 samples from 47 shoulders were analyzed. Results The cultures were negative in 46 cases (97.8%) and in 140 samples (99.2%). The culture was positive in a single patient, with growth of Staphylococcus hominis from one of three specimens collected. Conclusions The rates of bacterial growth were not consistent with the international literature, indicating the low effectiveness of laboratory methods used in Brazil.
Resumo Objetivo Identificar agentes bacterianos em amostras de cirurgias do ombro de pacientes sem histórico de infecção e de cirurgias prévias no ombro. Métodos Amostras de tendão, bursa e osso foram coletadas no intraoperatório, armazenadas em frascos estéreis a seco e enviadas para análise de crescimento de cultura em meios para agentes aeróbios e anaeróbios no laboratório credenciado ao hospital. Foram analisados os resultados de 141 amostras de 47 ombros. Resultados Obtivemos resultados de culturas negativas em 46 casos (97,8%) e em 140 amostras (99,2%). Apenas um paciente apresentou resultado positivo, com crescimento bacteriano do Staphylococcus hominis em uma das três amostras coletadas. Conclusões Não evidenciamos taxas de crescimento bacteriano condizentes com a literatura internacional, alertando para a baixa eficácia dos métodos laboratoriais utilizados no nosso país.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Hombro/cirugía , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas , AntibacterianosRESUMEN
Enterococci are major, recalcitrant nosocomial pathogens with a wide repertoire of intrinsic and acquired resistance determinants and the potential of developing resistance to all clinically available antimicrobials. As such, multidrug-resistant enterococci are considered a serious public health threat. Due to limited treatment options and rapid emergence of resistance to all novel agents, the clinical microbiology laboratory plays a critical role in deploying accurate, reproducible, and feasible antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods to guide appropriate treatment of patients with deep-seated enterococcal infections. In this review, we provide an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of existing manual and automated methods that test susceptibility of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis to ß-lactams, aminoglycosides, vancomycin, lipoglycopeptides, oxazolidinones, novel tetracycline-derivatives, and daptomycin. We also identify unique problems and gaps with the performance and clinical utility of antimicrobial susceptibility testing for enterococci, provide recommendations for clinical laboratories to circumvent select problems, and address potential future innovations that can bridge major gaps in susceptibility testing.
Asunto(s)
Daptomicina , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas , Oxazolidinonas , Aminoglicósidos/uso terapéutico , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Enterococcus , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/microbiología , Humanos , Lipoglucopéptidos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Oxazolidinonas/uso terapéutico , Tetraciclina/uso terapéutico , Vancomicina/uso terapéutico , beta-LactamasRESUMEN
We aimed to assess the factors associated with 30-day mortality in patients with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREf) bloodstream infection (BSI) who received treatment with linezolid in an 11-year retrospective cohort of patients with VREf BSI. A univariate and stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine 30-day mortality factors. Moreover, a Cox proportional hazards analysis of predictor covariates of mortality was performed. Eighty patients were included in the final analysis; 42 (53%) died and 38 (47%) survived 30 days after the index bacteremia. Thirteen patients of 42 (31%) died in the first 7 days. The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score was significantly associated with 30-day mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22-1.76; p < 0.001) in the multivariate analysis. Moreover, VREf BSI persisting for more than 48 hours was a strong factor related to 30-day mortality (aOR, 19.6; 95% CI: 1.46-263; p = 0.01). Adequate control of infection source showed a trend to be protective without reaching significance in the multivariate analysis (aOR, 0.19; 95% CI: 0.04-1.0; p = 0.05). The Cox proportional hazards analysis confirmed the same significant mortality predictor besides linezolid treatment within the first 48 hours as a protective factor (hazard ratio 0.46; 95% CI: 0.23-0.92, p = 0.02). Severely ill patients with high APACHE II score and persistent bacteremia have a higher risk of failure with linezolid therapy.