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Coordenadoria de Vigilância em Saúde da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de São Paulo (COVISA/SMS-SP) disponibiliza semanalmente o boletim epidemiológico de Arboviroses: Dengue, Zika e Chikungunya.

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Coordenadoria de Vigilância em Saúde da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de São Paulo (COVISA/SMS-SP) disponibiliza semanalmente o boletim epidemiológico de Arboviroses: Dengue, Zika e Chikungunya.

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Coordenadoria de Vigilância em Saúde da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de São Paulo (COVISA/SMS-SP) disponibiliza semanalmente o boletim epidemiológico de Arboviroses: Dengue, Zika e Chikungunya.

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BACKGROUND: Healthcare systems are currently ill-equipped to diagnose arboviruses rapidly and efficiently or to differentiate between various viruses. METHODS: Utilizing molecular techniques, this study examined arbovirus infections in 459 patients from a public health unit in Goiânia-Goiás, Brazil, a region where arbovirus infection poses a significant public health challenge. RESULTS: Nearly 60% of the analyzed samples tested positive for at least one arbovirus, and over 10% of the patients were co-infected with more than one virus. CONCLUSIONS: Fast and accurate diagnostic tools are essential for informing public health policy and enhancing epidemiological surveillance.

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Over the past decades, the number of arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) outbreaks has increased worldwide. Knowledge regarding the sylvatic cycle (i.e., non-human hosts/environment) of arboviruses is limited, particularly in Africa, and the main hosts for virus maintenance are unknown. Previous studies have shown the presence of antibodies against certain arboviruses (i.e., chikungunya-, dengue-, and Zika virus) in African non-human primates and bats. We hypothesize that small mammals, specifically rodents, may function as amplifying hosts in anthropogenic environments. The detection of RNA of most arboviruses is complicated by the viruses' short viremic period within their hosts. An alternative to determine arbovirus hosts is by detecting antibodies, which can persist several months. Therefore, we developed a high-throughput multiplex immunoassay to detect antibodies against 15 medically relevant arboviruses. We used this assay to assess approximately 1,300 blood samples of the multimammate mouse, Mastomys natalensis from Tanzania. In 24% of the samples, we detected antibodies against at least one of the tested arboviruses, with high seroprevalences of antibodies reacting against dengue virus serotype one (7.6%) and two (8.4%), and chikungunya virus (6%). Seroprevalence was higher in females and increased with age, which could be explained by inherent immunity and behavioral differences between sexes, and the increased chance of exposure to an arbovirus with age. We evaluated whether antibodies against multiple arboviruses co-occur more often than randomly and found that this may be true for some members of the Flaviviridae and Togaviridae. In conclusion, the development of an assay against a wide diversity of medically relevant arboviruses enabled the analysis of a large sample collection of one of the most abundant African small mammals. Our findings highlight that Mastomys natalensis is involved in the transmission cycle of multiple arboviruses and provide a solid foundation to better understand the role of this ubiquitous rodent in arbovirus outbreaks.

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Coordenadoria de Vigilância em Saúde da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de São Paulo (COVISA/SMS-SP) disponibiliza semanalmente o boletim epidemiológico de Arboviroses: Dengue, Zika e Chikungunya.

Asunto(s)

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Coordenadoria de Vigilância em Saúde da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de São Paulo (COVISA/SMS-SP) disponibiliza semanalmente o boletim epidemiológico de Arboviroses: Dengue, Zika e Chikungunya.

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Coordenadoria de Vigilância em Saúde da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de São Paulo (COVISA/SMS-SP) disponibiliza semanalmente o boletim epidemiológico de Arboviroses: Dengue, Zika e Chikungunya.

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Coordenadoria de Vigilância em Saúde da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de São Paulo (COVISA/SMS-SP) disponibiliza semanalmente o boletim epidemiológico de Arboviroses: Dengue, Zika e Chikungunya.

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Arboviruses are pathogens transmitted mainly by mosquitoes, ticks, and sandflies [...].

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Most viral diseases display a variable clinical outcome due to differences in virus strain virulence and/or individual host susceptibility to infection. Understanding the biological mechanisms differentiating a viral infection displaying severe clinical manifestations from its milder forms can provide the intellectual framework toward therapies and early prognostic markers. This is especially true in arbovirus infections, where most clinical cases are present as mild febrile illness. Here, we used a naturally occurring vector-borne viral disease of ruminants, bluetongue, as an experimental system to uncover the fundamental mechanisms of virus-host interactions resulting in distinct clinical outcomes. As with most viral diseases, clinical symptoms in bluetongue can vary dramatically. We reproduced experimentally distinct clinical forms of bluetongue infection in sheep using three bluetongue virus (BTV) strains (BTV-1IT2006, BTV-1IT2013 and BTV-8FRA2017). Infected animals displayed clinical signs varying from clinically unapparent, to mild and severe disease. We collected and integrated clinical, haematological, virological, and histopathological data resulting in the analyses of 332 individual parameters from each infected and uninfected control animal. We subsequently used machine learning to select the key viral and host processes associated with disease pathogenesis. We identified and experimentally validated five different fundamental processes affecting the severity of bluetongue: (i) virus load and replication in target organs, (ii) modulation of the host type-I IFN response, (iii) pro-inflammatory responses, (iv) vascular damage, and (v) immunosuppression. Overall, we showed that an agnostic machine learning approach can be used to prioritise the different pathogenetic mechanisms affecting the disease outcome of an arbovirus infection.

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Arboviruses can be paternally transmitted by male insects to offspring for long-term persistence, but the mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we use a model system of a destructive rice reovirus and its leafhopper vector to find that insect ribosome-rescuer Pelo-Hbs1 complex expressed on the sperm surface mediates paternal arbovirus transmission. This occurs through targeting virus-containing tubules constituted by viral nonstructural protein Pns11 to sperm surface via Pns11-Pelo interaction. Tubule assembly is dependent on Hsp70 activity, while Pelo-Hbs1 complex inhibits tubule assembly via suppressing Hsp70 activity. However, virus-activated ubiquitin ligase E3 mediates Pelo ubiquitinated degradation, synergistically causing Hbs1 degradation. Importantly, Pns11 effectively competes with Pelo for binding to E3, thus antagonizing E3-mediated Pelo-Hbs1 degradation. These processes cause a slight reduction of Pelo-Hbs1 complex in infected testes, promoting effective tubule assembly. Our findings provide insight into how insect sperm-specific Pelo-Hbs1 complex is modulated to promote paternal virus transmission without disrupting sperm function.

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BACKGROUND: Nonspecific acute tropical febrile illnesses (NEATFI) are common in the Latin American tropics. Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, Mayaro, and Usutu, among others, can coexist in the American tropics. This study aimed to surveil the arboviruses that cause| acute febrile syndrome in patients in the Meta department, Colombia. METHODS: Between June 2021 and February 2023, an epidemiological surveillance study was conducted in the Llanos of the Meta department in Eastern Colombia. RESULTS: One hundred patients in the acute phase with typical prodromal symptoms of NEATFI infection who attended the emergency department of the Villavicencio Departmental Hospital were included. ELISA tests were performed for Dengue, Usutu, Chikungunya, and Mayaro. RT-qPCR was performed to detect the arboviruses Usutu, Dengue, Zika, Mayaro, and Oropouche. The seroprevalence for the Chikungunya, Mayaro, and Usutu viruses was 41 % (28/68), 40 % (27/67), and 62 % (47/75), respectively. Seroconversion for Chikungunya was observed in one patient; two seroconverted to Mayaro and one to Usutu. The NS5 gene fragment of the Usutu virus was detected in nine febrile patients. RT-qPCR of the remaining arboviruses was negative. The clinical symptoms of the nine Usutu-positive patients were very similar to those of Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, and Mayaro infections. CONCLUSIONS: The pervasive detection of unexpected viruses such as Usutu and Mayaro demonstrated the importance of searching for other viruses different from Dengue. Because Usutu infection and Mayaro fever have clinical features like Dengue, a new algorithm should be proposed to improve the accuracy of acute tropical fevers.

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Advancing climate change increases the risk of future infectious disease outbreaks, particularly of zoonotic diseases, by affecting the abundance and spread of viral vectors. Concerningly, there are currently no approved drugs for some relevant diseases, such as the arboviral diseases chikungunya, dengue or zika. The development of novel inhibitors takes 10-15 years to reach the market and faces critical challenges in preclinical and clinical trials, with approximately 30% of trials failing due to side effects. As an early response to emerging infectious diseases, CavitOmiX allows for a rapid computational screening of databases containing 3D point-clouds representing binding sites of approved drugs to identify candidates for off-label use. This process, known as drug repurposing, reduces the time and cost of regulatory approval. Here, we present potential approved drug candidates for off-label use, targeting the ADP-ribose binding site of Alphavirus chikungunya non-structural protein 3. Additionally, we demonstrate a novel in silico drug design approach, considering potential side effects at the earliest stages of drug development. We use a genetic algorithm to iteratively refine potential inhibitors for (i) reduced off-target activity and (ii) improved binding to different viral variants or across related viral species, to provide broad-spectrum and safe antivirals for the future.

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The common house mosquito (Culex pipiens) is a native vector for West Nile virus (WNV). Invasive species like the tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) and Asian bush mosquito (Aedes japonicus) are rapidly spreading through Europe, posing a major threat as vectors for dengue, chikungunya (CHIKV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). These mosquitoes share a similar ecological niche as larvae, but the carry-over effects of aquatic larval interactions to the terrestrial adult stage remain largely unknown and their medical relevance requires further investigation. This study examines the context dependency of larval interactions among Aedes albopictus, Aedes japonicus, and Culex pipiens. The survival, development time, growth, and energetic storage were measured in different European populations within density-response (intraspecific) experiments and replacement (interspecific) experiments at 20 °C and 26 °C. Overall, Ae. japonicus was the weakest competitor, while competition between Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens varied with temperature. Adults emerging from this larval competition were infected as follows: Culex pipiens with WNV, Ae. albopictus with CHIKV, and Ae. japonicus with JEV. While no JEV infection was observed, mosquitoes experiencing interspecific interactions during their larval stages exhibited higher infection rates and viral RNA titers for CHIKV and WNV. This increased susceptibility to viral infection after larval competition suggests a higher risk of arbovirus transmission in co-occurring populations.

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Most mathematical models that assess the vectorial capacity of disease-transmitting insects typically focus on the influence of climatic factors to predict variations across different times and locations, or examine the impact of vector control interventions to forecast their potential effectiveness. We combine features of existing models to develop a novel model for vectorial capacity that considers both climate and vector control. This model considers how vector control tools affect vectors at each stage of their feeding cycle, and incorporates host availability and preference. Applying this model to arboviruses of veterinary importance in Europe, we show that African horse sickness virus (AHSV) has a higher peak predicted vectorial capacity than bluetongue virus (BTV), Schmallenberg virus (SBV), and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). However, AHSV has a shorter average infectious period due to high mortality; therefore, the overall basic reproduction number of AHSV is similar to BTV. A comparable relationship exists between SBV and EHDV, with both viruses showing similar basic reproduction numbers. Focusing on AHSV transmission in the UK, insecticide-treated stable netting is shown to significantly reduce vectorial capacity of Culicoides, even at low coverage levels. However, untreated stable netting is likely to have limited impact. Overall, this model can be used to consider both climate and vector control interventions either currently utilised or for potential use in an outbreak, and could help guide policy makers seeking to mitigate the impact of climate change on disease control.

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The emergence and re-emergence of arthropod-borne viruses is a public health threat. For routine surveillance in public health laboratories, cost-effective and reproducible methods are essential. In this review, we address the technical considerations of high-throughput sequencing methods (HTS) for arbovirus surveillance in national health laboratories, focusing on pre-sequencing, sequencing, and post-sequencing approaches, underlining the importance of robust wet and dry laboratory workflows for reproducible analysis. We aim to provide insights for researchers and clinicians interested in arbovirus, diagnosis, and surveillance by discussing current advances in sequencing methods and bioinformatics pipelines applied to arboviruses.

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Studies on animal virome have mainly concentrated on chordates and medically significant invertebrates, often overlooking sylvatic mosquitoes, constituting a major part of mosquito species diversity. Despite their potential role in arbovirus transmission, the viromes of sylvatic mosquitoes remain largely unexplored. These mosquitoes may also harbor insect-specific viruses (ISVs), affecting arboviral transmission dynamics. The Cerrado biome, known for rapid deforestation and its status as a biodiversity hotspot, offers an ideal setting for investigating mosquito viromes due to potential zoonotic spillover risks from land use changes. This study aimed to characterize the viromes of sylvatic mosquitoes collected from various locations within Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The total RNA was extracted from mosquito pools of Psorophora albipes, Sabethes albiprivus, Sa. chloropterus, Psorophora ferox, and Coquillettidia venezuelensis species, followed by high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Bioinformatic analysis included quality control, contig assembly, and viral detection. Sequencing data analysis revealed 11 near-complete viral genomes (new viruses are indicated with asterisks) across seven viral families and one unassigned genus. These included: Xinmoviridae (Ferox mosquito mononega-like virus* and Albipes mosquito Gordis-like virus*), Phasmaviridae (Sabethes albiprivus phasmavirus*), Lispiviridae (Pedras lispivirus variant MG), Iflaviridae (Sabethes albiprivus iflavivirus*), Virgaviridae (Buriti virga-like virus variant MG and Sabethes albiprivus virgavirus 1*), Flaviviridae (Psorophora ferox flavivirus*), Mesoniviridae (Alphamesonivirus cavallyense variant MG), and the genus Negevirus (Biggie virus variant MG virus and Coquillettidia venezuelensis negevirus*). Moreover, the presence of ISVs and potential novel arboviruses underscores the need for ongoing surveillance and control strategies to mitigate the risk of emerging infectious diseases.

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<b>Background and Objective:</b> <i>Aedes</i> mosquito is a competent vector of arboviruses, mainly dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever. The high incidence of arboviral infections among travelers indicated the vulnerability of tourist attractions and public places visitors to arboviral infections. This study aimed to determine the presence and population density of <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes at the places, as well as the susceptibility to temephos larvicide. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> A total of 17 tourist attractions and public places in four districts/cities of Central Java Province were selected as study sites and 25-40 ovitraps were installed in each location for three days. The coordinates, altitude, vegetation density, shade, wind speed, air temperature and humidity were recorded. Ovistrips and water of each ovitrap were observed in the laboratory to determine the ovitrap index (OI) and egg density index (EDI), mosquito species and their susceptibility to temephos. <b>Results:</b> A total of 12,231 eggs were obtained with a range, OI and EDI of 0-1,024, 42% and 31.93 eggs/trap, respectively. Vegetation density, shade and wind speed were significantly associated with the presence of <i>Aedes </i>eggs in the ovitraps (p<0.05), while altitude, temperature and air humidity were correlated with the average of <i>Aedes</i> eggs per ovitrap. <b>Conclusion:</b> Although <i>Aedes</i> larvae in all study sites were susceptible to temephos 0.02 mg/L the results indicated the vulnerability of visitors to <i>Aedes</i>-borne diseases. Further investigation of arbovirus infections in <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes at tourist attractions and public places is necessary conducted to evaluate the potential and risk of pathogen transmission to visitors.

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