RESUMEN
Mayaro virus (MAYV; Alphavirus: Togaviridae) is an emerging pathogen in Latin America, causing fever and polyarthritis. Sporadic outbreaks of MAYV have occurred in the region, with reported human cases being imported to Europe and North America. Although primarily a risk for those residing in the Amazon basin's tropical forests, recent reports highlight that urbanization would increase the risk of MAYV transmission in Latin America. Urban emergence depends on human susceptibility and the ability of mosquitos like Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit MAYV. Despite the absence of active MAYV transmission in Argentine, the risk of introduction is substantial due to human movement and the presence of Ae. aegypti in the region. This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of different Argentine Ae. aegypti populations to MAYV genotype L (MAYV-L) using dose-response assays and determine barriers to virus infection, dissemination and transmission. Immature mosquito stages were collected in Buenos Aires, Córdoba and Rosario cities. Female Ae. aegypti (F2) were orally infected by feeding on five concentrations of MAYV-L, ranging from 1.0 to 6.0 log10 PFU/mL. Abdomens, legs and saliva were analysed using viral plaque assays. Results revealed that MAYV-L between infection and dissemination were associated with viral doses rather than the population origin. Infection rates varied between 3% and 65%, with a 50% infectious dose >5.5 log10 PFU/mL. Dissemination occurred at 39%, with a 50% dissemination dose of ~6.0 log10 PFU/mL. Dissemination among infected mosquitoes ranged from 60% to 86%, and transmission from disseminated mosquitoes ranged from 11% to 20%. Argentine Ae. aegypti populations exhibited a need for higher viral doses of MAYV-L than those typically found in humans to become infected. In addition, only a small proportion of infected mosquitoes were capable of transmitting the virus. Understanding MAYV transmission in urban areas is crucial for public health interventions.
Asunto(s)
Aedes , Alphavirus , Mosquitos Vectores , Animales , Aedes/virología , Aedes/fisiología , Argentina , Mosquitos Vectores/virología , Mosquitos Vectores/fisiología , Alphavirus/fisiología , Femenino , Infecciones por Alphavirus/transmisión , Larva/virología , Larva/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is a neglected arthropod-borne virus found in the Americas. MAYV infection results in Mayaro fever, a non-lethal debilitating disease characterized by a strong inflammatory response affecting the joints and muscles. MAYV was once considered endemic to forested areas in Brazil but has managed to adapt and spread to urban regions using new vectors, such as Aedes aegypti, and has the potential to cause serious epidemics in the future. Currently, there are no vaccines or specific treatments against MAYV. In this study, the antiviral activity of a series of synthetic cyclic ketones were evaluated for the first time against MAYV. Twenty-four compounds were screened in a cell viability assay, and eight were selected for further evaluation. Effective concentration (EC50) and selectivity index (SI) were calculated and compound 9-(5-(4-chlorophenyl]furan-2-yl)-3,6-dimethyl-3,4,5,6,7,9-hexahydro-1H-xanthene-1,8(2))-dione (9) (EC50 = 21.5 µmol·L-1, SI = 15.8) was selected for mechanism of action assays. The substance was able to reduce viral activity by approximately 70% in both pre-treatment and post-treatment assays.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Alphavirus/virología , Alphavirus/efectos de los fármacos , Antivirales/farmacología , Cetonas/farmacología , Aedes/virología , Alphavirus/fisiología , Infecciones por Alphavirus/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Alphavirus/transmisión , Animales , Antivirales/química , Brasil , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Humanos , Cetonas/química , Mosquitos Vectores/virologíaRESUMEN
Mayaro virus (MAYV), which causes mayaro fever, is endemic to limited regions of South America that may expand due to the possible involvement of Aedes spp. mosquitoes in its transmission. Its effective control will require the accurate identification of infected individuals, which has been restricted to nucleic acid-based tests due to similarities with other emerging members of the Alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family; both in structure and clinical symptoms. Serological tests have a more significant potential to expand testing at a reasonable cost, and their performance primarily reflects that of the antigen utilized to capture pathogen-specific antibodies. Here, we describe the assembly of a synthetic gene encoding multiple copies of antigenic determinants mapped from the nsP1, nsP2, E1, and E2 proteins of MAYV that readily expressed as a stable chimeric protein in bacteria. Its serological performance as the target in ELISAs revealed a high accuracy for detecting anti-MAYV IgM antibodies. No cross-reactivity was observed with serum from seropositive individuals for dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, Zika, and other infectious diseases as well as healthy individuals. Our data suggest that this bioengineered antigen could be used to develop high-performance serological tests for MAYV infections.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Alphavirus/diagnóstico , Alphavirus/inmunología , Epítopos/inmunología , Infecciones por Togaviridae/diagnóstico , Aedes/virología , Alphavirus/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Alphavirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Alphavirus/transmisión , Infecciones por Alphavirus/virología , Animales , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Epítopos/genética , Epítopos/ultraestructura , Femenino , Genes Sintéticos/genética , Genes Sintéticos/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina M/inmunología , Masculino , Pruebas Serológicas , América del Sur/epidemiología , Togaviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Togaviridae/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Togaviridae/inmunología , Infecciones por Togaviridae/transmisión , Infecciones por Togaviridae/virologíaRESUMEN
Alphaviruses such as chikungunya and western equine encephalitis viruses are important human pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes that have recently caused large epidemic and epizootic outbreaks. The epidemic potential of alphaviruses is often related to enhanced mosquito transmission. Tissue barriers and antiviral responses impose bottlenecks to viral populations in mosquitoes. Substitutions in the envelope proteins and the presence of repeated sequence elements (RSEs) in the 3'UTR of epidemic viruses were proposed to be specifically associated to efficient replication in mosquito vectors. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that originated RSEs, the evolutionary forces that shape the 3'UTR of alphaviruses, and the significance of RSEs for mosquito transmission. Finally, the presence of RSEs in the 3'UTR of viral genomes appears as evolutionary trait associated to mosquito adaptation and emerges as a common feature among viruses from the alphavirus and flavivirus genera.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Alphavirus/transmisión , Virus Chikungunya/genética , Virus de la Encefalitis Equina del Oeste/genética , Infecciones por Flavivirus/transmisión , Flavivirus/genética , Genoma Viral , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/genética , Regiones no Traducidas 3' , Infecciones por Alphavirus/virología , Animales , Virus Chikungunya/clasificación , Virus Chikungunya/patogenicidad , Culicidae/virología , Virus de la Encefalitis Equina del Oeste/clasificación , Virus de la Encefalitis Equina del Oeste/patogenicidad , Flavivirus/clasificación , Flavivirus/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Flavivirus/virología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Repeticiones de Microsatélite , Mosquitos Vectores/virología , Filogenia , Transducción de Señal , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/metabolismo , Replicación ViralRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mayaro virus (Togaviridae) is an endemic arbovirus of the Americas with epidemiological similarities with the agents of other more prominent diseases such as dengue (Flaviviridae), Zika (Flaviviridae), and chikungunya (Togaviridae). It is naturally transmitted in a sylvatic/rural cycle by Haemagogus spp., but, potentially, it could be incorporated and transmitted in an urban cycle by Aedes aegypti, a vector widely disseminated in the Americas. METHODS: The Mayaro arbovirus dynamics was simulated mathematically in the colombian population in the eight biogeographical provinces, bearing in mind the vector's population movement between provinces through passive transport via truck cargo. The parameters involved in the virus epidemiological dynamics, as well as the vital rates of Ae. aegypti in each of the biogeographical provinces were obtained from the literature. These data were included in a meta-population model in differential equations, represented by a model structured by age for the dynamic population of Ae. aegypti combined with an epidemiological SEI/SEIR-type model. In addition, the model was incorporated with a term of migration to represent the connectivity between the biogeographical provinces. RESULTS: The vital rates and the development cycle of Ae. aegypti varied between provinces, having greater biological potential between 23 °C and 28 °C in provinces of Imerí, biogeographical Chocó, and Magdalena, with respect to the North-Andean Moorland (9.33-21.38 °C). Magdalena and Maracaibo had the highest flow of land cargo. The results of the simulations indicate that Magdalena, Imerí, and biogeographical Chocó would be the most affected regarding the number of cases of people infected by Mayaro virus over time. CONCLUSIONS: The temperature in each of the provinces influences the local population dynamics of Ae. aegypti and passive migration via transport of land cargo plays an important role on how the Mayaro virus would be disseminated in the human population. Once this arbovirus begins an urban cycle, the most-affected departments would be Antioquia, Santander, Norte de Santander, Cesar (Provinces of Magdalena), and Valle del Cauca, and Chocó (biogeographical province of Chocó), which is why vector control programmes must aim their efforts at these departments and include some type of vector control to the transport of land cargo to avoid a future Mayaro epidemic.
Asunto(s)
Aedes , Infecciones por Alphavirus/transmisión , Modelos Teóricos , Togaviridae , Aedes/virología , Infecciones por Alphavirus/epidemiología , Animales , Arbovirus , Colombia/epidemiología , Humanos , Modelos Estadísticos , Control de Mosquitos , Mosquitos Vectores/virología , Dinámica Poblacional/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Newly emerging or re-emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are important causes of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Arboviruses such as Dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), Chikungunya (CHIKV), and West Nile virus (WNV) have undergone extensive geographic expansion in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. In the Americas the main vectors of DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV are mosquito species adapted to urban environments, namely Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, whereas the main vector of WNV is Culex quinquefasciatus. Given the widespread distribution in the Americas and high permissiveness to arbovirus infection, these mosquito species may play a key role in the epidemiology of other arboviruses normally associated with sylvatic vectors. Here, we test this hypothesis by determining the vector competence of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and Cx. quinquefasciatus to Mayaro (MAYV) virus, a sylvatic arbovirus transmitted mainly by Haemagogus janthinomys that has been causing an increasing number of outbreaks in South America, namely in Brazil. Using field mosquitoes from Brazil, female mosquitoes were experimentally infected, and their competence for infection and transmission rates of MAYV was evaluated. We found consistent infection rate for MAYV in Ae. aegypti (57.5%) and Ae. albopictus (61.6%), whereas very low rates were obtained for Cx. quinquefasciatus (2.5%). Concordantly, we observed high potential transmission ability in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus (69.5% and 71.1% respectively), in contrast to Cx. quinquefasciatus, which could not transmit the MAYV. Notably, we found that very low quantities of virus present in the saliva (undetectable by RT-qPCR) were sufficiently virulent to guarantee transmission. Although Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes are not the main vectors for MAYV, our studies suggest that these mosquitoes could play a significant role in the transmission of this arbovirus, since both species showed significant vector competence for MAYV (Genotype D), under laboratory conditions.
Asunto(s)
Aedes/virología , Infecciones por Alphavirus/virología , Alphavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Culex/virología , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Alphavirus/genética , Alphavirus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Infecciones por Alphavirus/transmisión , Animales , Brasil , Femenino , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Saliva/virología , Carga ViralRESUMEN
The GloPID-R (Global Research Collaboration for Infectious Disease Preparedness) chikungunya (CHIKV), o'nyong-nyong (ONNV) and Mayaro virus (MAYV) Working Group has been established to investigate natural history, epidemiology and clinical aspects of infection by these viruses. Here, we present a report dedicated to entomological aspects of CHIKV, ONNV and MAYV. Recent global expansion of chikungunya virus has been possible because CHIKV established a transmission cycle in urban settings using anthropophilic vectors such as Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti. MAYV and ONNV have a more limited geographic distribution, being confined to Africa (ONNV) and central-southern America (MAYV). ONNV is probably maintained through an enzootic cycle that has not been characterized yet, with Anopheles species as main vectors and humans as amplification hosts during epidemics. MAYV is transmitted by Haemagogus species in an enzootic cycle using non-human primates as the main amplification and maintenance hosts, and humans becoming sporadically infected when venturing in or nearby forest habitats. Here, we focused on the transmission cycle and natural vectors that sustain circulation of these viruses in their respective locations. The knowledge of the natural ecology of transmission and the capacity of different vectors to transmit these viruses is crucial to understand CHIKV emergence, and to assess the risk that MAYV and ONNV will expand on wide scale using anthropophilic mosquito species not normally considered primary vectors. Finally, the experts identified knowledge gaps and provided adapted recommendations, in order to address future entomological investigations in the right direction.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Alphavirus/transmisión , Fiebre Chikungunya/transmisión , Mosquitos Vectores/virología , Aedes/virología , África , Animales , Anopheles/virología , América Central , Virus Chikungunya/patogenicidad , Humanos , Virus O'nyong-nyong/patogenicidad , Primates/virología , Informe de InvestigaciónRESUMEN
Mayaro (MAYV) is an emerging arthropod-borne virus belonging to the Alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family. Although forest-dwelling Haemagogus mosquitoes have been considered as its main vector, the virus has also been detected in circulating Aedes ssp mosquitoes. Here we assess the susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to infection with MAYV and their innate immune response at an early stage of infection. Aedes albopictus was more susceptible to infection with MAYV than Ae. aegypti. Analysis of transcript levels of twenty immunity-related genes by real-time PCR in the midgut of both mosquitoes infected with MAYV revealed increased expression of several immune genes, including CLIP-domain serine proteases, the anti-microbial peptides defensin A, E, cecropin E, and the virus inducible gene. The regulation of certain genes appeared to be Aedes species-dependent. Infection of Ae. aegypti with MAYV resulted in increased levels of myeloid differentiation2-related lipid recognition protein (ML26A) transcripts, as compared to Ae. albopictus. Increased expression levels of thio-ester-containing protein 22 (TEP22) and Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) gene transcripts were observed in infected Ae. albopictus, but not Ae. aegypti. The differences in these gene expression levels during MAYV infection could explain the variation in susceptibility observed in both mosquito species.
Asunto(s)
Aedes/virología , Infecciones por Alphavirus/transmisión , Alphavirus/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata , Aedes/inmunología , Animales , Péptidos Catiónicos Antimicrobianos/genética , Péptidos Catiónicos Antimicrobianos/metabolismo , Expresión Génica/inmunología , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Inmunidad Innata/genética , Mosquitos Vectores/virología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Serina Proteasas/genética , Serina Proteasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that is being recognized with increasing frequency in South America. As part of on-going surveillance of a school cohort in Haiti, we identified MAYV infections in 5 children across a 7-month time span, at two different school campuses. All had a history of fever, and three had headaches; none complained of arthralgias. On analysis of whole genome sequence data, three strains were genotype D, and two were genotype L; phylogenetic and molecular clock analysis was consistent with at least 3 independent introductions of the virus into Haiti, with ongoing transmission of a common genotype D strain in a single school. Our data highlight the clear potential for spread of the virus in the northern Caribbean and North America.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Alphavirus/transmisión , Infecciones por Alphavirus/virología , Alphavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Alphavirus/genética , Alphavirus/fisiología , Infecciones por Alphavirus/epidemiología , Animales , Región del Caribe , Niño , Preescolar , Culicidae/virología , Femenino , Genoma Viral , Genotipo , Haití , Humanos , Masculino , Filogenia , ViajeRESUMEN
The Mayaro virus disease (MAYVD) is an emerging mosquito borne zoonosis that was first reported on the island of Trinidad in 1954. The viral agent for this disease is known to presently be endemic to Central and South America. The enzootic cycle of the Mayaro virus (MAYV) is not fully characterized, though primates are thought to be the main reservoir with Haemagogus species of mosquitoes as the primary vector. This virus has been responsible for several sporadic cases of infections and limited outbreaks, but it is postulated that the MAYVD will become a major epidemic in the future, following in the steps of the recent pandemics caused by Chikungunya and Zika viruses. Mitigating possible major outbreaks of MAYVD in the future would require effective strategies for vector control, for which knowledge on the ecology and distribution of the Haemagogus mosquitoes would be vitally important. In Trinidad, Haemagogus species have only been reported in the northwestern peninsula of the island based on studies up to 1995. However, no recent investigations have been completed to determine the status of this important vector on the island. The aim of this study was to investigate the current spatial distribution of Haemagogus species in the island of Trinidad, West Indies. Adult Haemagogus (Hag.) mosquitoes and larvae were surveyed during a twenty-month period using human bait trapping and ovitraps in major forested areas on the island. Mosquito species were identified using classical taxonomic keys. Haemagogus species were widespread and found in all forest types surveyed. Hag. janthinomys (85.7%) was the most widely distributed and dominant species on the island. Lower levels of Hag. leucocelaneus (7.3%), Hag. equinus (6.4%) and Hag. celeste (0.6%) were also collected. Overall, the proportion of mosquitoes collected in the wet season (June-December) was 3.5 times more than in the dry season (January-May). Mangroves, young secondary forests, semi-evergreen and evergreen forest types had relatively high mean abundance levels of Haemagogus species as compared to deciduous and montane forests. Proximity analysis suggests that population settlements within a 1â¯km buffer of the forest peripherals may be at risk for any emerging arboviral disease associated with these mosquito vectors. Haemagogus species showed a much wider distribution in Trinidad as compared to previous reports from up to 20 years ago and were prevalent in areas with no known presence of non-human primates. Since the MAYV has been previously implicated in causing infections in vertebrate hosts like rodents, birds and small mammals, the findings of this study suggest that there may be alternative hosts and reservoirs of this virus in the sylvatic cycle in Trinidad, other than primates. This has significant epidemiological implications for mosquito-borne viral infections in the region.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Alphavirus/transmisión , Culicidae , Mosquitos Vectores , Animales , Culicidae/virología , Demografía , Humanos , Trinidad y TobagoRESUMEN
Mayaro virus (MAYV; Togaviridae; Alphavirus) has drawn increasing attention as an arthropod-borne virus with potential to cause outbreaks among the human populations of the Western Hemisphere. In the tropical regions of Central and South America, the virus exists in sylvatic cycles between mosquitoes and primate reservoirs such as marmosets. Although forest-dwelling mosquitoes are regarded as important vectors for MAYV, it has been shown previously that the virus can infect and potentially be transmitted by the mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Here, we compare the infection and transmission efficiencies of two MAYV strains, IQT 4235 from Iquitos, Peru ('IQT') and the type strain of MAYV from Trinidad, TRVL 4675 ('TRVL') in two laboratory-adapted Ae. aegypti strains, Higgs White Eye and Orlando. The TRVL strain was less efficiently transmitted by both mosquito strains than MAYV IQT. Based on the full-length nucleotide sequences of the two viral genomes, we show that the TRVL prototype strain of MAYV is phylogenetically ancestral and more distantly related to the IQT strain. The TRVL strain efficiently infected wild-type Ae. albopictus from Missouri and readily disseminated in those. Considering scenarios in which natural MAYV transmission cycles may overlap with those of chikungunya virus (CHIKV; Togaviridae; Alphavirus), we assessed the effects of mixed infections of the two viruses in mosquitoes based on coinfection or superinfection. Although coinfection had no measurable effect on the transmission potential of either virus, we observed superinfection exclusion for CHIKV in MAYV-infected mosquitoes but not for MAYV in CHIKV-infected mosquitoes.
Asunto(s)
Aedes/virología , Alphavirus/fisiología , Virus Chikungunya/fisiología , Mosquitos Vectores/virología , Infecciones por Alphavirus/transmisión , Infecciones por Alphavirus/virología , Animales , Fiebre Chikungunya/transmisión , Fiebre Chikungunya/virología , Coinfección/transmisión , Coinfección/virología , Perú , Trinidad y TobagoRESUMEN
We report identification of Madariaga virus (MADV) in plasma and urine samples from a child with acute undifferentiated febrile illness in Venezuela. Our data document the occurrence of milder MADV infections (ie, without encephalitis), with a symptom complex that resembles that seen with other arboviral infections, including dengue and zika.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Alphavirus/diagnóstico , Alphavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Fiebre/virología , Enfermedad Aguda , Alphavirus/genética , Infecciones por Alphavirus/sangre , Infecciones por Alphavirus/transmisión , Infecciones por Alphavirus/orina , Animales , Niño , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/virología , Femenino , Caballos/virología , Humanos , Filogenia , Venezuela , Zoonosis/transmisión , Zoonosis/virologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: A new isolate of Aura virus serendipitously discovered as a cell culture contaminant is reported in this manuscript. Aura virus belongs to the family Togaviridae and is classified in the genus Alphavirus. There are only two reports of Aura virus isolation from mosquitoes in the scientific literature, and the existence of a vertebrate host is still unknown. The discovery of this new isolate was based on transmission electron microscopy and nucleic acid amplification through a non-specific RT-PCR amplification protocol followed by sequencing. RESULTS: Genetic analysis has shown that the new virus shares a high degree of identity with the previously described isolate (GenBank: AF126284.1). A major difference was observed in the nsP3 gene in which a 234-nucleotide duplication has been identified. Furthermore, a pronounced difference was observed in cell cultures compared to the data available for the previously described isolate. Cell permissiveness and phenotypic characteristics in C6/36, Vero and BHK-21 cells were found to differ from previous reports. This may be due to the genetic differences that have been observed. CONCLUSIONS: The genetic and biological characteristics of the new Aura virus isolate are suggestive of viral adaptation to the cell substrate. The development of a cDNA clone will lend a perspective and better understanding of these results as well as open avenues for its use as a biotechnological tool, as seen for other alphaviruses.
Asunto(s)
Alphavirus/genética , Culicidae/virología , Duplicaciones Segmentarias en el Genoma , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/genética , Alphavirus/clasificación , Alphavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Alphavirus/ultraestructura , Infecciones por Alphavirus/transmisión , Infecciones por Alphavirus/virología , Animales , Brasil , Línea Celular , ADN Complementario/genética , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
Mayaro virus (MAYV), an Aedes mosquito-borne alphavirus, is endemic to Brazil and other South America countries. We investigated dengue- and chikungunya-negative febrile patients visiting rural areas near Goiânia, Goiás, and found a high proportion (55%) of MAYV IgM. Our findings suggest the presence of highly endemic foci of MAYV in central Brazil.
Asunto(s)
Aedes/virología , Infecciones por Alphavirus/epidemiología , Alphavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Fiebre/epidemiología , Inmunoglobulina M/sangre , Insectos Vectores/virología , Adulto , Anciano , Alphavirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Alphavirus/transmisión , Infecciones por Alphavirus/virología , Animales , Brasil/epidemiología , Femenino , Fiebre/virología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an emerging arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus). Infection by MAYV can produce Mayaro virus disease (MAYVD) which is usually a clinically diagnosed, acute, febrile illness associated with prolonged and painful joint inflammation and swelling. MAYVD may be clinically indistinguishable from dengue, chikungunya fever, malaria, rabies, measles or other arboviral diseases. The full spectrum of disease, sequelae, routes of infection, virus shedding and any rarer means of transmission remain undefined. MAYVD cases in humans have so far been localised to Central and South America, particularly regions in and around the Amazon basin. MAYV usually circulates in a sylvan cycle of forest mosquitoes and vertebrates, however it has also been found in more urban locations alongside anthropophilic (preferring humans) insect vectors. If transmission via anthropophilic mosquitoes becomes more efficient following viral change, or existing vectors change their habitat and biting habits, the risk of urban establishment and further spread into non-forested areas will grow. Surveillance, testing and vector control remain key to monitoring and preventing global spread and establishment. The possibility of MAYV becoming further urbanized is worthy of note, consideration and action to ensure MAYV does not spread beyond the forests and establish in the world's cities.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Alphavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Alphavirus/virología , Alphavirus/fisiología , Alphavirus/patogenicidad , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/virología , Infecciones por Alphavirus/patología , Infecciones por Alphavirus/transmisión , Animales , América Central/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/patología , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/transmisión , Culicidae/virología , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Vectores de Enfermedades , Humanos , Insectos Vectores , Control de Mosquitos , América del Sur/epidemiología , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Arboviruses pose a serious threat to public health worldwide, overloading the healthcare system and causing economic losses. These viruses form a very diverse group, and in Brazil, arboviruses belonging to the families Flaviviridae and Togaviridae are predominant. Unfortunately, the number of arboviruses increases in proportion with factors such as deforestation, poor sanitation, climate changes, and introduction of new viruses like Chikungunya virus and Zika virus. In Brazil, dengue is endemic, along with the presence of other arboviruses. The situation is complicated by the scarcity of diagnostic infrastructure and the absence of approved vaccines for these diseases. Disease control, thus, relies solely on vector control. Therefore, enhanced clinical knowledge and improved general awareness about these arboviruses are indispensable to tackle diagnostic inadequacies.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Animales , Virosis/transmisión , Virosis/virología , Insectos Vectores/virología , Culicidae/virología , Brasil/epidemiología , Virosis/diagnóstico , Virosis/epidemiología , Infecciones por Alphavirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Alphavirus/transmisión , Infecciones por Alphavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Alphavirus/virología , Alphavirus/clasificación , Alphavirus/fisiología , Dengue/transmisión , Dengue/epidemiología , Dengue/virología , Virus del Dengue/clasificación , Virus del Dengue/fisiología , Infección por el Virus Zika/diagnóstico , Infección por el Virus Zika/transmisión , Infección por el Virus Zika/epidemiología , Infección por el Virus Zika/virologíaRESUMEN
Arboviruses pose a serious threat to public health worldwide, overloading the healthcare system and causing economic losses. These viruses form a very diverse group, and in Brazil, arboviruses belonging to the families Flaviviridae and Togaviridae are predominant. Unfortunately, the number of arboviruses increases in proportion with factors such as deforestation, poor sanitation, climate changes, and introduction of new viruses like Chikungunya virus and Zika virus. In Brazil, dengue is endemic, along with the presence of other arboviruses. The situation is complicated by the scarcity of diagnostic infrastructure and the absence of approved vaccines for these diseases. Disease control, thus, relies solely on vector control. Therefore, enhanced clinical knowledge and improved general awareness about these arboviruses are indispensable to tackle diagnostic inadequacies.
Asunto(s)
Culicidae/virología , Insectos Vectores/virología , Virosis/transmisión , Virosis/virología , Alphavirus/clasificación , Alphavirus/fisiología , Infecciones por Alphavirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Alphavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Alphavirus/transmisión , Infecciones por Alphavirus/virología , Animales , Brasil/epidemiología , Dengue/epidemiología , Dengue/transmisión , Dengue/virología , Virus del Dengue/clasificación , Virus del Dengue/fisiología , Humanos , Virosis/diagnóstico , Virosis/epidemiología , Infección por el Virus Zika/diagnóstico , Infección por el Virus Zika/epidemiología , Infección por el Virus Zika/transmisión , Infección por el Virus Zika/virologíaRESUMEN
Emergence of arboviruses is a rising problem in several areas in the world. Here we report a case of Mayaro virus infection that was diagnosed in a French citizen presenting a dengue-like syndrome with prolonged arthralgia following a travel in French Guiana. Diagnosis was based on serological testing, a newly developed specific RT-PCR and sequencing. The real incidence of this viral infection among travelers is poorly known but this case is the first reported in a European area where Aedes albopictus mosquitoes are established, which underscores the necessity to determine the vector competence of the European strain of this mosquito species for Mayaro virus.