RESUMEN
Mammals are subject to colonization by an astronomical number of mutualistic and commensal microorganisms on their environmental exposed surfaces. These mutualistic species build up a complex community, called the indigenous microbiota, which aid their hosts in several physiological activities. In this review, we show that the transition between a non-colonized and a colonized state is associated with modification on the pattern of host inflammatory and behavioral responsiveness. There is a shift from innate anti-inflammatory cytokine production to efficient release of proinflammatory mediators and rapid mobilization of leukocytes upon infection or other stimuli. In addition, host responses to hypernociceptive and stressful stimuli are modulated by indigenous microbiota, partly due to the altered pattern of innate and acquired immune responsiveness of the non-colonized host. These altered responses ultimately lead to significant alteration in host behavior to environmental threats. Therefore, host colonization by indigenous microbiota modifies the way the host perceives and reacts to environmental stimuli, improving resilience of the entire host-microorganism consortium to environmental stresses.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Bacterianas/inmunología , Infecciones Bacterianas/psicología , Conducta , Inmunidad Innata , Nociceptores/inmunología , Estrés Fisiológico/inmunología , Adaptación Biológica , Animales , Infecciones Bacterianas/microbiología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Humanos , Inflamación/inmunologíaAsunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Estetoscopios/microbiología , Estetoscopios/tendencias , Estetoscopios , Infecciones Bacterianas/epidemiología , Infecciones Bacterianas/prevención & control , Infecciones Bacterianas/psicología , Infecciones Bacterianas/transmisión , Pautas de la Práctica en Medicina/ética , Pautas de la Práctica en Medicina/tendencias , DiagnósticoRESUMEN
The role of psychosocial factors in the development of wheezing was studied prospectively in 100 infants with a strong family history of allergy. The entire family participated in a standardized family test when the children were 3 and 18 months of age. The ability to adjust to demands of the situation ("adaptability") and the balance between emotional closeness and distance ("cohesion") were assessed from videotapes by independent raters. Families rated as functional in both aspects were classified as "functional" and otherwise as "dysfunctional." Based on records of symptoms kept by the parents and on results of physical examinations at 6 and 18 months of age, the children were classified as healthy or as having recurrent wheezing, recurrent infections, or eczema. An unbalanced family interplay was common (37%) at 3 months but did not predict development of illness. If the child remained healthy and the family did not experience any further stress, family interaction was functional 15 months later. If, however, the child acquired anxiety-provoking symptoms, such as wheezing, a high proportion of families continued or began to have dysfunctional interaction patterns. When the healthy children were 18 months of age, only 12% of their families were dysfunctional, compared with 26%, 46%, and 52%, respectively, of the families of children with eczema, recurrent infections, and obstructive symptoms (p < 0.01). We conclude that dysfunctional family interaction seems to be a result rather than the cause of wheezing in infancy.