Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Meníngeas/diagnóstico por imagen , Meningioma/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Craneales/diagnóstico por imagen , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Meníngeas/metabolismo , Meningioma/metabolismo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Hueso Occipital/diagnóstico por imagen , Hueso Occipital/metabolismo , Neoplasias Craneales/metabolismoRESUMEN
Using morphological, histological, and TEM analyses of the cranium, we provide a detailed description of bone and suture growth in zebrafish. Based on expression patterns and localization, we identified osteoblasts at different degrees of maturation. Our data confirm that, unlike in humans, zebrafish cranial sutures maintain lifelong patency to sustain skull growth. The cranial vault develops in a coordinated manner resulting in a structure that protects the brain. The zebrafish cranial roof parallels that of higher vertebrates and contains five major bones: one pair of frontal bones, one pair of parietal bones, and the supraoccipital bone. Parietal and frontal bones are formed by intramembranous ossification within a layer of mesenchyme positioned between the dermal mesenchyme and meninges surrounding the brain. The supraoccipital bone has an endochondral origin. Cranial bones are separated by connective tissue with a distinctive architecture of osteogenic cells and collagen fibrils. Here we show RNA in situ hybridization for col1a1a, col2a1a, col10a1, bglap/osteocalcin, fgfr1a, fgfr1b, fgfr2, fgfr3, foxq1, twist2, twist3, runx2a, runx2b, sp7/osterix, and spp1/ osteopontin, indicating that the expression of genes involved in suture development in mammals is preserved in zebrafish. We also present methods for examining the cranium and its sutures, which permit the study of the mechanisms involved in suture patency as well as their pathological obliteration. The model we develop has implications for the study of human disorders, including craniosynostosis, which affects 1 in 2,500 live births.
Asunto(s)
Suturas Craneales/citología , Hueso Frontal/citología , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Hueso Occipital/citología , Osteogénesis/genética , Hueso Parietal/citología , Animales , Colágeno/genética , Colágeno/metabolismo , Subunidades alfa del Factor de Unión al Sitio Principal/genética , Subunidades alfa del Factor de Unión al Sitio Principal/metabolismo , Suturas Craneales/crecimiento & desarrollo , Suturas Craneales/metabolismo , Hueso Frontal/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hueso Frontal/metabolismo , Humanos , Hueso Occipital/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hueso Occipital/metabolismo , Osteoblastos/citología , Osteoblastos/metabolismo , Osteocalcina/genética , Osteocalcina/metabolismo , Osteopontina/genética , Osteopontina/metabolismo , Hueso Parietal/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hueso Parietal/metabolismo , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Receptor Tipo 1 de Factor de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/genética , Receptor Tipo 1 de Factor de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción Sp7 , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción Twist/genética , Factores de Transcripción Twist/metabolismo , Pez Cebra , Proteínas de Pez Cebra/genética , Proteínas de Pez Cebra/metabolismoRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the flavonoid naringin on the growth of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis by quantifying the levels of expression of Sox9 and PTHrP in an in vitro mouse model. Fifty 1-day-old BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to experimental or control groups, and each group equally divided into five time frames (6, 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours). The mice were sacrificed with phenobarbitone sodium, and the spheno-occipital synchondroses dissected and cultured in control or experimental medium, with the experimental medium supplemented with 0.1 µm naringin. Sections of the specimens underwent immunohistochemical staining for Sox9 and PTHrP, and the amount of expression was quantified using true-colour RGB (red-green-blue) computer-assisted image-analysing system with digital imaging. Data analysis showed there was a significant increase of expression of Sox9 at 6 and 24 hours (P < 0.001) between experimental and control groups, however, there was no significant difference between the levels of expression of PTHrP between experimental and control groups at any of the time frames. There was a very weak correlation found in this study between the expression of PTHrP and Sox9. In conclusion, naringin enhances the growth of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis through over expression of Sox9. This is a successful in vitro model to study factors regulating the growth of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis.
Asunto(s)
Flavanonas/farmacología , Hueso Occipital/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína Relacionada con la Hormona Paratiroidea/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción SOX9/metabolismo , Hueso Esfenoides/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Hueso Occipital/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hueso Occipital/metabolismo , Hueso Esfenoides/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hueso Esfenoides/metabolismoRESUMEN
Bone bridges linking the epiphysis and metaphysis termed "tethers" have been found in the femoral growth plates of C57Bl/6 mice and are disrupted when the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is ablated. It is unknown if tethers are found in other growth centers, if they are regulated in a comparable manner, or if they have a functional role in skeletal development or stability. To address this, distal femoral growth plates (GPs) and spheno-occipital synchondroses (SOSs) of wild-type C57Bl/6 mice from 2 to 15 weeks of age were analyzed using µCT scans. The GPs and SOSs of VDR+/+ and VDR-/- mice fed regular or rescue diets to restore mineral homeostasis until 10 weeks of age were also scanned. Tethers in GPs and SOSs both thickened and accumulated in number as these growth centers decreased in size. Ablating the VDR made GPs and SOSs rachitic and nearly eliminated tether formation. Rescue diets restored the volume of both growth centers but only partially restored growth center thickness and tether formation, suggesting that lα,25-dihydroxy vitamin D(3) partially regulates tether formation in these growth centers via its receptor. In VDR+/+ mice 2-15 weeks in age, growth center thickness was inversely correlated to animal weight whereas tether phenotype (tether volume/growth center volume, tether number/mm, tether width, tether spacing) was significantly related to animal weight. In both 2-15 week old VDR+/+ and 10 week old VDR+/+ and VDR-/- mice on normal and rescue diets, tether phenotype (tether number/mm, tether spacing) had strikingly similar relationships to growth center thickness. These results show that tethers are present in growth centers in different anatomic and undergo developmental changes in a comparable manner; in both sites, VDR-regulated tether formation is strongly linked to growth center morphology; and tether formation is associated with body weight, suggesting a role in maintaining growth plate stability during growth.
Asunto(s)
Fémur , Placa de Crecimiento , Hueso Occipital , Receptores de Calcitriol/metabolismo , Hueso Esfenoides , Animales , Dieta , Fémur/anatomía & histología , Fémur/crecimiento & desarrollo , Fémur/metabolismo , Placa de Crecimiento/anatomía & histología , Placa de Crecimiento/crecimiento & desarrollo , Placa de Crecimiento/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Minerales/metabolismo , Hueso Occipital/anatomía & histología , Hueso Occipital/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hueso Occipital/metabolismo , Fenotipo , Receptores de Calcitriol/genética , Hueso Esfenoides/anatomía & histología , Hueso Esfenoides/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hueso Esfenoides/metabolismo , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Vitamina D/metabolismo , Microtomografía por Rayos XRESUMEN
In rat experiments the ability of noncollagen bone proteins (NCBP) in the composition of osteoplactic modified material Gapkol (not tanned in formalin and subjected to vacuum extraction) to increase bone reparation in comparison with traditional Gapkol was studied. Quantitative evaluation was performed on rat parietal bone and qualitative evaluation was performed on rat mandible. It was shown that Gapkol with NCBP (not tanned in formalin and subjected to vacuum extraction) increased reparative osteogenesis.
Asunto(s)
Sustitutos de Huesos/administración & dosificación , Huesos/química , Colágeno/farmacología , Durapatita/farmacología , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/fisiología , Mandíbula/efectos de los fármacos , Osteogénesis/fisiología , Proteínas/análisis , Vacio , Animales , Proteínas Morfogenéticas Óseas/metabolismo , Calcificación Fisiológica/fisiología , Colágeno/administración & dosificación , Combinación de Medicamentos , Durapatita/administración & dosificación , Incrustaciones , Masculino , Mandíbula/metabolismo , Hueso Occipital/efectos de los fármacos , Hueso Occipital/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Triton WR-1339, administered parenterally, has long been known to be a potent hyperlipemic agent. In vitro lipid biosynthesis is stimulated in liver and brain preparations from animals injected with Triton. Only in a perfused isolated liver system has an in vitro effect of Triton on lipid synthesis been demonstrated. In the present study, lipid biosynthesis has been shown to increase in bone, a third organ system, under the influence of in vitro Triton WR-133. This stimulation affects most major lipid classes. Triton similarly stimulates lipid synthesis in tissue cultures of bone cells. This is the first report of an effect of Triton on lipid synthesis (1) in bone and (2) in any tissue culture system.