RESUMEN

In this paper, we have performed an in-depth study of the complete set of the satellite DNA (satDNA) families (i.e. the satellitomes) in the genome of two barley species of agronomic value in a breeding framework, H. chilense (H1 and H7 accessions) and H. vulgare (H106 accession), which can be useful tools for studying chromosome associations during meiosis. The study has led to the analysis of a total of 18 satDNA families in H. vulgare, 25 satDNA families in H. chilense (accession H1) and 27 satDNA families in H. chilense (accession H7) that constitute 46 different satDNA families forming 36 homology groups. Our study highlights different important contributions of evolutionary and applied interests. Thus, both barley species show very divergent satDNA profiles, which could be partly explained by the differential effects of domestication versus wildlife. Divergence derives from the differential amplification of different common ancestral satellites and the emergence of new satellites in H. chilense, usually from pre-existing ones but also random sequences. There are also differences between the two H. chilense accessions, which support genetically distinct groups. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) patterns of some satDNAs yield distinctive genetic markers for the identification of specific H. chilense or H. vulgare chromosomes. Some of the satellites have peculiar structures or are related to transposable elements which provide information about their origin and expansion. Among these, we discuss the existence of different (peri)centromeric satellites that supply this region with some plasticity important for centromere evolution. These peri(centromeric) satDNAs and the set of subtelomeric satDNAs (a total of 38 different families) are analyzed in the framework of breeding as the high diversity found in the subtelomeric regions might support their putative implication in chromosome recognition and pairing during meiosis, a key point in the production of addition/substitution lines and hybrids.

Asunto(s)

Cromosomas de las Plantas , ADN Satélite , Hordeum , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Hordeum/genética , ADN Satélite/genética , Cromosomas de las Plantas/genética , ADN de Plantas/genética , Genoma de Planta/genética , Filogenia , Variación Genética , Meiosis/genética , Evolución Molecular , Especificidad de la Especie

RESUMEN

The English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae, is a significant agricultural pest affecting wheat, barley, and oats. In Chile, the most prevalent and persistent clone (superclone) of S. avenae harbors the facultative endosymbiont bacterium Regiella insecticola. To determine the role of this bacterium in the reproductive success of this superclone, the presence of R. insecticola was manipulated to assess its impact on (1) the reproductive performance of this clone on two host plant species (wheat and barley), (2) the production of winged morphs, (3) changes in the insects' proteomic profiles, and (4) the root/shoot ratio of plant. It was found that the reproductive performance of this S. avenae superclone varied across host plants, depending on the presence of the facultative bacterial endosymbiont. Aphids infected with R. insecticola showed higher reproductive success on wheat, while the opposite effect was observed on barley. Aphid biomass was greater when infected with R. insecticola, particularly on barley. Additionally, aphids harboring R. insecticola exhibited a higher proportion of winged individuals on both host plants. Protein regulation in aphids on wheat was lower compared to those on barley. A higher root/shoot biomass ratio was observed in wheat plants compared to barley when infested by R. insecticola-infected aphid. Thus, R. insecticola significantly influences the reproductive performance and proteomic profile of a S. avenae superclone, with these effects shaped by the host plant. This suggests that the interaction between the host plant and the facultative endosymbiont contributes to the ecological success of this superclone.

Asunto(s)

Áfidos , Hordeum , Reproducción , Simbiosis , Triticum , Animales , Áfidos/microbiología , Áfidos/fisiología , Triticum/microbiología , Hordeum/microbiología , Proteoma/metabolismo , Proteómica , Proteínas de Insectos/metabolismo , Enterobacteriaceae , Chile

RESUMEN

Rhyzopertha dominica causes significant economic losses in stored cereals. Insects' digestive tract microbiome is crucial for their development, metabolism, resistance, and digestion. This work aimed to test whether the different chemical properties of different wheat and barley grain cultivars cause disturbances in insect foraging and rearrangements of the structure of the R. dominica microbiome. The results indicated that grain cultivars significantly influence the microbiome, metabolism, and insect foraging. Most observed traits and microbiome structures were not correlated at the species level, as confirmed by ANOSIM (p = 0.441). However, the PLS-PM analysis revealed significant patterns within barley cultivars. The study found associations between C18:2 fatty acids, entomopathogenic bacteria, an impaired nitrogen cycle, lysine production of bacterial origin, and insect feeding. The antioxidant effects also showed trends towards impacting the microbiome and insect development. The findings suggest that manipulating grain chemical properties (increasing C18:2 and antioxidant levels) can influence the R. dominica microbiome, disrupting their foraging behaviours and adaptation to storage environments. This research supports the potential for breeding resistant cereals, offering an effective pest control strategy and reducing pesticide use in food production.

Asunto(s)

Grano Comestible , Grano Comestible/microbiología , Grano Comestible/parasitología , Animales , Triticum/microbiología , Triticum/parasitología , Microbiota , Hordeum/microbiología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Bacterias/metabolismo , Escarabajos

RESUMEN

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a major disease of wheat and barley worldwide and is caused by different species in the genus Fusarium, Fusarium graminearum being the most important. We conducted population genomics analyses using SNPs obtained through genotyping by sequencing of over 500 isolates of F. graminearum from the US Upper Midwest, New York, Louisiana, and Uruguay. PCA and STRUCTURE analyses group our isolates into four previously described populations: NA1, NA2, Southern Louisiana (SLA) and Gulf Coast (GC). Some isolates were not assigned to populations because of mixed ancestry. Population structure was associated with toxin genotype and geographic origin. The NA1, NA2, and SLA populations are differentiated (FST 0.385 - 0.551) but the presence of admixed isolates indicates that the populations are not reproductively isolated. Patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay suggest frequent recombination within populations. Fusarium graminearum populations from the US have great evolutionary potential given the high recombination rate and a large proportion of admixed isolates. The NA1, NA2, and Southern Louisiana (SLA) populations separated from their common ancestral population roughly at the same time in the past and are evolving with moderate levels of subsequent gene flow between them. Genome-wide selection scans in all three populations revealed outlier regions with the strongest signatures of recent positive natural selection. These outlier regions include many genes with unknown function and some genes with known roles in plant-microbe interaction, fungicide/drug resistance, cellular transport and genes that are related to cellular organelles. Only a very small proportion of outlier regions are shared as outliers among the three populations, suggesting unique host-pathogen interactions and environmental adaptation.

Asunto(s)

Fusarium , Desequilibrio de Ligamiento , Enfermedades de las Plantas , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Fusarium/genética , Fusarium/clasificación , Fusarium/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Triticum/microbiología , Genoma Fúngico/genética , Américas , Genotipo , Genómica , Metagenómica , Hordeum/microbiología , Uruguay

RESUMEN

Cereal grains play an important role in human health as a source of macro- and micronutrients, besides phytochemicals. The metabolite diversity was investigated in cereal crops and their milling fractions by untargeted metabolomics ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) of 69 samples: 7 species (barley, oat, pearl millet, rye, sorghum, triticale, and wheat), 23 genotypes, and 4 milling fractions (husk, bran, flour, and wholegrain). Samples were also analyzed by in vitro antioxidant activity. UHPLC-MS/MS signals were processed using XCMS, and metabolite annotation was based on SIRIUS and GNPS libraries. Bran and husk showed the highest antioxidant capacity and phenolic content/diversity. The major metabolite classes were phenolic acids, flavonoids, fatty acyls, and organic acids. Sorghum, millet, barley, and oats showed distinct metabolite profiles, especially related to the bran fraction. Molecular networking and chemometrics provided a comprehensive insight into the metabolic profiling of cereal crops, unveiling the potential of coproducts and super cereals such as sorghum and millet as sources of polyphenols.

Asunto(s)

Antioxidantes , Grano Comestible , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/análisis , Grano Comestible/química , Grano Comestible/metabolismo , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Sorghum/química , Sorghum/metabolismo , Avena/química , Avena/metabolismo , Avena/genética , Triticum/química , Triticum/metabolismo , Triticum/genética , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Flavonoides/análisis , Flavonoides/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/metabolismo , Mijos/química , Mijos/metabolismo , Mijos/genética , Hordeum/química , Hordeum/metabolismo , Hordeum/genética , Semillas/química , Semillas/metabolismo , Metabolómica , Productos Agrícolas/química , Productos Agrícolas/metabolismo , Productos Agrícolas/genética

RESUMEN

Soil contamination by heavy metals is one of the major problems that adversely decrease plant growth and biomass production. Inoculation with the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can attenuate the toxicity of heavy metals and enhancing the plant growth. In this study, we evaluated the potential of a novel extremotolerant strain (IS-2 T) isolated from date palm rhizosphere to improve barley seedling growth under heavy metal stress. The species-level identification was carried out using morphological and biochemical methods combined with whole genome sequencing. The bacterial strain was then used in vitro for inoculating Hordeum vulgare L. exposed to three different Cr, Zn, and Ni concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2 mM) in petri dishes and different morphological parameters were assessed. The strain was identified as Bacillus glycinifermentans species. This strain showed high tolerance to pH (6-11), salt stress (0.2-2 M), and heavy metals. Indeed, the minimum inhibitory concentrations at which bacterium was unable to grow were 4 mM for nickel, 3 mM for zinc, more than 8 mM for copper, and 40 mM for chromium, respectively. It was observed that inoculation of Hordeum vulgare L. under metal stress conditions with Bacillus glycinifermentans IS-2 T stain improved considerably the growth parameters. The capacity of the IS-2 T strain to withstand a range of abiotic stresses and improve barley seedling development under lab conditions makes it a promising candidate for use as a PGPR in zinc, nickel, copper, and chromium bioremediation.

Asunto(s)

Bacillus , Hordeum , Metales Pesados , Phoeniceae , Contaminantes del Suelo , Cobre/farmacología , Níquel/toxicidad , Rizosfera , Metales Pesados/toxicidad , Bacterias , Cromo/toxicidad , Biodegradación Ambiental , Semillas , Zinc , Suelo , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología

RESUMEN

Previous findings have shown that phospholipase D (PLD) contributes to the response to long-term chilling stress in barley by regulating the balance of proline (Pro) levels. Although Pro accumulation is one of the most prominent changes in barley roots exposed to this kind of stress, the regulation of its metabolism during recovery from stress remains unclear. Research has mostly focused on the responses to stress per se, and not much is known about the dynamics and mechanisms underlying the subsequent recovery. The present study aimed to evaluate how PLD, its product phosphatidic acid (PA), and diacylglycerol pyrophosphate (DGPP) modulate Pro accumulation in barley during recovery from long-term chilling stress. Pro metabolism involves different pathways and enzymes. The rate-limiting step is mediated by pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) in its biosynthesis, and by proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) in its catabolism. We observed that Pro levels decreased in recovering barley roots due to an increase in ProDH activity. The addition of 1-butanol, a PLD inhibitor, reverted this effect and altered the relative gene expression of ProDH. When barley tissues were treated with PA before recovery, the fresh weight of roots increased and ProDH activity was stimulated. These data contribute to our understanding of how acidic membrane phospholipids like PA help to control Pro degradation during recovery from stress.

Asunto(s)

Hordeum , Hordeum/metabolismo , Respuesta al Choque por Frío , Transducción de Señal , Prolina Oxidasa/metabolismo , Ácidos Fosfatidicos/metabolismo , Prolina/metabolismo

RESUMEN

The study strives to analyze the potential variations of farmers' income under climate change by using Ricardian approach. The case study was Mazandaran province of Iran and three autumn crops, i.e. wheat, barley and canola were considered as the investigated crops. The Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG) model was selected to downscale the climate data. Three climate variables were downscaled for the years 2020-2080 under three climate scenarios: optimistic (RCP2.6), medium (RCP4.5), and pessimistic (RCP8.5). The Ricardian approach was also employed to predict the economics of climate change. Accordingly, the mean monthly temperature of the province is projected to have an upward trend under all climate scenarios, however, the rainfall pattern would be varied. The results of economic impacts of climate change also approved that the net income of investigated crops would be different trends under climate change scenarios. Accordingly, the variations of air temperature and rainfall would lead that the net income increases for wheat and barley, while it decreases for canola.

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O estudo se esforça para analisar as variações potenciais da renda dos agricultores sob a mudança climática usando a abordagem Ricardiana. O estudo de caso foi a província de Mazandaran do Irã e três culturas de outono, ou seja, trigo, cevada e canola foram consideradas como as culturas investigadas. O modelo Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG) foi selecionado para reduzir a escala dos dados climáticos. Três variáveis ​​climáticas foram reduzidas para os anos 2020-2080 em três cenários climáticos: otimista (RCP2.6), médio (RCP4.5) e pessimista (RCP8.5). A abordagem ricardiana também foi empregada para prever a economia das mudanças climáticas. Assim, projeta-se que a temperatura média mensal da província tenha uma tendência ascendente em todos os cenários climáticos, no entanto, o padrão de chuvas seria variado. Os resultados dos impactos econômicos das mudanças climáticas também aprovaram que a renda líquida das lavouras investigadas seria de tendências diferentes em cenários de mudanças climáticas. Nesse sentido, as variações da temperatura do ar e da pluviosidade fariam com que a renda líquida aumentasse para o trigo e a cevada, enquanto diminuía para a canola.

Asunto(s)

Estaciones del Año , Hordeum , Triticum , Cambio Climático , Brassica napus , Agricultura/economía , Renta

RESUMEN

Glycerolipid remodeling, a dynamic mechanism for plant subsistence under cold stress, has been posited to affect the biophysical properties of cell membranes. In barley roots, remodeling has been observed to take place upon exposure to chilling stress and to be partially reverted during stress relief. In this study, we explored the biophysical characteristics of membranes formed with lipids extracted from barley roots subjected to chilling stress, or during a subsequent short- or long-term recovery. Our aim was to determine to what extent barley roots were able to offset the adverse effects of temperature on their cell membranes. For this purpose, we analyzed the response of the probe Laurdan inserted in bilayers of different extracts, the zeta potential of liposomes, and the behavior of Langmuir monolayers upon compression. We found important changes in the order of water molecules, which is in agreement with the changes in the unsaturation index of lipids due to remodeling. Regarding Langmuir monolayers, we found that films from all the extracts showed a reorganization at a surface pressure that depends on temperature. This reorganization occurred with an increase in entropy for extracts from control plants and without entropy changes for extracts from acclimated plants. In summary, some membrane properties were recovered after the stress, while others were not, suggesting that the membrane biophysical properties play a role in the mechanism of plant acclimation to chilling. These findings contribute to our understanding of the impact of lipid remodeling on biophysical modifications in plant roots.

Asunto(s)

Hordeum , Temperatura , Hordeum/metabolismo , Frío , Lípidos , Extractos Vegetales

RESUMEN

Members within the Fusarium sambucinum species complex (FSAMSC) are able to produce mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZEN) and enniatins (ENNs) in food products. Consequently, alternative methods for assessing the levels of these mycotoxins are relevant for quick decision-making. In this context, qPCR based on key mycotoxin biosynthetic genes could aid in determining the toxigenic fungal biomass, and could therefore infer mycotoxin content. The aim of this study was to verify the use of qPCR as a technique for estimating DON, NIV, ENNs and ZEN, as well as Fusarium graminearum sensu lato (s.l.) and F. poae in barley grains. For this purpose, 53 barley samples were selected for mycobiota, mycotoxin and qPCR analyses. ENNs were the most frequent mycotoxins, followed by DON, ZEN and NIV. 83% of the samples were contaminated by F. graminearum s.l. and 51% by F. poae. Pearson correlation analysis showed significant correlations for TRI12/15-ADON with DON, ESYN1 with ENNs, TRI12/15-ADON and ZEB1 with F. graminearum s.l., as well as ESYN1 and TRI12/NIV with F. poae. Based on the results, qPCR could be useful for the assessment of Fusarium presence, and therefore, provide an estimation of its mycotoxins' levels from the same sample.

Asunto(s)

Fusarium , Hordeum , Micotoxinas , Zearalenona , Micotoxinas/análisis , Fusarium/genética , Zearalenona/análisis , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Grano Comestible/química

RESUMEN

Lipidomics is a discipline that focuses on the identification and quantification of lipids. Although a part of the larger omics field, lipidomics requires specific approaches for the analysis and biological interpretation of datasets. This article presents a series of activities for introducing undergraduate microbiology students to lipidomic analysis through tools from the web-based platform MetaboAnalyst. The students perform a complete lipidomic workflow, which includes experiment design, data processing, data normalization, and statistical analysis of molecular phospholipid species obtained from barley roots exposed to Fusarium macroconidia. The input data are provided by the teacher, but students also learn about the methods through which they were originally obtained (untargeted liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry). The ultimate aim is for students to understand the biological significance of phosphatidylcholine acyl editing. The chosen methodology allows users who are not proficient in statistics to make a comprehensive analysis of quantitative lipidomic datasets. We strongly believe that virtual activities based on the analysis of such datasets should be incorporated more often into undergraduate courses, in order to improve students' data-handling skills for omics sciences.

Asunto(s)

Hordeum , Lipidómica , Humanos , Lipidómica/métodos , Cromatografía Liquida/métodos , Espectrometría de Masas , Lípidos/análisis

RESUMEN

Phytophthora blight, caused by Phytophthora capsici, is a serious disease of many vegetable crops worldwide. In New Mexico, U.S.A., the disease affects chile pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), a major crop in the state. There is no single tool that effectively controls the disease. Continuous research is needed in identifying combination of tools that can reduce the impact of Phytophthora blight. We explored the potential of combining cover crops and biocontrol agents to reduce soilborne diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) cover crop on the antagonistic ability of Trichoderma harzianum against P. capsici in vitro and to quantify the impacts of combining soil amendment with residues from B. juncea and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cover crops and plastic covering on infection of chile pepper seedlings by P. capsici under greenhouse conditions. Volatiles from macerated tissue of B. juncea significantly reduced P. capsici and T. harzianum growth in the absence of soil by 89.0 and 79.0%, respectively. When incorporated in soils, volatiles from macerated tissue of B. juncea significantly reduced P. capsici and T. harzianum by 33.4 and 7.8%, respectively. T. harzianum was more resilient to B. juncea biofumigation than P. capsici. Significant reduction in disease incidence was observed with B. juncea-fumigated soil, while no disease suppression was observed with soil incorporation of H. vulgare residues. Covering soil with plastic was necessary for increasing the efficacy of B. juncea biofumigation.

Asunto(s)

Capsicum , Hordeum , Phytophthora , Planta de la Mostaza , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & control , Suelo

RESUMEN

Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium meridionale are primary contaminants of barley, capable of producing several mycotoxins, mainly type B trichothecenes and zearalenone. Cold plasma decontamination has been gaining prominence, seeking to control the fungal and mycotoxin contamination of food and feed and to improve product quality. To reach this objective, the present study was divided into two parts. In the first part, F. meridionale and F. graminearum strains were exposed to gliding arc plasma jet (GAPJ). Cell viability tests showed the inactivation of F. meridionale after 15-min treatment, whereas F. graminearum showed to be resistant. In the second part, barley grains were treated by GAPJ for 10, 20, and 30 min, demonstrating a reduction of about 2 log CFU/g of the barley's mycobiota, composed of yeasts, strains belonging to the F. graminearum species complex, Alternaria, and Aspergillus. A decrease in DON levels (up to 89%) was observed after exposure for 20 min. However, an increase in the toxin Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) was observed in barley grains, indicating a conversion of DON to D3G.

Asunto(s)

Fusarium , Hordeum , Micotoxinas , Tricotecenos , Hordeum/microbiología , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Tricotecenos/análisis , Micotoxinas/análisis , Grano Comestible/química

RESUMEN

This study aimed to produce and characterise microparticles produced from barley residue proteins (BRP) enriched with ß-carotene. The microparticles were obtained by freeze-drying five emulsion formulations with 0.5% w/w whey protein concentrate and different concentrations of maltodextrin and BRP (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0% w/w), with the dispersed phase consisting of corn oil enriched with ß-carotene. The mixtures were mechanically mixed and sonicated, the formed emulsions were freeze-drying. The microparticles obtained were tested for encapsulation efficiency, humidity, hygroscopicity, apparent density, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), accelerated stability and bioaccessibility. Microparticles produced with the emulsion containing 6% w/w BRP had lower moisture content (3.47 ± 0.05%), higher encapsulation efficiency (69.11 ± 3.36%), bioaccessibility value of 84.1% and greater ß-carotene protection against thermal degradation. SEM analysis showed that microparticles had sizes ranging from 74.4 to 244.8 µm. These results show that BRP are viable for the microencapsulation of bioactive compounds by freeze-drying.

Asunto(s)

Hordeum , beta Caroteno , beta Caroteno/química , Emulsiones/química , Cerveza , Composición de Medicamentos/métodos , Proteína de Suero de Leche

RESUMEN

Barley is an important cereal worldwide. However, fungal contamination during pre and postharvest is a recurrent problem for barley production, causing a direct impact on the quality of the grains and their by-products due to spoilage and mycotoxin accumulation. The Fusarium graminearum species complex is the main contaminant during preharvest and some species can produce deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, important mycotoxins that represent a risk to human and animal health. This study evaluated the fungal diversity and the levels of DON and ZEN in barley grains produced in Brazil. The results showed high frequency (60%) of Fusariumcontamination in barley grains. Additionally, mycotoxin levels ranged from 46 to 2074 µg/kg for DON and from 74 to 556 µg/kg for ZEN. Co-occurrence of DON and ZEN was observed in 40% of the samples and 30% of barley samples had DON and ZEN levels higher than the maximum levels established by Brazilian and European legislations. .

Asunto(s)

Fusarium , Hordeum , Micotoxinas , Zearalenona , Humanos , Animales , Zearalenona/análisis , Brasil , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Micotoxinas/análisis , Grano Comestible/química

RESUMEN

Etofenprox is a novel pyrethroid insecticide that targets the nervous system of insects by affecting the function of the sodium channel. The current study examines the insecticidal activity of etofenprox against Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae, Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) adults, Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) adults, and Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) adults and larvae on different grain commodities. For this purpose, etofenprox was applied on barley, maize, oats, rice, and wheat at 0.1, 1, 5, and 10 ppm. Mortality levels were recorded after 7, 14, and 21 days of exposure. For E. kuehniella larvae, 10 ppm applied on whole rice killed 96.1% of the exposed individuals after 21 days of exposure. The application of etofenprox on oats at 5 ppm caused the death of 98.3% of the exposed R. dominica adults. Complete mortality was observed for R. dominica adults 21 days post-exposure to oats and whole rice treated with 10 ppm etofenprox. The highest concentration applied on barley caused 95.0% mortality to S. oryzae adults, while the same concentration on maize killed 76.8% of T. confusum adults after 21 days of exposure. Larvae of T. confusum exhibited high mortality levels reaching 99.4% after 21 days of exposure to barley treated with 10 ppm etofenprox. Progeny production of parental R. dominica adults was almost suppressed on all commodities treated with 5 ppm etofenprox. The offspring emergence of S. oryzae ranged between 4.4 and 24.6 adults per vial at 10 ppm. No T. confusum progeny was produced at 10 ppm etofenprox. Our results document that etofenprox is highly effective as grain protectant against several insect species, their developmental stages and their progeny production, but its performance depends on the type of the commodity that it is applied on.

Asunto(s)

Escarabajos , Hordeum , Insecticidas , Mariposas Nocturnas , Oryza , Piretrinas , Tribolium , Gorgojos , Humanos , Animales , Triticum , Avena , Zea mays , Dominica , Grano Comestible , Insectos

RESUMEN

Barley malting depends on hydrolytic enzymes that degrade storage macromolecules. Identifying barley cultivars with proteolytic activity that guarantees appropriate foaming, flavor, and aroma in the beer is of great importance. In this work, the proteolytic activity and profiles of brewing malt from Mexican barley cultivars were analyzed. Data showed that Cys- (at 50°C) and Ser-proteases (at 70°C) are the major contributors to proteolytic activity during mashing. Essential amino acids, necessary for fermentation and production of good flavor and aroma in beer, were detected at the end of mashing. According to our results, Mexican cultivar HV2005-19 exhibits similar proteolytic activities as those from cultivar Metcalfe, which is one of the most utilized for the brewing industry. Moreover, we propose Cys- and Ser-proteases as biochemical markers during mashing at 50 and 70°C, respectively, to select barley cultivars for beer production. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Proteolytic activity, which depends on activation and de novo synthesis of proteases in the aleurone layer of barley seeds, is crucial in beer production. Identifying new barley varieties that have optimal proteolytic activities is of great interest for genetic improvement programs. In this study, we propose the variety HV2005-19 as a genotype with Cys- and Ser-proteases activity similar to that from Metcalfe, which is a top variety in the brewing industry.

Asunto(s)

Hordeum , Cerveza/análisis , Fermentación , Hordeum/química , Hordeum/genética , Péptido Hidrolasas/genética , Semillas/química

RESUMEN

In this study, nickel tolerance (NiSO4.7H2O) of some Turkish national barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes (Bülbül-89, Kalayci-97, Karatay-94, Larende, Tarm-92, Tokak-157/37, Yesevi-93 and Zeynel Aga) was investigated. Barley genotypes were exposed to different nickel concentrations [0 mM (control), 250, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 ppm]. Nickel toxicity significantly inhibited root and coleoptile growth in all barley genotypes in a concentration-dependent manner. However, root growth was much more inhibited by nickel applications in comparison with coleoptile growth, probably due to a higher level of sensitivity of root meristems against nickel toxicity or direct contact of roots with nickel ions in the growth medium. Root growth in the genotype Karatay-94 and coleoptile growth in the genotype Yesevi-93 was more remarkably reduced by nickel toxicity. Root and coleoptile growth in the genotypes Larende and Kalayci-97 were less affected under nickel toxicity, respectively. In addition, nickel toxicity disturbed water relations in barley genotypes dependent on the organ type, as demonstrated by more severe inhibition in root fresh weight as compared to coleoptile fresh weight. These results could show that nickel toxicity reduced water uptake from growth medium in barley genotypes used in this study. Changes in dry weight of roots and coleoptiles indicated that nickel toxicity more severely decreased biomass accumulation in roots of barley genotypes. The calculated tolerance indices demonstrated that the genotype Kalayci-97 is the most tolerant to nickel toxicity, while the genotype Karatay-94 is the most susceptible one.(AU)

Asunto(s)

Hordeum/genética , Níquel/toxicidad , Níquel/química , Raíces de Plantas/química , Prueba de Estudio Conceptual

RESUMEN

The barley chloroplast mutator (cpm) is a nuclear gene mutant that induces a wide spectrum of cytoplasmically inherited chlorophyll deficiencies. Plastome instability of cpm seedlings was determined by identification of a particular landscape of polymorphisms that suggests failures in a plastome mismatch repair (MMR) protein. In Arabidopsis, MSH genes encode proteins that are in charge of mismatch repair and have anti-recombination activity. In this work, barley homologs of these genes were identified, and their sequences were analyzed in control and cpm mutant seedlings. A substitution, leading to a premature stop codon and a truncated MSH1 protein, was identified in the Msh1 gene of cpm plants. The relationship between this mutation and the presence of chlorophyll deficiencies was established in progenies from crosses and backcrosses. These results strongly suggest that the mutation identified in the Msh1 gene of the cpm mutant is responsible for the observed plastome instabilities. Interestingly, comparison of mutant phenotypes and molecular changes induced by the barley cpm mutant with those of Arabidopsis MSH1 mutants revealed marked differences.

Asunto(s)

Arabidopsis , Hordeum , Arabidopsis/genética , Clorofila/metabolismo , Cloroplastos/genética , Cloroplastos/metabolismo , Hordeum/genética , Mutación , Plantones/genética

RESUMEN

The use of treated wastewater (TWW) for irrigation has gained global attention since it reduces pressure on groundwater (GW) and surface water. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of TWW on agronomic, photosynthetic, stomatal, and nutritional characteristics of barley plants. The experiment with barley was established on two bands: one band was irrigated with GW and the other with TWW. The evaluation was performed 25, 40, 60, 90, and 115 days after sowing (DAS). Results showed that irrigation with TWW increased (p < 0.01) grain yield by 54.3% and forage yield by 39.4% compared to GW irrigation. In addition, it increased plant height (PH) (p = 0.013), chlorophyll concentration index (CCI) (p = 0.006), and leaf area index (LAI) (p = 0.002). TWW also produced a positive effect (p < 0.05) in all the photosynthetic efficiency parameters evaluated. Barley plants irrigated with TWW had lower stomatal density (SD) and area (SA) (p < 0.001) than plants irrigated with GW. Plants irrigated with TWW had a higher P concentration (p < 0.05) in stems and roots and K concentration in leaves than plants irrigated with GW. We concluded that the use of TWW induced important biochemical, physiological, and agronomic changes in barley plants. Hence, the use of TWW may be a sustainable alternative for barley production in arid and semi-arid regions. This study was part of a government project, which aimed to develop a new metropolitan irrigation district with TWW. This study may contribute to the sustainability of water resources and agricultural practices in northern Mexico.

Asunto(s)

Agua Subterránea , Hordeum , Riego Agrícola , Agricultura/métodos , Clima Desértico , Aguas Residuales/análisis