RESUMEN
The origins of treponemal diseases have long remained unknown, especially considering the sudden onset of the first syphilis epidemic in the late 15th century in Europe and its hypothesized arrival from the Americas with Columbus' expeditions1,2. Recently, ancient DNA evidence has revealed various treponemal infections circulating in early modern Europe and colonial-era Mexico3-6. However, there has been to our knowledge no genomic evidence of treponematosis recovered from either the Americas or the Old World that can be reliably dated to the time before the first trans-Atlantic contacts. Here, we present treponemal genomes from nearly 2,000-year-old human remains from Brazil. We reconstruct four ancient genomes of a prehistoric treponemal pathogen, most closely related to the bejel-causing agent Treponema pallidum endemicum. Contradicting the modern day geographical niche of bejel in the arid regions of the world, the results call into question the previous palaeopathological characterization of treponeme subspecies and showcase their adaptive potential. A high-coverage genome is used to improve molecular clock date estimations, placing the divergence of modern T. pallidum subspecies firmly in pre-Columbian times. Overall, our study demonstrates the opportunities within archaeogenetics to uncover key events in pathogen evolution and emergence, paving the way to new hypotheses on the origin and spread of treponematoses.
Asunto(s)
Evolución Molecular , Genoma Bacteriano , Treponema pallidum , Infecciones por Treponema , Humanos , Brasil/epidemiología , Brasil/etnología , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Genoma Bacteriano/genética , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia Antigua , Sífilis/epidemiología , Sífilis/historia , Sífilis/microbiología , Sífilis/transmisión , Treponema pallidum/clasificación , Treponema pallidum/genética , Treponema pallidum/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Treponema/epidemiología , Infecciones por Treponema/historia , Infecciones por Treponema/microbiología , Infecciones por Treponema/transmisiónRESUMEN
Before the colonial period, California harboured more language variation than all of Europe, and linguistic and archaeological analyses have led to many hypotheses to explain this diversity1. We report genome-wide data from 79 ancient individuals from California and 40 ancient individuals from Northern Mexico dating to 7,400-200 years before present (BP). Our analyses document long-term genetic continuity between people living on the Northern Channel Islands of California and the adjacent Santa Barbara mainland coast from 7,400 years BP to modern Chumash groups represented by individuals who lived around 200 years BP. The distinctive genetic lineages that characterize present-day and ancient people from Northwest Mexico increased in frequency in Southern and Central California by 5,200 years BP, providing evidence for northward migrations that are candidates for spreading Uto-Aztecan languages before the dispersal of maize agriculture from Mexico2-4. Individuals from Baja California share more alleles with the earliest individual from Central California in the dataset than with later individuals from Central California, potentially reflecting an earlier linguistic substrate, whose impact on local ancestry was diluted by later migrations from inland regions1,5. After 1,600 years BP, ancient individuals from the Channel Islands lived in communities with effective sizes similar to those in pre-agricultural Caribbean and Patagonia, and smaller than those on the California mainland and in sampled regions of Mexico.
Asunto(s)
Variación Genética , Pueblos Indígenas , Humanos , Agricultura/historia , California/etnología , Región del Caribe/etnología , Etnicidad/genética , Etnicidad/historia , Europa (Continente)/etnología , Variación Genética/genética , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVII , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia Antigua , Historia Medieval , Migración Humana/historia , Pueblos Indígenas/genética , Pueblos Indígenas/historia , Islas , Lenguaje/historia , México/etnología , Zea mays , Genoma Humano/genética , Genómica , AlelosRESUMEN
SUMMARY: The spread of the idea that the human body should be learned from cadavers, especially under the leadership of Vesalius, and the strong support of this idea among surgeons and medical students of that period, led to the emergence of anatomy theatres, particularly in the rich centres of Western Europe. Anatomy theatres have become prestigious places that make contributions to financial income for the cities they are located in. They have contributed to the importance of universities with the students they attract. Anatomy has become a more visual and international science because of the spread of anatomical drawings in scientific medical books, the newly invented printing press making it easier to print more books and the increasing interest of the people of the period. Learning medicine has become easier with the spread of visual anatomy books and cadaver studies. Cadaver studies and anatomy theatres, which started to become widespread under the leadership of brave science warriors such as Vesalius, who lived in the Renaissance period, became the subject of the paintings of painters of the period such as Rembrandt under the name anatomy activities. It is beneficial and necessary for society to keep in memory what this period brought to the world of anatomy and the present with its historical processes.
La difusión de la idea de que el cuerpo humano se debe aprender a partir de cadáveres, especialmente bajo el liderazgo de Vesalius, y el fuerte apoyo de esta idea entre los cirujanos y estudiantes de medicina de ese período, condujo al surgimiento de las salas de anatomía, particularmente en los ricos centros de Europa Occidental. Las salas de anatomía se han convertido en lugares de prestigio que contribuyen a los ingresos económicos de las ciudades en las que están ubicados y han contribuido a la importancia de las universidades con los estudiantes que atraen. La anatomía se ha convertido en una ciencia más visual e internacional debido a la difusión de los dibujos anatómicos en los libros médicos científicos, la imprenta recién inventada que facilita la impresión de libros y el creciente interés de la gente de la época. Aprender medicina se ha vuelto más fácil con la difusión de libros de anatomía visual y estudios de cadáveres. Los estudios de cadáveres y las salas de anatomía, que comenzaron a generalizarse bajo el liderazgo de valientes guerreros de la ciencia como Vesalius, que vivió en el Renacimiento, se convirtieron en el tema de las pinturas de artistas de la época como Rembrandt bajo el nombre de actividades de anatomía. Es beneficioso y necesario que la sociedad guarde en la memoria lo que este período trajo al mundo de la anatomía y el presente con sus procesos históricos.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVII , Anatomía/educación , Anatomía/historia , Cadáver , Disección/educación , Disección/historia , Europa OrientalRESUMEN
El recurso de la narrativa literaria permite analizar el film "El discurso del Rey" desde una perspectiva diferente a las disponibles. Se trata de leerlo a partir del concepto de puesta en abismo (mis en abyme), encontrando una escena dentro de la escena, en la que la segunda ofrece las pistas para inteligir claves de la primera. Este recurso se aplica a dos pasajes clave del film, permitiendo así analizarlo como una ficción clínica y comprender mejor las vicisitudes psicológicas del personaje y sus posibles salidas
The resource of literary narrative allows us to analyze the film "The King's Speech" from a different perspective than those currently available. It is a matter of reading it from the concept of "mis en abyme", finding a scene within the scene, in which the second offers the clues to understand the keys of the first. This resource is applied to two key passages of the film, thus allowing it to be analyzed as a clinical fiction and to better understand the psychological vicissitudes of the character and the possible ways out of it
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Historia del Siglo XV , Literatura Moderna , Drama , Películas CinematográficasRESUMEN
Resumen El Plomo ha tenido una estrecha relación con el mundo artístico pictórico a través de los pigmentos utilizados por los artistas durante milenios. El íntimo contacto con sustancias químicas potencialmente peligrosas para la salud, casi siempre sin medidas de higiene y seguridad laboral, ha desarrollado en muchos casos, enfermedades laborales en estos artistas, a veces sospechadas y en otros casos, más que confirmadas. En el presente trabajo se analiza la historia de vida laboral de Miguel Angel Buonarroti, de quien se tiene registro suficiente como para establecer un nexo causal con exposición laboral al Plomo.
Abstract Lead has shown a close relationship with the fine arts'world through the pigments used by artists for thousand of years. Close contact with potentially dangerous chemical substances for health, almost always without occupational hygiene and safety measures, has produced, in many cases, occupational illnesses in these artists, sometimes suspected and in other cases, more than confirmed. In the present work, the history of Miguel Angel Buonarroti's working life is analyzed, since there is sufficient record to establish a causal link with occupational exposure to Lead.
Asunto(s)
Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Pinturas/historia , Acúfeno/inducido químicamente , Personajes , Intoxicación por Plomo/complicaciones , Enfermedades Profesionales/inducido químicamente , Pintura/envenenamiento , Intoxicación del Sistema Nervioso por Plomo en Adultos/complicacionesRESUMEN
Abstract The study of skin, the science of dermatology, has undergone significant transformations throughout the centuries. From the first descriptions of skin diseases in Egyptian papyri and in Hippocratic writings to the first treatises on dermatology, important individuals and discoveries have marked the specialty. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the specialty consolidated itself as a field of medical study based on the first classifications of dermatoses, diagnostic methods, and drug treatments. In the 20th century, the scientific and technological revolution transformed dermatological practice, incorporating new therapeutic resources, as well as surgical and aesthetic procedures. In the face of such a vigorous process, it is important to provide a historical synthesis for the medical community to recognize and understand the origins that supported one of the most relevant specialties in the current medical scenario.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Enfermedades de la Piel/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de la Piel/terapia , Dermatología , Piel , Historia Antigua , Historia Medieval , Egipto , EstéticaRESUMEN
The study of skin, the science of dermatology, has undergone significant transformations throughout the centuries. From the first descriptions of skin diseases in Egyptian papyri and in Hippocratic writings to the first treatises on dermatology, important individuals and discoveries have marked the specialty. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the specialty consolidated itself as a field of medical study based on the first classifications of dermatoses, diagnostic methods, and drug treatments. In the 20th century, the scientific and technological revolution transformed dermatological practice, incorporating new therapeutic resources, as well as surgical and aesthetic procedures. In the face of such a vigorous process, it is important to provide a historical synthesis for the medical community to recognize and understand the origins that supported one of the most relevant specialties in the current medical scenario.
Asunto(s)
Dermatología , Enfermedades de la Piel , Egipto , Estética , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia Antigua , Historia Medieval , Humanos , Piel , Enfermedades de la Piel/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de la Piel/terapiaRESUMEN
The rulers of the Inka empire conquered approximately 2 million km2 of the South American Andes in just under 100 years from 1438-1533 CE. Inside the empire, the elite conducted a systematic resettlement of the many Indigenous peoples in the Andes that had been rapidly colonised. The nature of this resettlement phenomenon is recorded within the Spanish colonial ethnohistorical record. Here we have broadly characterised the resettlement policy, despite the often incomplete and conflicting details in the descriptions. We then review research from multiple disciplines that investigate the empirical reality of the Inka resettlement policy, including stable isotope analysis, intentional cranial deformation morphology, ceramic artefact chemical analyses and genetics. Further, we discuss the benefits and limitations of each discipline for investigating the resettlement policy and emphasise their collective value in an interdisciplinary characterisation of the resettlement policy.
Asunto(s)
Arqueología/historia , Hispánicos o Latinos/historia , Migración Humana/historia , Historia del Siglo XV , Humanos , Políticas , América del SurRESUMEN
Este artículo presenta una historia general de las epidemias históricas y de las nuevas enfermedades emergentes, señalando sus factores desencadenantes. Se afirma que las epidemias son inevitables, y que su riesgo aumenta en proporción al tamaño, la complejidad y el poder tecnológico de nuestras sociedades. La historia enseña que las epidemias han sido casi siempre desencadenadas por cambios en el ambiente ocasionados por las propias actividades humanas. Las enfermedades infecciosas son manifestación de una interacción ecológica entre la especie humana y otra especie de microorganismos. Y las epidemias son resultado del cambio en algún factor ambiental capaz de influir en esa interacción. Las catástrofes epidémicas son inevitables: en primer lugar, porque no podemos evitar formar parte de cadenas tróficas en las que comemos y somos comidos por los microbios; en segundo lugar, porque las infecciones son mecanismos evolutivos y factores reguladores del equilibrio ecológico, que regulan sobre todo el tamaño de las poblaciones; y, en tercer lugar, porque las intervenciones técnicas humanas, al modificar los equilibrios previos, crean equilibrios nuevos que son más vulnerables. De este modo las sociedades humanas son más vulnerables cuanto más complejas. Y los éxitos humanos en la modificación de condiciones ambientales conservan, o más bien aumentan, el riesgo de catástrofes epidémicas. Todas las necesarias medidas de vigilancia y control epidemiológico imaginables pueden disminuir los daños que producen las epidemias, pero nunca podrán evitarlas.
This article presents a general history of historical epidemics, and new emerging diseases, pointing out their triggers. It is claimed that epidemics are inevitable, and that their risk increases in proportion to the size, complexity, and technological power of our societies. History teaches that epidemics have almost always been triggered by changes in the environment caused by human activities themselves. Infectious diseases are manifestations of an ecological interaction between the human species and another species of microorganisms. And epidemics are the result of a change in some environmental factor capable of influencing that interaction. Epidemic catastrophes are inevitable: firstly, because we cannot help but be part of trophic chains in which we eat and are eaten by microbes; secondly, because infections are evolutionary mechanisms and regulatory factors of ecological balance, which regulate especially the size of populations; and thirdly, because human technical interventions, in changing previous balances, create new balances that are more vulnerable. In this way human societies are more vulnerable the more complex. And human successes in modifying environmental conditions retain, or rather increase, the risk of epidemic catastrophes. All necessary epidemiological surveillance and control measures imaginable can lessen the damage caused by epidemics, but they can never prevent them.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Historia Antigua , Historia Medieval , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVII , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Enfermedades Transmisibles/historia , Pandemias/historia , Historia de la Medicina , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes , Poblaciones VulnerablesRESUMEN
The archaeological record shows that large pre-Inca agricultural systems supported settlements for centuries around the ravines and oases of northern Chile's hyperarid Atacama Desert. This raises questions about how such productivity was achieved and sustained, and its social implications. Using isotopic data of well-preserved ancient plant remains from Atacama sites, we show a dramatic increase in crop nitrogen isotope values (δ15N) from around AD 1000. Maize was most affected, with δ15N values as high as +30, and human bone collagen following a similar trend; moreover, their carbon isotope values (δ13C) indicate a considerable increase in the consumption of maize at the same time. We attribute the shift to extremely high δ15N values-the highest in the world for archaeological plants-to the use of seabird guano to fertilize crops. Guano-'white gold' as it came to be called-thus sustained agricultural intensification, supporting a substantial population in an otherwise extreme environment.
Asunto(s)
Agricultura/historia , Arqueología , Productos Agrícolas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Productos Agrícolas/historia , Chile , Productos Agrícolas/metabolismo , Clima Desértico , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVII , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia MedievalRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Cranial vault modification (CVM), the intentional reshaping of the head, indicated group affiliation in prehistoric Andean South America. This study aims to analyze CVM data from the Cuzco region of Peru to illuminate patterns of early migration and settlement along with the later impact of the Inca Empire (AD 1438-1532) on the ethnic landscape. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 419 individuals from 10 archaeological sites spanning over 2300 years were assessed for CVM using morphological analysis. RESULTS: CVM patterns show distinct temporal attributes: the tabular type of modification appeared first and dominated the early sample (900 BC-AD 600), followed by an influx of unmodified crania during the Middle Horizon (AD 600-1000). The annular type appeared later during the Late Intermediate Period (AD 1000-1438). In the subsequent period of Inca imperialism, modification rates were higher at sites in the Cuzco countryside than in Cuzco city sites. DISCUSSION: The study results, combined with archaeological and ethnohistoric data, reveal the sociopolitical transformations that occurred prior to and during the rise of the Inca Empire. The influx of unmodified crania during the Middle Horizon resulted at least partly from Wari occupation, while the appearance of the annular type during the LIP points to migration into the area, possibly from the Lake Titicaca region. In the Inca Imperial Period, Inca individuals at Cuzco city sites refrained from modification as a sign of their ethnic identity, while modification patterns in the Cuzco countryside likely reflect state-coerced resettlement of different ethnic groups.
Asunto(s)
Modificación del Cuerpo no Terapéutica/historia , Indígenas Sudamericanos/historia , Cráneo/patología , Arqueología , Modificación del Cuerpo no Terapéutica/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia Antigua , Historia Medieval , Migración Humana/historia , Humanos , Indígenas Sudamericanos/etnología , Indígenas Sudamericanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Perú/etnologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: This study uses osteological and radiocarbon datasets combined with formal quantitative analyses to test hypotheses concerning the character of conflict in the Nasca highlands during the Late Intermediate Period (LIP, 950-1450 C.E.). We develop and test osteological expectations regarding what patterns should be observed if violence was characterized by intragroup violence, ritual conflict, intermittent raiding, or internecine warfare. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Crania (n = 267) were examined for antemortem and perimortem, overkill, and critical trauma. All age groups and both sexes are represented in the sample. One hundred twenty-four crania were AMS dated, allowing a detailed analysis of diachronic patterns in violence among various demographic groups. RESULTS: Thirty-eight percent (102/267) of crania exhibit some form of cranial trauma, a significant increase from the preceding Middle Horizon era. There are distinct trauma frequencies within the three subphases of the LIP, but Phase III (1300-1450 C.E.) exhibits the highest frequencies of all trauma types. Males exhibit significantly more antemortem trauma than females, but both exhibit similar perimortem trauma rates. DISCUSSION: There was chronic, internecine warfare throughout the Late Intermediate Period with important variations in violence throughout the three temporal phases. Evidence for heterogeneity in violent mortality shows a pattern consistent with social substitutability, whereby any and all members of the Nasca highland population were appropriate targets for lethal and sublethal violence. We argue that by testing hypotheses regarding the targets and types of conflict we are better able to explain the causes and consequences of human conflict.
Asunto(s)
Indígenas Sudamericanos/etnología , Indígenas Sudamericanos/historia , Violencia/etnología , Violencia/historia , Adolescente , Adulto , Antropología Física , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia Medieval , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Perú/etnología , Cráneo/lesiones , Cráneo/patología , Guerra/etnología , Guerra/historia , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Justificación: la bibliografía sobre delitos sexuales en el periodo de dominación hispánica en América (1492-1821) es escasa, existiendo importantes vacíos historiográficos que dificultan la reconstrucción de un panorama general del proceso penal conducido en esa época, por lo que, investigar el peritaje conducido en los casos de violación es un primer paso para rastrear la evolución del tratamiento de esos casos en las instituciones judiciales. Objetivo: describir cómo se ejecutaba el peritaje forense en los casos de violación sucedidos en la Honduras previo a su independencia política de España. Metodología: se adoptó un enfoque cualitativo con un diseño exploratorio, utilizándose fuentes primarias que fueron seleccionadas mediante muestreo no probabilístico. Resultados: se logró identificar dos casos en los cuales se hizo recurso de peritos para confirmar una violación. En ambos las expertas tenían el oficio de partera, brindando declaraciones que reflejan una falta de preparación profesional y un conocimiento basado en la experiencia. Las declaraciones fueron transcritas conservándose la ortografía de la época y comentadas para ubicarlas en su contexto. Conclusión: en la Honduras de los años previos a la independencia se realizaba un peritaje forense en casos de violación basado en la experiencia laboral de los peritos y no en información científica o preparación académica, esto condujo a que los juicios de los expertos se vieran afectados por sus sesgos culturales...(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVII , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Delitos Sexuales/historia , Médicos Forenses , Violación , ParteríaRESUMEN
Many native populations in South America have been severely impacted by two relatively recent historical events, the Inca and the Spanish conquest. However decisive these disruptive events may have been, the populations and their gene pools have been shaped markedly also by the history prior to the conquests. This study focuses mainly on the Chachapoya peoples that inhabit the montane forests on the eastern slopes of the northern Peruvian Andes, but also includes three distinct neighboring populations (the Jívaro, the Huancas and the Cajamarca). By assessing mitochondrial, Y-chromosomal and autosomal diversity in the region, we explore questions that have emerged from archaeological and historical studies of the regional culture (s). These studies have shown, among others, that Chachapoyas was a crossroads for Coast-Andes-Amazon interactions since very early times. In this study, we examine the following questions: 1) was there pre-Hispanic genetic population substructure in the Chachapoyas sample? 2) did the Spanish conquest cause a more severe population decline on Chachapoyan males than on females? 3) can we detect different patterns of European gene flow in the Chachapoyas region? and, 4) did the demographic history in the Chachapoyas resemble the one from the Andean area? Despite cultural differences within the Chachapoyas region as shown by archaeological and ethnohistorical research, genetic markers show no significant evidence for past or current population substructure, although an Amazonian gene flow dynamic in the northern part of this territory is suggested. The data also indicates a bottleneck c. 25 generations ago that was more severe among males than females, as well as divergent population histories for populations in the Andean and Amazonian regions. In line with previous studies, we observe high genetic diversity in the Chachapoyas, despite the documented dramatic population declines. The diverse topography and great biodiversity of the northeastern Peruvian montane forests are potential contributing agents in shaping and maintaining the high genetic diversity in the Chachapoyas region.
Asunto(s)
Biodiversidad , Flujo Génico , Genética de Población , Indígenas Sudamericanos/genética , Dinámica Poblacional/historia , Arqueología , Cromosomas Humanos Y/genética , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Femenino , Marcadores Genéticos , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Humanos , Masculino , Factores Sexuales , América del SurRESUMEN
The southern boundary of prehispanic farming in South America occurs in central Mendoza Province, Argentina at approximately 34 degrees south latitude. Archaeological evidence of farming includes the recovery of macrobotanical remains of cultigens and isotopic chemistry of human bone. Since the 1990s, archaeologists have also hypothesized that the llama (Lama glama), a domesticated South American camelid, was also herded near the southern boundary of prehispanic farming. The remains of a wild congeneric camelid, the guanaco (Lama guanicoe), however, are common in archaeological sites throughout Mendoza Province. It is difficult to distinguish bones of the domestic llama from wild guanaco in terms of osteological morphology, and therefore, claims that llama were in geographic areas where guanaco were also present based on osteometric analysis alone remain equivocal. A recent study, for example, claimed that twenty-five percent of the camelid remains from the high elevation Andes site of Laguna del Diamante S4 were identified based on osteometric evidence as domestic llama, but guanaco are also a likely candidate since the two species overlap in size. We test the hypothesis that domesticated camelids occurred in prehispanic, southern Mendoza through analysis of ancient DNA. We generated whole mitochondrial genome datasets from 41 samples from southern Mendoza late Holocene archaeological sites, located between 450 and 3400 meters above sea level (masl). All camelid samples from those sites were identified as guanaco; thus, we have no evidence to support the hypothesis that the domestic llama occurred in prehispanic southern Mendoza.
Asunto(s)
Agricultura/historia , Animales Domésticos/genética , Animales Salvajes/genética , Camélidos del Nuevo Mundo/genética , ADN Antiguo/análisis , Animales , Arqueología/métodos , Argentina , Domesticación , Genoma Mitocondrial , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Secuenciación Completa del GenomaRESUMEN
The 'red complex' is an aggregate of three oral bacteria (Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola) responsible for severe clinical manifestation of periodontal disease. Here, we report the first direct evidence of ancient T.forsythia DNA in dentin and dental calculus samples from archaeological skeletal remains that span from the Pre-Hispanic to the Colonial period in Mexico. We recovered twelve partial ancient T. forsythia genomes and observed a distinct phylogenetic placement of samples, suggesting that the strains present in Pre-Hispanic individuals likely arrived with the first human migrations to the Americas and that new strains were introduced with the arrival of European and African populations in the sixteenth century. We also identified instances of the differential presence of genes between periods in the T. forsythia ancient genomes, with certain genes present in Pre-Hispanic individuals and absent in Colonial individuals, and vice versa. This study highlights the potential for studying ancient T. forsythia genomes to unveil past social interactions through analysis of disease transmission. Our results illustrate the long-standing relationship between this oral pathogen and its human host, while also unveiling key evidence to understand its evolutionary history in Pre-Hispanic and Colonial Mexico. This article is part of the theme issue 'Insights into health and disease from ancient biomolecules'.
Asunto(s)
Genoma Bacteriano , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/historia , Periodontitis/historia , Tannerella forsythia/genética , Arqueología , Genómica , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/microbiología , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVII , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia Antigua , Historia Medieval , Humanos , México , Periodontitis/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Archaeological research is radically transforming the view that the Amazon basin and surrounding areas witnessed limited societal development before European contact. Nevertheless, uncertainty remains on the nature of the subsistence systems and the role that aquatic resources, terrestrial mammalian game, and plants had in supporting population growth, geographic dispersal, cultural adaptations and political complexity during the later stages of the pre-Columbian era. This is exacerbated by the general paucity of archaeological human remains enabling individual dietary reconstructions. Here we use stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of bone collagen to reconstruct the diets of human individuals from São Luís Island (Brazilian Amazon coast) dated between ca. 1800 and 1000 cal BP and associated with distinct ceramic traditions. We expanded our analysis to include previously published data from Maracá and Marajó Island, in the eastern Amazon. Quantitative estimates of the caloric contributions from food groups and their relative nutrients using a Bayesian Mixing Model revealed distinct subsistence strategies, consisting predominantly of plants and terrestrial mammals and variably complemented with aquatic resources. This study offers novel quantitative information on the extent distinct food categories of polyculture agroforestry systems fulfilled the caloric and protein requirements of Late Holocene pre-Columbian populations in the Amazon basin.