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With this volume of the Journal of the History of Dentistry we are proud to introduce to our readers and our healing professions, in-depth Essays that focuses on our historical evolution. One might ask, "What is an Essay and Why is This Unique?" The simplest definition of an essay is a non-fictional written work that focuses on a particular subject, sometimes in general terms and sometimes in depth. The word "essay" is derived from the French word "essai," (or as a collection "Essais) meaning trial or attempt. The first use of this approach to address a particular issue has often been attributed to the Frenchman Michel de Montaigne, born in 1533 (Fig. 1).

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History of Dentistry starts from the moment the Late Paleolithic Man used a toothpick fashioned from a bone or wood splinter, or the moment our human ancestors began to manipulate the surface of a tooth to remove its retentiveness, so food does not get stuck. That was at least 14,000 years ago, based on available evidence. The current timeline, compiled in this article, is one of many published over the years. However, this timeline incorporates three new strategies. First, it extends to select medical and fundamental dental discoveries, as the History of Dentistry can only be told with the main events within the History of Medicine. Second, it is more detailed (350 entries) than any previous timeline the author has encountered. Third, several critical primary references to support events listed in this timeline characterize this effort. Finally, 130 illustrations are included to improve the visualization of dates. The manuscript also includes a new display of the five main stages of dentistry throughout its history.

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In 2023, the Faculty of Dental Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut (USJ) celebrated its 100th anniversary, marking a century of unwavering commitment to academic excellence. This milestone offers a valuable opportunity to navigate the history and evolution of dentistry in Lebanon, from its ancient roots in Phoenicia to its modern developments. It chronicles the transformative journey of dentistry while recognizing the key role played against all odds by the Society of Jesus and Saint Joseph University of Beirut in fostering the growth of dentistry as a distinct medical discipline.

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Artificial intelligence is much in the news. One issue is whether it might be a useful tool for dental research. This paper provides ad overview of AI and explores its usefulness in some simple history of dentistry topics, including potential dangers.

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Pierre Fauchard, considered the father of dentistry, contributed to the development of different fields of dentistry that we know today. However, the contribution of this important individual to the fields of oral medicine and oral and maxillofacial pathology is unknown. This study aimed to identify Pierre Fauchard's contribution to these areas of dentistry. We focused on "Le Chirurgien Dentiste, or Traité des Dents" in both French and English, looking for information about the oral diseases diagnosed and treated by Fauchard. Information on patient history, disease description, treatment applied, and clinical follow-up was collected. A contemporary analysis of the diseases was performed, and the collected data were systematized, reported, and analyzed descriptively, according to the current literature on the addressed topics. Information on conditions such as scurvy, parulides, epulides, oral ulcers, dentoalveolar abscesses, dental alterations, and post-exodontia incidents were elucidated. Findings indicated that Pierre Fauchard described, diagnosed, and treated different soft and hard tissue diseases of great interest to the fields of oral medicine and oral and maxillofacial pathology.

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The name of Alexander Ivanovich Evdokimov is widely known to dentists all over the world. An outstanding leader, teacher, scientist and doctor, a wonderful man and a wonderful family man - this is how the first and only Hero of Socialist Labor in dentistry remains in the memory of grateful descendants. In 2012, by the decision of the Minister of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation T.A. Golikova, his name was given to the Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, and the textbooks published under his pen are still relevant today, in the year when we celebrate the 140th anniversary of the coryphaeus' birth.

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During World War II, millions of people were mistreated and imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps. Due to the antisemitic pressure applied by the Nazi regime, many scientists had to leave Germany, and they immigrated to the United States, Switzerland, Turkey or South America. Alfred Kantorowicz was among those highly educated people who were forced out of their professional career. For a certain period, he had to stay away from the world of research and academia, which were his favorite occupations. However, these unexpected difficulties did not prevent him to pursue his success story with many awards, books, and scientific studies. Professor Kantorowicz was saved from a concentration camp upon the efforts of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk to modernize the university education system in Turkey. Prof. Kantorowicz worked from 1933 until his retirement in 1948 and acted as the "father of dentistry" in Turkey. His vision of preventive dentistry and his entrepreneurial approach should set an example for today's young dentists.

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In King Charles III's first Birthday Honours List in June 2023, Nairn Wilson was appointed a Knight Bachelor, one of the Knights of the Realm. This paper examines the significance of this honour, with special reference to the first and latest dental knights.

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Based on archival data, the authors describe the Moscow School of Dentistry with dental courses for doctors, dentists, and dentists of the Moscow University, Privat-docent Dr. Gilyari Ivanovich Vilga, examine the background to its formation, provide unique archival data on the location of the school, as well as its internal organization and equipment. The authors review in detail the program of courses, as well as their duration, cost, and form of student accountability. During its existence (1909-1918), more than two thousand dentists were educated at G.I. Vilg's school, among them Alexander Ivanovich Evdokimov, a future corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, director of the State Institute of Dentistry (GIZ) and the State Institute of Dentistry and Odontology (GIZO). The authors of the article also focus on analyzing the differences in the approaches to the organization of several dental schools, viz: The First Moscow I.M. Kovarsky School of Dentistry and the Second G.I. Vilga School of Dentistry. In his efforts, I.M. Kovarskij's aspirations to establish the best dental school in Russia were crowned with success: a specially constructed and equipped building meeting the state-of-the-art requirements (the building even boasted an X-ray machine), and the best professors and instructors of the University of Moscow of that time were hired. In contrast, G.I. Vilga rented premises for his school, the equipment was in short supply, and he himself was the only eminent professor. Nevertheless, his fierce desire to unite the entire dental community and organize the best dental care for the entire population of Russia allowed his brainchild to enter the top five schools of the time.

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The began of the dentistry as medicine's concept has a long history dating back to 7000 BCE, making it one of the earliest medical specialties. In its early days, dental diseases were often attributed to supernatural causes like "evil spirits" and "tooth worms." However, today, dentistry leverages cutting-edge technologies, including artificial intelligence, for diagnosis and treatment. This journey reflects the remarkable progress made in the field. Despite these advancements, there is still room for improvement in integrating dental knowledge and skills with medical science and engineering backgrounds. Bridging these disciplines could lead to even greater advancements in the diagnosis and maintenance of oral health. Thus, over time, it has transformed from a primitive form of medicine into a modern field that emphasizes preventative dental care, advanced diagnostics, and state-of-the-art treatment.

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A finales del siglo XIX, París sufrió un evento catastrófico en el cual perecieron numerosas víctimas en un incendio en el interior del Bazar de la Caridad. La mayoría de las víctimas sufrieron una carbonización tal que no era posible reconocerlas por su apariencia física. Ante el reto de la identificación, las autoridades solicitaron a los odontólogos que habían atendido en vida a las personas desaparecidas que inspeccionaran las características dentales de los cadáveres para facilitar su identificación, dicho evento fue clave para el nacimiento de la odontología forense. A partir de entonces, los dientes son considerados como elementos extremadamente fidedignos para la identificación de sujetos desconocidos. El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una breve revisión del evento que dio origen a la odontología forense: el incendio del Bazar de la Caridad (AU)

At the end of the 19th century, Paris suffered a catastrophic event in which numerous victims perished in a fire inside the Charity Bazaar. Most of the victims suffered such carbonization that it was not possible to recognize them by their physical appearance. Faced with the challenge of the identification, the authorities asked the dentists who had treated the disappeared persons while they were alive to inspect the dental characteristics of the corpses to facilitate their identification. This event was key to the birth of forensic odontology. From then on, teeth are considered extremely reliable elements for the identification of unkown subjects. The aim of this article is to carry out a brief review of the event that gave rise to forensic odontology: the Charity Bazaar fire (AU)

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In August 1926, two important dental meetings took place in America: the first International Orthodontic Congress (16-20 August in New York) and the seventh International Dental Congress (23-27 August in Philadelphia). Robert Lindsay, British Dental Association (BDA) dental secretary and husband of fellow dentist and BDA librarian, Lilian Lindsay, documented his trip attending these two events. His handwritten diary and letters not only describe the dental meetings and the dentists that went there, but also chronicle the epoch of the great luxury passenger liners and a time in America where business was booming and money was seemingly no object. This article focuses on the journey to America and the orthodontic meeting - the first time a dental speciality had held an international gathering.

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If one could be a patient repeatedly, every twenty-five years, starting in 1825, the evolution and comparison of dental care and dental practice would be historically meaningful. Such a time travel, as a perpetual patient through 200 years, is the purpose of this paper. The changes that occurred over 200 years provide a sense of the progress in treating patients and the transformation of a painful and dreaded experience to a highly sophisticated painless profession.

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Teaching History of Dentistry and Medicine in dental curricula has declined over the past half century. The cause of this decline is a lack of expertise, time in a crowded curriculum and a decline in interest in the humanities among dental students. The current paper describes a model of teaching History of Dentistry and Medicine at New York University College of Dentistry, a model that could be replicated at other schools.

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