Asunto(s)
Anemia Neonatal/historia , Anemia Neonatal/terapia , Transfusión de Eritrocitos/historia , Hematínicos/historia , Enfermedades del Prematuro/historia , Enfermedades del Prematuro/terapia , Anemia Neonatal/fisiopatología , Anemia Neonatal/prevención & control , Terapia Combinada , Transfusión de Eritrocitos/métodos , Eritropoyetina/historia , Eritropoyetina/uso terapéutico , Hematínicos/uso terapéutico , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Enfermedades del Prematuro/fisiopatología , Enfermedades del Prematuro/prevención & control , Hierro/historia , Hierro/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
The innovation of iron production is often considered one of the greatest technological advances in human history. A reliable provenancing method for iron is instrumental for the reconstruction of economic, social and geo-political aspects of iron production and use in antiquity. Although the potential of osmium isotopes analysis for this purpose has been previously suggested, here we present for the first time the results of osmium isotope analysis of ores, bloom and metal obtained from a set of systematic, bloomery iron-smelting experiments, utilizing selected ores from the Southern Levant. The results show that the 187Os/188Os ratio is preserved from ore to metal, with no isotopic fractionation. In addition, enrichment/depletion of osmium content was observed in the transition from ore to metal and from ore to slag. This observation has potential significance for our ability to differentiate between the various processes and sheds light on the suitability of various production remains for this method, which emerges as a robust and promising tool for the provenancing of archaeological ferrous metals.
Asunto(s)
Hierro/historia , Isótopos/análisis , Osmio/análisis , Arqueología , Historia Antigua , Humanos , Hierro/aislamiento & purificación , Israel , Metalurgia/historiaRESUMEN
Initial reports from the 1960s describing the observations of ultrasound contrast enhancement by tiny gaseous bubbles during echocardiographic examinations prompted the development of the first ultrasound contrast agent in the 1980s. Current commercial contrast agents for echography, such as Definity, Optison, Sonazoid and SonoVue, have proven to be successful in a variety of on- and off-label clinical indications. Whereas contrast-specific technology has seen dramatic progress after the introduction of the first approved agents in the 1990s, successful clinical translation of new developments has been limited during the same period, while understanding of microbubble physical, chemical and biologic behavior has improved substantially. It is expected that for a successful development of future opportunities, such as ultrasound molecular imaging and therapeutic applications using microbubbles, new creative developments in microbubble engineering and production dedicated to further optimizing microbubble performance are required, and that they cannot rely on bubble technology developed more than 3 decades ago.
Asunto(s)
Medios de Contraste , Ultrasonografía , Albúminas/historia , Albúminas/uso terapéutico , Medios de Contraste/historia , Medios de Contraste/uso terapéutico , Compuestos Férricos/historia , Compuestos Férricos/uso terapéutico , Fluorocarburos/historia , Fluorocarburos/uso terapéutico , Predicción , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Hierro/historia , Hierro/uso terapéutico , Óxidos/historia , Óxidos/uso terapéutico , Ultrasonografía/historia , Ultrasonografía/métodos , Ultrasonografía/tendenciasRESUMEN
Most prehistoric societies that experimented with copper as a tool raw material eventually abandoned stone as their primary medium for tool making. However, after thousands of years of experimentation with this metal, North American hunter-gatherers abandoned it and returned to the exclusive use of stone. Why? We experimentally confirmed that replica copper tools are inferior to stone ones when each is sourced in the same manner as their archaeological counterparts and subjected to identical tasks. Why, then, did copper consistently lead to more advanced metallurgy in most other areas of the world? We suggest that it was the unusual level of purity in the North American copper sourced by North American groups, and that naturally occurring alloys yielded sufficiently superior tools to encourage entry into the copper-bronze-iron continuum of tool manufacture in other parts of the world.
Asunto(s)
Metalurgia/historia , Arqueología , Cobre/historia , Historia Antigua , Humanos , Hierro/historiaRESUMEN
During 18th century in New Spain, the strong link between religion and science hindered scientific growth. Conservatism and scholasticism pervaded educational institutions. Within this restricted context, a scientific community conformed mainly by creoles fulfilled their desire and need to know more as they had access to European books, which allowed erudite leading figures, such as Dr. José Ignacio Bartolache y Díaz de Posada, propel innovative ideas in medicine and pharmacy. Dr. Bartolache was considered sacrilegious and scandalous by the ecclesiastical authorities of that epoch. He favored the performance of human body dissections to improve medical education, as well as the anatomical proposals of Vesalius against Galeno's classical anatomy. He contributed to the dissemination of knowledge as he created the first medical magazine in the American continent: El Mercurio Volante (The Flying Mercury); he also printed medical pamphlets and flyers, some of which were published in Nahuatl and Spanish, as the prescriptions for martial pills, reformulated by himself. Physician ahead of his time, he was characterized by his professional humanism and the comprehensive treatment of patients; he emphasized the rational use of medications, without distinction of social class. His sensitivity allowed him to bring medical knowledge and treatment of illnesses closer to the most vulnerable. Another of his contributions, ahead of his time, was the recognition he gave women for the intelligence and ability they showed, equal to men, when accessing education.
En el siglo XVIII en la Nueva España, el fuerte vínculo entre la religión y la ciencia obstaculizaba el crecimiento científico. El conservadurismo y la escolástica permeaban las instituciones educativas. En este restringido contexto, una comunidad científica conformada en su mayoría por criollos se mantuvo inquieta y ante su necesidad de saber más, obtuvo acceso a libros europeos que permitieron a figuras ilustradas, como el doctor José Ignacio Bartolache y Díaz de Posada, impulsar ideas innovadoras en la medicina y la farmacia. El doctor Bartolache fue considerado sacrílego y escandaloso por las autoridades eclesiásticas de la época. Fue partidario de que se realizaran disecciones al cuerpo humano para mejorar la enseñanza de la medicina, así como de los planteamientos anatómicos de Vesalio frente a la anatomía clásica de Galeno. Impulsó la divulgación del conocimiento con la creación de la primera revista médica del continente americano, El Mercurio Volante, y también imprimió panfletos y folletos médicos, algunos publicados en náhuatl y español, como la prescripción de las pastillas marciales reformuladas por él. Médico innovador de la época, se caracterizó por su humanismo profesional y el tratamiento integral del paciente; hacía énfasis en el uso racional de los medicamentos, sin distinción de clases sociales. Su sensibilidad le permitió acercar el conocimiento médico y el tratamiento de los males a los más desprotegidos. Otra de sus aportaciones, adelantadas a su tiempo, fue el reconocimiento que otorgó a las mujeres por la inteligencia y capacidad que mostraron, al igual a los hombres, al acceder a la educación.
Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades/historia , Hierro/historia , Viruela/historia , Autopsia/historia , Catolicismo/historia , Educación/historia , Educación Médica/historia , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Hierro/uso terapéutico , México/epidemiología , Folletos/historia , Publicaciones Periódicas como Asunto/historia , Racismo/historia , Viruela/epidemiología , Viruela/prevención & control , Comprimidos/historiaRESUMEN
This review discusses the development of studies that evaluated the essentiality and requirements of iron from the ancient to the present. The therapeutic effects of iron compounds were recognized by the ancient Greeks and Romans. The earliest recognition of the essentiality of iron was stated by Paracelsus, a distinguished physician alchemist, in the sixteenth century. Iron was included in the earliest nutritional standard prepared for the Royal Army by E. A. Parkes, the first professor of hygiene. The League of Nations Health Organisation determined average iron requirements based on literature review. In the first US Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), the RDA of iron was determined from the results of iron balance studies. In the current Dietary Reference Intakes, iron requirements were determined based on the factorial method with the aid of Monte Carlo simulation for combining basal and menstrual iron losses. Population data analysis is a recently developed alternative that does not use the pre-estimated iron absorption rate and requires the prevalence of inadequacy instead. Population data analysis uses the convolution integral for combining basal and menstrual iron losses to ensure the required accuracy. This review also provides new estimates of hair and nail iron losses.
Asunto(s)
Hierro/fisiología , Estado Nutricional/fisiología , Oligoelementos/sangre , Dieta , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Historia Antigua , Humanos , Hierro/sangre , Hierro/historia , Masculino , Menstruación , Ingesta Diaria Recomendada , Oligoelementos/historiaRESUMEN
Iron mining activities in the Bruche valley (Vosges Mountains, France) date historically from the Roman period to the mid-nineteenth century. The geochemical and palynological study of a core from the peat bog of Le Champ du Feu allows highlighting impacts of these activities over the past millennium. Trace metal contamination is recorded for lead (Pb), arsenic, zinc, and antimony during the Middle Ages, the sixteenth century, and from cal. AD 1750-1900, with several sources distinguished by Pb isotope analyses. Forest exploitation is attested by the palynological analysis of the core, with exploitation of Fagus for smelting processes and cutting of Abies for agro-pastoralism. This approach highlights several patterns of contamination, corresponding to the mixing sources and the contamination intensity, which can be linked to the pollen assemblage zones. Hence, anthropogenic activities such as mining and farming led to long-term modification of the landscape composition in this mountainous area.
Asunto(s)
Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/historia , Contaminación Ambiental/historia , Bosques , Pradera , Plomo/historia , Minería/historia , Contaminantes del Suelo/historia , Zinc/historia , Antimonio/efectos adversos , Antimonio/análisis , Antimonio/historia , Arsénico/efectos adversos , Arsénico/análisis , Arsénico/historia , Francia , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVII , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia Medieval , Humanos , Hierro/efectos adversos , Hierro/historia , Plomo/efectos adversos , Plomo/análisis , Minería/tendencias , Modelos Teóricos , Contaminantes del Suelo/efectos adversos , Espectrometría gamma , Zinc/efectos adversos , Zinc/análisisRESUMEN
In the early eighteenth century, a quarrel developed between the chemists at the Académie royale des sciences. They discussed the question if it were possible or not to make artificially some iron from the combustion of vegetal organisms. Étienne-François Geoffroy defended the thesis resting on certain alchemical texts, but Louis Lémery, Nicolas' son, refused it in the name of a mechanistic conception of chemical operations. Louis Lémery also had to oppose the hypothesis emitted by his father who preferred to admit that the test of the magnet, which was used to reveal the presence of fragments of iron into the ashes, was not convincing. He thought that other substances than iron could be attracted by the magnet. Louis thus had to reject the positions of his father, the latter did not seem for him to have a rather vigorous position against the allusions to alchemical writings and in favour of the strictly mechanistic theories.
Asunto(s)
Alquimia , Disentimientos y Disputas/historia , Hierro/historia , Academias e Institutos/historia , Relaciones Padre-Hijo , Francia , Historia del Siglo XVIIIRESUMEN
The pharmacist Theodoro Peckolt was one of the most important figures in the history of the chemistry of natural Brazilian products. Like other nineteenth-century pharmacists in Brazil, he developed formulations and sold them at his pharmacy in Rio de Janeiro, and these enjoyed great prestige in the eyes both of the public and the medical community. The article discusses the relation between the illness originally called "opilação" (ancylostomiasis, or hookworm) and nineteenth-century treatment. It focuses especially on Peckolt Pharmacy's "Doliarina and iron powder," a formulation extracted from the Ficus gomelleira rubber plant. One of the article's goals is to use modern methods to analyze Ficus gomelleira and identify the chemical composition of the drug.
Asunto(s)
Antinematodos/historia , Ficus/química , Infecciones por Uncinaria/historia , Farmacias/historia , Animales , Antinematodos/química , Antinematodos/uso terapéutico , Brasil , Historia del Siglo XIX , Infecciones por Uncinaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Hierro/historia , Hierro/uso terapéutico , Farmacéuticos/historiaRESUMEN
Resumo O farmacêutico Theodoro Peckolt é uma das mais importantes figuras da história da química de produtos naturais brasileira. Como outros farmacêuticos do século XIX que atuavam no Brasil, desenvolveu formulações que comercializava em sua farmácia, localizada no Rio de Janeiro, e que tiveram grande prestígio junto à população e à classe médica. O texto apresenta a relação entre a doença identificada inicialmente como opilação e a terapêutica utilizada no século XIX, destacando uma das formulações da Farmácia Peckolt – “Pós de doliarina e ferro”. O produto tem sua origem no látex da espécie Ficus gomelleira(figueira-branca ou gameleira). O artigo tem entre seus objetivos revelar a composição química, feita por métodos modernos de análise do látex deFicus gomelleira.
Abstract The pharmacist Theodoro Peckolt was one of the most important figures in the history of the chemistry of natural Brazilian products. Like other nineteenth-century pharmacists in Brazil, he developed formulations and sold them at his pharmacy in Rio de Janeiro, and these enjoyed great prestige in the eyes both of the public and the medical community. The article discusses the relation between the illness originally called “opilação” (ancylostomiasis, or hookworm) and nineteenth-century treatment. It focuses especially on Peckolt Pharmacy’s “Doliarina and iron powder,” a formulation extracted from the Ficus gomelleira rubber plant. One of the article’s goals is to use modern methods to analyze Ficus gomelleira and identify the chemical composition of the drug.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Animales , Historia del Siglo XIX , Farmacias/historia , Ficus/química , Infecciones por Uncinaria/historia , Antinematodos/historia , Farmacéuticos/historia , Brasil , Infecciones por Uncinaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Hierro/historia , Hierro/uso terapéutico , Antinematodos/uso terapéutico , Antinematodos/químicaRESUMEN
Sometime during the 1920s, Cardiff Public Libraries (later to become Cardiff Central Library) acquired a six-volume handwritten manuscript collection entitled Mineral & Chemical History of Iron. The author of the manuscripts is named as William Lewis. Now uniformly bound in half-leather and cloth boards, this impressive holding provides, in more than a thousand handwritten pages, an early attempt to produce a full-scale treatise in English on the history of iron.' This note traces the route by which the collection reached Cardiff, and also presents evidence for the existence of a hitherto unknown work on the history of brass by the same author.
Asunto(s)
Cobre/historia , Hierro/química , Hierro/historia , Manuscritos como Asunto/historia , Zinc/historia , Cobre/química , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Zinc/químicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Not long after the Big Bang, iron began to play a central role in the Universe and soon became mired in the tangle of biochemistry that is the prima essentia of life. Since life's addiction to iron transcends the oxygenation of the Earth's atmosphere, living things must be protected from the potentially dangerous mix of iron and oxygen. The human being possesses grams of this potentially toxic transition metal, which is shuttling through his oxygen-rich humor. Since long before the birth of modern medicine, the blood-vibrant red from a massive abundance of hemoglobin iron-has been a focus for health experts. SCOPE OF REVIEW: We describe the current understanding of iron metabolism, highlight the many important discoveries that accreted this knowledge, and describe the perils of dysfunctional iron handling. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: Isaac Newton famously penned, "If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants". We hope that this review will inspire future scientists to develop intellectual pursuits by understanding the research and ideas from many remarkable thinkers of the past. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: The history of iron research is a long, rich story with early beginnings, and is far from being finished. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Transferrins: Molecular mechanisms of iron transport and disorders.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos del Metabolismo del Hierro , Hierro/metabolismo , Transferrinas/metabolismo , Animales , Transporte Biológico , Eritrocitos/citología , Eritrocitos/metabolismo , Salud , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Historia del Siglo XVII , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Hierro/sangre , Hierro/historia , Trastornos del Metabolismo del Hierro/historia , Trastornos del Metabolismo del Hierro/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Oxígeno/metabolismo , Transferrinas/químicaAsunto(s)
Compuestos Ferrosos/historia , Medicina Interna/historia , Absorción Intestinal , Hierro , Periodismo Médico/historia , Medicina Militar/historia , Enfermedad Aguda , Anemia/historia , Docentes Médicos/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Hungría , Hierro/administración & dosificación , Hierro/historia , Hierro/metabolismo , Deficiencias de Hierro , Traumatismos por Radiación/historia , Sociedades Médicas/historiaRESUMEN
Natural philosophers of the early-modern period perceived fool's gold or iron pyrites as a substance required for the formation of metals, and chemists such as Johann Glauber speculated the vitriol produced from pyrites was the source of the legendary philosopher's stone. The sulphurous exhalations of fool's gold were also thought by members of the early Royal Society to be the basis of a variety of meteorological, geological and medical effects, including the production of thunder, lightning, earthquakes and volcanoes, fossilisation and petrifaction, as well as the principal cause of bladder and gallstones.
Asunto(s)
Química/historia , Hierro/historia , Oro/historia , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVII , Humanos , Minería/historia , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
No disponible
No disponible