RESUMEN
The abatement of valproic acid sodium salt (VA) via photo-Fenton process was investigated to evaluate the effect of irradiation type. Three different light sources have been used: UVA (black light blue lamps, BLB reactor), UVC (UVC reactor) and simulated sunlight in a Solarbox (SB). Using the highest concentrations of Fe2+ (10mgL-1) and H2O2 (150mgL-1), 100% of VA degradation was observed in BLB and UVC devices, and 89.7% in Solarbox. Regarding mineralization, 67.4% and 76.4% of TOC conversion were achieved in BLB and UVC, respectively. In Solarbox, mineralization was negligible. Treated solutions under UVA or UVC radiation became biodegradable (BOD5/COD≥0.25), which was not observed in Solarbox where BOD5/COD achieved was only 0.20. Regarding to toxicity (Vibrio Fischeri method), all processes have promoted the overall toxicity reduction of VA solution. Transformation products were identified by a LC-ESI-TOF mass spectrometer, and degradation pathways were proposed. Operating costs and the energy needed by mg of VA removed were estimated and compared, for the different installations, showing that UVA can remove around 3 times more VA than SB and 2 times more VA than UVC, under the same conditions.
Asunto(s)
Peróxido de Hidrógeno , Hierro , Ácido Valproico/química , Ácido Valproico/efectos de la radiación , Biodegradación Ambiental , Costos y Análisis de Costo , Residuos de Medicamentos/química , Residuos de Medicamentos/efectos de la radiación , Residuos de Medicamentos/toxicidad , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/economía , Hierro/química , Hierro/economía , Fotólisis , Luz Solar , Rayos Ultravioleta , Ácido Valproico/toxicidad , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos , Administración de Residuos/economíaRESUMEN
Objetivo Caracterizar el consumo de hierro en forma de medicamento en un grupo de embarazadas colombianas. Metodología Estudio observacional descriptivo, se obtuvo información de mujeres en control prenatal y/o atención del parto en 4 ciudades de Colombia. Las fuentes de información fueron entrevistas a gestantes y registros de historia clínica. Resultados La muestra fue de 1 637 mujeres en 15 instituciones. A 1 396 mujeres (85,3 %) les recomendaron consumir hierro, recomendación realizada por médico al 85,3 % de ellas, el 86,8 % tuvo adherencia al tratamiento. Al 84,7 % el hierro fue suministrado por la empresa aseguradora de salud, el 11,9 % lo compró a sus expensas. El 90,0 % de gestantes anémicas y el 82,8 % de las no anémicas consumieron hierro en forma de medicamento, en conjunto, en el 37,2 % de las gestantes el consumo de suplencia de hierro fue pertinente (es decir, lo necesitaban, se les recomendó y lo consumieron o no le necesitaban, no se recomendó y/o no lo consumieron). Discusión Se recomienda y se consume hierro independientemente de presentar anemia. Se invita a reflexionar sobre la utilidad de los programas que promueven el consumo masivo de esta sustancia en forma de medicamento durante el embarazo, programas que parecen desconocer las causas fundamentales de los problemas nutricionales que aquejan a la población.
Objective Describing a group of pregnant Colombian females' iron intake, in drug form. Methodology This was an observational descriptive study; information was collected in 4 Colombian cities regarding pregnant females during antenatal control or when giving birth. Information sources consisted of interviews with pregnant women and their clinical records. Results The sample consisted of 1,637 female sat tending 15 institutions. An iron intake was recommended for1, 396 women (85.3 %); a doctor made such recommendation in 85.3 % of cases and adherence was 86.8 %. Health insurance was used by 84.7 % of the females for supplying iron; 11.9 % of them bought it themselves. Iron intake as medication for anemic pregnant females was 90.0 % and 82.8 % in non-anemic ones. Iron intake supply was appropriate in 37.2 % of the pregnant females (i.e. they needed it, someone recommended it for them and they consumed it, or they didn't need it, someone didn't recommend it to them and/or they did not take it). Discussion Iron intake was recommended and consumed regardless of anemia status. The results invite to think on the usefulness of programs promoting the mass intake of iron as a medication during pregnancy. Such programs seem to be unaware of the fundamental causes of people's nutritional problems.
Asunto(s)
Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Anemia Ferropénica/prevención & control , Suplementos Dietéticos , Hierro/administración & dosificación , Complicaciones Hematológicas del Embarazo/prevención & control , Embarazo/psicología , Anemia Ferropénica/tratamiento farmacológico , Anemia Ferropénica/epidemiología , Colombia/epidemiología , Cultura , Suplementos Dietéticos/economía , Prescripciones de Medicamentos/estadística & datos numéricos , Utilización de Medicamentos , Hemoglobinas/análisis , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Prescripción Inadecuada/estadística & datos numéricos , Seguro de Salud , Hierro/economía , Necesidades Nutricionales , Complicaciones Cardiovasculares del Embarazo/epidemiología , Complicaciones Hematológicas del Embarazo/tratamiento farmacológico , Complicaciones Hematológicas del Embarazo/epidemiología , Resultado del Embarazo , Atención Prenatal , Automedicación/economía , Automedicación/psicología , Automedicación/estadística & datos numéricos , Procedimientos InnecesariosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Describing a group of pregnant Colombian females' iron intake, in drug form. METHODOLOGY: This was an observational descriptive study; information was collected in 4 Colombian cities regarding pregnant females during antenatal control or when giving birth. Information sources consisted of interviews with pregnant women and their clinical records. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 1,637 females attending 15 institutions. An iron intake was recommended for 1, 396 women (85.3 %); a doctor made such recommendation in 85.3 % of cases and adherence was 86.8 %. Health insurance was used by 84.7 % of the females for supplying iron; 11.9 % of them bought it themselves. Iron intake as medication for anemic pregnant females was 90.0 % and 82.8 % in non-anemic ones. Iron intake supply was appropriate in 37.2 % of the pregnant females (i.e. they needed it, someone recommended it for them and they consumed it, or they didn't need it, someone didn't recommend it to them and/or they did not take it). DISCUSSION: Iron intake was recommended and consumed regardless of anemia status. The results invite to think on the usefulness of programs promoting the mass intake of iron as a medication during pregnancy. Such programs seem to be unaware of the fundamental causes of people's nutritional problems.