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Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disorder characterized by recurrent abscesses in the groin and flexural areas. HS is associated with a wide range of comorbidities that complicate the disease course. Although these comorbidities have been well described, it remains unclear how these comorbidities coassociate and whether comorbidity profiles affect disease trajectory. In addition, it is unknown how comorbidity associations are modulated by race and sex. In this comprehensive analysis of 77 million patients in a large US population-based cohort, we examined coassociation patterns among HS comorbidities and identified clinically relevant phenotypic subtypes within HS. We demonstrated that these subtypes not only differed among races, but also influenced clinical outcomes as measured by HS-related emergency department visits and cellulitis. Taken together, our findings provide key insights that elucidate the unique disease trajectories experienced by patients with HS and equip clinicians with a framework for risk stratification and improved targeted care in HS.

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Despite some common pathogenic themes, the association of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been poorly investigated. We aimed to evaluate the bidirectional association between HS and RA. A population-based study was conducted to compare HS patients (n = 6779) with age-, sex- and ethnicity-matched control subjects (n = 33,260) with regard to the incidence of new-onset and the prevalence of preexisting RA. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were estimated. The prevalence of preexisting RA was greater among patients with HS relative to controls (0.5% vs 0.3%. respectively; p = 0.019). The odds of being diagnosed with HS were 1.6-fold higher in patients with a history of RA (fully-adjusted OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.11-2.49; p = 0.014). The incidence rate of new-onset RA was estimated at 4.3 (95% CI, 2.5-6.8) and 2.4 (95% CI, 1.8-3.2) cases per 10,000 person-years among patients with HS and controls, respectively. The risk of RA was comparable between patients with HS and controls (fully-adjusted HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 0.77-2.72; p = 0.249). Compared to other patients with HS, those with HS and comorbid RA were older, had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, and had a comparable risk of all-cause mortality. In conclusions, a preexisting diagnosis of RA predisposes individuals to develop HS. Clinicians managing patients with HS and RA should be aware of this association. Further research is required to delineate the underlying pathomechanism of this observation.

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BACKGROUND: The mortality risk for patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: To compare mortality risk among individuals with and without HS in the United States. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study in a population sample identified by using electronic health records data between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2016. Primary outcome was incidence of 5-year all-cause mortality. RESULTS: The crude 5-year mortality rate among patients with HS was 2.4% (321/13 289), compared with 2.7% (18 508/685 573) among control individuals. In the fully adjusted model, the increase in HS mortality risk was 14% (odds ratio [OR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.28). Overall, excess risk of death attributable to HS was 3.1 deaths per 1000 patients (95% CI, 0.2-6.0) during the study period. Characteristics associated with mortality among patients with HS included age (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.04-1.06), male sex (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.09-1.79), ever-smoking status (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.16-1.92), and Charlson Comorbidity Index score (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.21-1.29). LIMITATIONS: The follow-up period may not have been long enough to assess the influence of disease severity or duration on mortality. CONCLUSION: HS appears to confer an independent risk of all-cause mortality. This risk is also influenced by tobacco smoking and comorbidities, which may be modifiable.

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BACKGROUND: Few reports describe squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). OBJECTIVE: The 2 objectives were (1) to describe the clinical characteristics, pathologic findings, and postoperative outcomes of SCC in HS and (2) to assess whether human papillomavirus (HPV) is involved in the pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cases of SCC in HS were identified through institutional medical records (1976-2013) and the Rochester Epidemiology Project. Tumor specimens were assessed for HPV DNA/RNA with in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Twelve patients were identified (11 Caucasians and 9 men). All SCCs involved gluteal, perianal, or perineal skin; 1 patient had, in addition, involvement of the vagina. Surgical excision was performed on all 12 patients, 4 of whom had a colostomy. Mean duration of HS before SCC development was 28.5 years (range, 15-53 years). Mean follow-up was 4.3 years after surgical excision. Seven of 12 patients followed had postoperative SCC recurrence. Squamous cell carcinoma caused death despite wide surgical excision in these 7 patients. Of the remaining 5 patients, 4 are unknown and 1 who did not recur had an in situ SCC (Bowen disease carcinoma). Squamous cell carcinoma was not associated with high-risk or low-risk HPV. CONCLUSION: Invasive SCC arising in HS carries a high risk of death.

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Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising from chronic hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is rare; however, the morbidity associated with this presentation is high and management has not been standardised or optimised. We present a case of HS of the perineum and buttocks complicated by SCC, requiring multiple extensive surgical resections. Adjuvant radiotherapy was withheld initially because of concern for poor healing of the surgical wound but was eventually initiated after a second recurrence was identified. The patient ultimately expired 4 years after the initial diagnosis of SCC. We also review 80 cases of SCC complicating HS found in the English literature. Case reports and mechanistic studies suggest the possibility that human papilloma virus and smoking may be risk factors associated with SCC in HS. Despite the majority of SCC cases being well-differentiated tumours in HS, the highly aggressive nature of SCC in HS and its high likelihood for rapid progression, recurrence, metastasis and high mortality suggests the need to advocate for aggressive treatment. We recommend an aggressive approach to management at the time of SCC diagnosis in HS, which includes appropriate imaging to establish the extent of the tumour, large and deep surgical excision, sentinel lymph node evaluation, consultation with radiation oncology for potential adjuvant radiation therapy and close surveillance.

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IMPORTANCE: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a common inflammatory skin disease. The disease has been associated with cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, but the risk of CV disease in patients with HS is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To investigate CV risk in patients with HS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A population-based cohort study was conducted from January 1, 1997, to December 31, 2011, using individual-level linkage of nationwide administrative registers. In a study population of 35 368 Danish individuals, 5964 patients aged 18 years or older with a hospital-based diagnosis of HS (cases) were matched 1:5 on age, sex, and calendar time with 29 404 individuals serving as controls. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Outcomes were myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, CV-associated death, major adverse CV events (MACEs), and all-cause mortality. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: The 5964 patients with HS had a mean (SD) age of 37.7 (11.7) years; 4346 (72.9%) were women. In this sample, a total of 62 (42 749.0 person-years) MIs, 74 (42 647.8 person-years) ischemic strokes, 63 (42 941.7 person-years) CV-associated deaths, 169 (42 463.5 person-years) MACEs, and 231 (42 941.7 person-years) all-cause deaths occurred during follow-up. Adjusted (age, sex, socioeconomic status, smoking, comorbidity, and medication) IRRs (95% CIs) were 1.57 (1.14-2.17) for MI, 1.33 (1.01-1.76) for ischemic stroke, 1.95 (1.42-2.67) for CV-associated death, 1.53 (1.27-1.86) for MACEs, and 1.35 (1.15-1.59) for all-cause mortality. When patients with severe psoriasis were used as controls, the adjusted IRRs in patients with HS were 1.00 (0.74-1.35) for MI, 0.93 (0.71-1.22) for ischemic stroke, 1.58 (1.17-2.12) for CV-associated death, 1.08 (0.90-1.29) for MACEs, and 1.09 (0.94-1.28) for all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Hidradenitis suppurativa was associated with a significantly increased risk of adverse CV outcomes and all-cause mortality independent of measured confounders. The risk of CV-associated death was higher in patients with HS compared with the risk in those with severe psoriasis. The results call for increased awareness of this association and for studies of its clinical consequences.

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