RESUMEN
The frequency of central nervous system infections due to herpesvirus have been studied in various populations; however, studies in Mexican mestizo patients are scant. This paper documents the frequency of herpesvirus encephalitis in Mexican mestizo patients from the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery (NINN) of Mexico. To study the frequency of herpetic viral encephalitis at the NINN in the period from 2004 to 2009. We reviewed clinical records from patients with clinically suspected encephalitis; polymerase chain reaction assays were done for detection of herpesviruses in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. The total number of patients studied was 502; in 59 (12%), the diagnosis of herpetic encephalitis was confirmed by PCR-based testing of CSF. Of them, 21 (36%) were positive for herpes simplex virus type 1, 15 (25%) for Epstein-Barr virus, 10 (17%) for varicella zoster virus, 8 (14%) for cytomegalovirus, 3 (5%) for human herpesvirus 6, and 2 (3%) for herpes simplex virus 2. Our results show a varied frequency of viral encephalitis in mestizo patients due to herpesviruses in a tertiary neurological center and point out the importance of modern molecular technology to reach the etiological diagnosis in cases of encephalitis.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/diagnóstico , Encefalitis por Varicela Zóster/diagnóstico , Encefalitis Viral/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/diagnóstico , Herpes Genital/diagnóstico , Herpes Simple/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Roseolovirus/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estudios Transversales , Citomegalovirus/genética , Citomegalovirus/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/etnología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/virología , Encefalitis por Varicela Zóster/epidemiología , Encefalitis por Varicela Zóster/etnología , Encefalitis por Varicela Zóster/virología , Encefalitis Viral/epidemiología , Encefalitis Viral/etnología , Encefalitis Viral/virología , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/epidemiología , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/etnología , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/virología , Etnicidad , Femenino , Herpes Genital/epidemiología , Herpes Genital/etnología , Herpes Genital/virología , Herpes Simple/epidemiología , Herpes Simple/etnología , Herpes Simple/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 1/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 1/patogenicidad , Herpesvirus Humano 2/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 2/patogenicidad , Herpesvirus Humano 3/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 3/patogenicidad , Herpesvirus Humano 4/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 4/patogenicidad , Herpesvirus Humano 6/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 6/patogenicidad , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Infecciones por Roseolovirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Roseolovirus/etnología , Infecciones por Roseolovirus/virologíaRESUMEN
The aim is to determine the prevalence of active infection by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) among Mexican women with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) cervical infection, recruited from public gynecology and colposcopy services. In a cross-sectional study, HSV-2 antibodies, HSV-2 DNA, and HR-HPV DNA were quantified. Significant differences in HSV-2 seroprevalence and HSV-2 active infection rates were found between negative and positive HR-HPV cases. HSV-2 seroprevalence was 28.15% and 16.1% (P = .0001), while HSV-2 active infection rates were 6.83% and 0.62% (P = .001) for positive and negative HR-HPV groups, respectively. The risk of HSV-2 seropositivity was 1.7 times greater for HR-HPV-positive cases (P = .02). Similarly, HR-HPV-positive cases were nine times more likely to have an HSV-2 active infection than HR-HPV-negative cases (P = .03). High HSV-2/h-HPV coinfection rates were observed among women recruited from public gynecology and colposcopy services. The main factors related to an HSV-2 active infection are a history of risky sexual behavior and HR-HPV infection. The prevalence of HSV-2 active infection among positive HR-HPV subjects indicate that these infections constitute an important group of STIs in Mexico.
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Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Herpes Genital/epidemiología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Adulto , Cuello del Útero/virología , Coinfección/epidemiología , Coinfección/virología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Herpes Genital/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 2/inmunología , Humanos , México/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Conducta SexualRESUMEN
BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus 2 (HHV-2) have DNA genome with a limited genetic variability and have been classified into two clades. OBJECTIVES To identify and characterise six HHV-2 isolates derived from Brazilian women. METHODS HHV-2 isolates were performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of 2250 pb of the glycoprotein B (gB) coding regions. FINDINGS Four HHV-2 isolates were classified into clade B, while the remaining two, derived from HIV-1 co-infected women, showed a notable genetic divergence (> 1%). MAIN CONCLUSION The results reveal novel HHV-2 variants. The impact of these novel variants on HHV-2 pathogenesis and HIV/HHV-2 coinfection need to be investigated.
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Genes Virales/genética , Infecciones por VIH/virología , VIH-1 , Herpes Genital/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 2/genética , Brasil , Coinfección/virología , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Herpes Genital/complicaciones , Humanos , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) seroprevalence and associated infection risk factors show differences by regions and countries. The aims of the study were to determine the HSV-2 seroprevalence and to evaluate the risk factors for HSV-2 in a national representative survey among adolescents and adults in Mexico. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Mexico on the basis of the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012, a national representative survey. Demographic, sexual behavior, reproductive health, and lifestyles indicators were considered in the current study. Participants provided biological samples-dried blood spots-to test for HSV-2 antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify variables associated with HSV-2 infections analyzed by sex. RESULTS: National HSV-2 seroprevalence was 9.9%, 2.4% among adolescents and 11.7% among adults with HSV-2 seroprevalence heterogeneous across the country. Women had 12.2% of antibodies against HSV-2 and men had 7.5%. The factors associated with HSV-2 infection among women were age (45-49 years; odds ratio [OR], 19.8), region (southwest; OR, 3.0), urbanization (urban; OR, 1.9), age at sexual debut (≤14 years; OR, 3.4), education level (any; OR, 3.0), and previous abortion (≥2 abortion; OR, 2.1). Among men, age (45-49 years; OR, 11.7), region (southwest; OR, 3.0), urbanization (urban, odds ratio [OR], 1.7), and HIV care (OR, 7.1) were associated with the infection. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 10% of Mexicans aged 15 to 49 years had HSV-2 antibodies, with differences by sex, region, education level, urbanization, HIV care, and childbirth, highlighting the relevance of health inequalities in the country: social inequalities seem to matter in terms of the probability of HSV-2 infections.
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Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Herpes Genital/epidemiología , Herpesvirus Humano 2/inmunología , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Demografía , Femenino , Herpes Genital/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 2/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Salud Reproductiva , Factores de Riesgo , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Conducta Sexual , Factores Socioeconómicos , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus 2 (HHV-2) have DNA genome with a limited genetic variability and have been classified into two clades. OBJECTIVES To identify and characterise six HHV-2 isolates derived from Brazilian women. METHODS HHV-2 isolates were performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of 2250 pb of the glycoprotein B (gB) coding regions. FINDINGS Four HHV-2 isolates were classified into clade B, while the remaining two, derived from HIV-1 co-infected women, showed a notable genetic divergence (> 1%). MAIN CONCLUSION The results reveal novel HHV-2 variants. The impact of these novel variants on HHV-2 pathogenesis and HIV/HHV-2 coinfection need to be investigated.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Herpes Genital/virología , Infecciones por VIH/virología , VIH-1 , Herpesvirus Humano 2/genética , Genes Virales/genética , Filogenia , Herpes Genital/complicaciones , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Bertholletia , Coinfección/virologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Quantitative estimation of the extent to which the immune system's protective effect against one herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection protects against infection with additional HSV-2 strains is important for understanding the potential for HSV-2 vaccine development. Using viral genotyping, we estimated the prevalence of HSV-2 dual-strain infection and identified risk factors. METHODS AND FINDINGS: People with and without HIV infection participating in HSV-2 natural history studies (University of Washington Virology Research Clinic) and HIV prevention trials (HIV Prevention Trials Network 039 and Partners in Prevention HSV/HIV Transmission Study) in the US, Africa, and Peru with 2 genital specimens each containing ≥105 copies herpes simplex virus DNA/ml collected a median of 5 months apart (IQR: 2-11 months) were included. It is unlikely that 2 strains would be detected in the same sample simultaneously; therefore, 2 samples were required to detect dual-strain infection. We identified 85 HSV-2 SNPs that, in aggregate, could determine whether paired HSV-2 strains were the same or different with >90% probability. These SNPs were then used to create a customized high-throughput array-based genotyping assay. Participants were considered to be infected with more than 1 strain of HSV-2 if their samples differed by ≥5 SNPs between the paired samples, and dual-strain infection was confirmed using high-throughput sequencing (HTS). We genotyped pairs of genital specimens from 459 people; 213 (46%) were men, the median age was 34 years (IQR: 27-44), and 130 (28%) were HIV seropositive. Overall, 272 (59%) people were from the US, 59 (13%) were from Peru, and 128 (28%) were from 8 countries in Africa. Of the 459 people, 18 (3.9%) met the criteria for dual-strain infection. HTS and phylogenetic analysis of paired specimens confirmed shedding of 2 distinct HSV-2 strains collected at different times in 17 pairs, giving an estimated dual-strain infection prevalence of 3.7% (95% CI = 2.0%-5.4%). Paired samples with dual-strain infection differed by a median of 274 SNPs in the UL_US region (range 129-413). Matching our observed dual-strain infection frequency to simulated data of varying prevalences and allowing only 2 samples per person, we inferred the true prevalence of dual-strain infection to be 7%. In multivariable analysis, controlling for HIV status and continent of origin, people from Africa had a higher risk for dual-strain infection (risk ratio [RR] = 9.20, 95% CI = 2.05-41.32), as did people who were HIV seropositive (RR = 4.06, 95% CI = 1.42-11.56). CONCLUSIONS: HSV-2 dual-strain infection was detected in 3.7% of paired samples from individual participants, and was more frequent among people with HIV infection. Simulations suggest that the true prevalence of dual-strain infection is 7%. Our data indicate that naturally occurring immunity to HSV-2 may be protective against infection with a second strain. This study is limited by the inability to determine the timing of acquisition of the second strain.
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Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Herpes Genital/epidemiología , Herpes Genital/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 2/genética , Adulto , África del Sur del Sahara/epidemiología , Simulación por Computador , Estudios Transversales , ADN Viral/análisis , Femenino , Genotipo , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Humanos , Masculino , Perú/epidemiología , Filogenia , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Factores de Riesgo , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Esparcimiento de VirusRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Understanding the variability in circulating herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) genomic sequences is critical to the development of HSV-2 vaccines. METHODS: Genital lesion swabs containing ≥ 107log10 copies HSV DNA collected from Africa, the USA, and South America underwent next-generation sequencing, followed by K-mer based filtering and de novo genomic assembly. Sites of heterogeneity within coding regions in unique long and unique short (UL_US) regions were identified. Phylogenetic trees were created using maximum likelihood reconstruction. RESULTS: Among 46 samples from 38 persons, 1468 intragenic base-pair substitutions were identified. The maximum nucleotide distance between strains for concatenated UL_US segments was 0.4%. Phylogeny did not reveal geographic clustering. The most variable proteins had non-synonymous mutations in < 3% of amino acids. CONCLUSIONS: Unenriched HSV-2 DNA can undergo next-generation sequencing to identify intragenic variability. The use of clinical swabs for sequencing expands the information that can be gathered directly from these specimens.
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Secuencia Conservada , Genes Virales , Variación Genética , Herpes Genital/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 2/clasificación , Herpesvirus Humano 2/genética , África , Análisis por Conglomerados , Genitales/virología , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Filogenia , Homología de Secuencia , América del Sur , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
PROBLEM: Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) commonly causes orolabial infection, but can also infect the genital mucosa. In contrast, HSV-2 is usually genital. Genital herpes can transmit the virus vertically to the fetus during pregnancy. We sought to estimate the prevalence of HSV-1/2 on the maternal and fetal sides of the placenta. METHOD OF STUDY: Placental tissues were collected from pregnant women seen at the Rio Grande University Hospital. HSV-1 and HSV-2 were detected by nested PCR. RESULTS: The prevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 was, respectively, 28% and 12.6% (maternal side) and 29.9% and 8.3% (fetal side). All HSV-positive women were asymptomatic. Sexual behavior, vaginal delivery, and presence of HSVs on one side of the placenta were risk factors associated with HSV infection. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of HSVs in placental tissue was high, especially for HSV-1. Novel strategies need to be implemented for the management of asymptomatic women who might transmit HSV to their newborns.
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Herpes Genital/virología , Herpes Simple/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 1 , Herpesvirus Humano 2 , Placenta/virología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/virología , Adolescente , Adulto , Coinfección/virología , Femenino , Feto , Humanos , Embarazo , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Herpes simplex viruses can cause uncommon systemic complications as acute liver failure (ALT) or urinary tract dysfunctions. Diphenyl diselenide, (PhSe)2 , a classical studied organic selenium compound, has a novel antiviral action against HSV-2 infection and well-known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate if (PhSe)2 reduces oxidative stress and systemic toxicity caused by HSV-2 infection in mice. Adult BALB/c mice were pre-treated with (PhSe)2 (5 mg kg-1 /day, intragastric, i.g.) during 5 days; at day 6 mice were infected with HSV-2 (10 µl-105 PFU/mL-1 ) and post-treated with (PhSe)2 for more 5 days. At day 11, they were killed and samples of liver and kidney were obtained to determine: reactive species (RS); malondialdehyde (MDA), and non-protein thiols (NPSH) levels; the activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). The activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA), Na+ /K+ -ATPase (liver and kidney); alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and the levels of urea (plasma) were determined as markers of hepatic and renal toxicity. The results revealed that (PhSe)2 treatment was effective against the increase of renal and hepatic oxidative stress in infected mice and also normalized hepatic and renal ADA activity. It recovered the activity of Na+ /K+ - and was not effective against the increase in urea levels in infected mice. Different from (PhSe)2 , acyclovir (positive control), caused an increase in ADA activity and a decrease in hepatic CAT activity. Considering the interest of alternative therapies to treat HSV-2 infections and secondary complications, (PhSe)2 become a notable candidate. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1028-1037, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Antivirales/administración & dosificación , Derivados del Benceno/administración & dosificación , Herpes Genital/tratamiento farmacológico , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Compuestos de Organoselenio/administración & dosificación , Adenosina Desaminasa/metabolismo , Animales , Antioxidantes/efectos adversos , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antivirales/efectos adversos , Antivirales/farmacología , Derivados del Benceno/efectos adversos , Derivados del Benceno/farmacología , Catalasa/metabolismo , Femenino , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Herpes Genital/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 2/efectos de los fármacos , Herpesvirus Humano 2/patogenicidad , Riñón/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Compuestos de Organoselenio/efectos adversos , Compuestos de Organoselenio/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) may heighten immune activation and increase human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) replication, resulting in greater infectivity and faster HIV-1 disease progression. An 18-week randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial of 500 mg valacyclovir twice daily in 20 antiretroviral-naive women coinfected with HSV-2 and HIV-1 was conducted and HSV-2 suppression was found to significantly reduce both HSV-2 and HIV-1 viral loads both systemically and the endocervical compartment. METHODS: To determine the effect of HSV-2 suppression on systemic and genital mucosal inflammation, plasma specimens, and endocervical swabs were collected weekly from volunteers in the trial and cryopreserved. Plasma was assessed for concentrations of 31 cytokines and chemokines; endocervical fluid was eluted from swabs and assayed for 14 cytokines and chemokines. RESULTS: Valacyclovir significantly reduced plasma CXCL10 but did not significantly alter other cytokine concentrations in either compartment. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest genital tract inflammation in women persists despite HSV-2 suppression, supporting the lack of effect on transmission seen in large scale efficacy trials. Alternative therapies are needed to reduce persistent mucosal inflammation that may enhance transmission of HSV-2 and HIV-1.
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Quimiocina CXCL10/metabolismo , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , VIH-1/inmunología , Herpes Genital/tratamiento farmacológico , Herpesvirus Humano 2/inmunología , Infecciones del Sistema Genital/tratamiento farmacológico , Aciclovir/análogos & derivados , Aciclovir/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Coinfección , Estudios Cruzados , Citocinas/metabolismo , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Infecciones por VIH/virología , VIH-1/genética , VIH-1/aislamiento & purificación , Herpes Genital/complicaciones , Herpes Genital/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 2/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 2/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Infecciones del Sistema Genital/complicaciones , Infecciones del Sistema Genital/virología , Valaciclovir , Valina/análogos & derivados , Valina/uso terapéutico , Carga Viral , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Twelve polyhydroxylated sulfated steroids synthesized from a 5α-cholestane skeleton with different substitutions in C-2, C-3 and C-6 were evaluated for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV) by a virus plaque reduction assay. Four compounds elicited a selective inhibitory effect against HSV. The disodium salt of 2ß,3α-dihydroxy-6E-hydroximine-5α-cholestane-2,3-disulfate, named compound 7, was the most effective inhibitor of HSV-1, HSV-2 and pseudorabies virus (PrV) strains, including acyclovir-resistant variants, in human and monkey cell lines. Preliminary mechanistic studies demonstrated that compound 7 did not affect the initial steps of virus entry but inhibited a subsequent event in the infection process of HSV.
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Antivirales/farmacología , Colestanos/farmacología , Herpesvirus Humano 1/efectos de los fármacos , Herpesvirus Humano 2/efectos de los fármacos , Esteroides/farmacología , Animales , Antivirales/química , Línea Celular , Colestanos/química , Herpes Genital/virología , Herpes Simple/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 1/fisiología , Herpesvirus Humano 2/fisiología , Humanos , Estructura Molecular , Esteroides/química , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Internalización del Virus/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Infection with herpes simplex viruses is one of the most ancient diseases described to affect humans. Infection with these viruses produces vexing effects to the host, which frequently recur. Infection with herpes simplex viruses is lifelong, and currently there is no vaccine or drug to prevent or cure infection. Prevalence of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection varies significantly depending on the geographical region and nears 20% worldwide. Importantly, HSV-2 is the first cause of genital ulcers in the planet. HSV-2 affects approximately 500 million people around the globe and significantly increases the likelihood of acquiring the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), as well as its shedding. Thus, controlling HSV-2 infection and spread is of public health concern. Here, we review the diseases produced by herpes simplex viruses, the factors that modulate HSV-2 infection, the relationship between HSV-2 and HIV and novel therapeutic and prophylactic microbicides/antivirals under development to prevent infection and pathological outcomes produced by this virus. We also review mutations associated with HSV-2 resistance to common antivirals.
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Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Quimioprevención/métodos , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Herpes Genital/complicaciones , Herpes Genital/tratamiento farmacológico , Herpesvirus Humano 2/aislamiento & purificación , Antiinfecciosos/aislamiento & purificación , Descubrimiento de Drogas/tendencias , Herpes Genital/virología , HumanosRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: The herpes simplex virus type 2 (HVS-2) is the most prevalent infection worldwide. It is a cofactor in the acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV). This study evaluated the prevalence of HSV-2, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and associated factors in patients treated at the Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG) and Basic Health Units (BHU) in Rio Grande, Brazil. The observed prevalence of HSV-2 was 15.6%. Among the 302 women studied, 158 had received assistance in BHU and 144 were treated at FURG. The prevalence of HSV-2 in these groups was 10.8% and 20.8%, respectively, RR 1.9 and p = 0.012. Knowledge about the Pap smear, and the presence of lesions showed no association with HSV-2 infection. Multivariate analysis showed that the variable that most influenced the risk of HSV-2 infection was the presence of HIV infection, with a relative risk of 1.9 and p = 0.04. DISCUSSION: Genital ulcers are an important entry point for HIV, and condom use is an important strategy to reduce transmission of HIV and HSV-2.
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Herpes Genital/epidemiología , Herpesvirus Humano 2/genética , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiología , Femenino , Herpes Genital/diagnóstico , Herpes Genital/virología , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
SUMMARY The herpes simplex virus type 2 (HVS-2) is the most prevalent infection worldwide. It is a cofactor in the acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV). This study evaluated the prevalence of HSV-2, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and associated factors in patients treated at the Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG) and Basic Health Units (BHU) in Rio Grande, Brazil. The observed prevalence of HSV-2 was 15.6%. Among the 302 women studied, 158 had received assistance in BHU and 144 were treated at FURG. The prevalence of HSV-2 in these groups was 10.8% and 20.8%, respectively, RR 1.9 and p = 0.012. Knowledge about the Pap smear, and the presence of lesions showed no association with HSV-2 infection. Multivariate analysis showed that the variable that most influenced the risk of HSV-2 infection was the presence of HIV infection, with a relative risk of 1.9 and p = 0.04. Discussion: Genital ulcers are an important entry point for HIV, and condom use is an important strategy to reduce transmission of HIV and HSV-2. .
RESUMO O vírus herpes simplex tipo 2 (HVS-2) é uma das infecções mais prevalentes em todo o mundo. Considera-se um co-factor na aquisição do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e na persistência do papilomavirus humano (HPV). Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de HSV-2 usando a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e fatores associados em pacientes atendidos na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande e em Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) do Rio Grande, Brasil. A prevalência de HSV-2 encontrada neste estudo foi de 15,6%. Entre as 302 mulheres estudadas, 158 haviam recebido assistência na UBS e 144 foram atendidos na FURG. A prevalência de HSV-2 nestes grupos foi de 10,8 e 20,8%, respectivamente, com RR: 1,9 e p = 0,012. Conhecer o exame de Papanicolaou, e presença de lesão não teve associação com infecção HSV-2. A análise multivariada mostrou que a variável que influencia no risco de infecção HSV-2 foi o paciente ter HIV, com risco relativo 1,9 e p = 0,04. Discussão: As úlceras genitais são importante porta de entrada para o vírus HIV e o uso do preservativo é estratégia importante para reduzir a transmissão do HIV e do HSV-2. .
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Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Herpes Genital/epidemiología , /genética , Brasil/epidemiología , Herpes Genital/diagnóstico , Herpes Genital/virología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine HSV-2 seroprevalence, risk factors, and antibody avidity among a sample of Mexican pregnant women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The avidity test was standardized with different urea concentrations and incubation times; the cut-off point was calculated to determine the low avidity (early infection). IgG antibodies against HSV-2 were detected from pregnant and postpartum women from Morelos, Mexico, and the avidity test was performed to positive samples. Multivariate regression logistic analysis was employed to evaluate demographic and sexual behavior characteristics associated with HSV-2 infection. RESULTS: HSV-2 seroprevalence among Mexican women analyzed was 14.5% (333/2300), demographic factors (location of General Hospital, age, education level, and civil status), and risky sexual behaviors (STI self-report and number of sexual partners during last year) were associated with HSV-2 infection. Seventeen women were detected with low avidity antibodies (early infection) with a cut-off point of 66.1%. CONCLUSIONS: HSV-2 infection was common among this group of women from Mexico; the avidity test detected women with recent infections, and these women were more likely to transmit HSV-2 to their neonates. Neonatal herpes has no epidemiological surveillance, the disease could be overlooked, and so more studies are needed to estimate the magnitude of neonatal infection.
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Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Herpes Genital/inmunología , Herpes Genital/transmisión , Herpesvirus Humano 2/inmunología , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/inmunología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/virología , Adulto , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Afinidad de Anticuerpos , Femenino , Herpes Genital/virología , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Embarazo , Factores de Riesgo , Estudios SeroepidemiológicosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Studies in women indicate that some sexually transmitted infections promote human papillomavirus (HPV) persistence and carcinogenesis. Little is known about this association in men; therefore, we assessed whether Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) serostatus are associated with genital HPV prevalence, an early event in HPV-related pathogenesis. METHODS: Genital exfoliated cells, first-void urine, and blood from 3971 men recruited in the United States, Mexico, and Brazil were tested for HPV, CT, and HSV-2 antibodies, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association of CT infection and HSV-2 serostatus with 4 HPV outcomes (any, oncogenic, nononcogenic only, and multiple infections). RESULTS: A total of 64 (1.6%) men were CT positive, and 811 (20.4%) men were HSV-2 seropositive. After adjustment for potential confounders, CT was associated with any HPV (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-4.24), oncogenic HPV (aOR, 3.10; 95% CI, 1.53-6.28), and multiple HPV (aOR, 3.43; 95% CI, 1.69-6.95) prevalence. Herpes simplex virus type 2 serostatus was associated with any HPV (aOR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.02-1.52), nononcogenic HPV only (aOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.08-1.75), and multiple HPV (aOR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.06-1.68) prevalence. In analyses stratified by sexual behavior, CT infection was significantly associated with HPV detection among men reporting 2 or more recent sexual partners, whereas HSV-2 serostatus was significantly associated with HPV detection in men reporting 0 to 5 lifetime sexual partners. CONCLUSION: In this population, CT infection and HSV-2 serostatus were associated with prevalent genital HPV infection. Future prospective studies should investigate whether these infections influence HPV acquisition and/or persistence.
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Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Infecciones por Chlamydia/complicaciones , Chlamydia trachomatis/inmunología , Herpes Genital/complicaciones , Herpesvirus Humano 2/inmunología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/complicaciones , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiología , Infecciones por Chlamydia/epidemiología , Infecciones por Chlamydia/inmunología , Infecciones por Chlamydia/microbiología , Herpes Genital/epidemiología , Herpes Genital/inmunología , Herpes Genital/virología , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Papillomaviridae , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Agaricus brasiliensis (syn. A. subrufescens), a basidiomycete fungus native to the Atlantic forest in Brazil, contains cell walls rich in glucomannan polysaccharides. The ß-(1 â 2)-gluco-ß-(1 â 3)-mannan was isolated from A. brasiliensis mycelium, chemically modified by sulfation, and named MI-S. MI-S has multiple mechanisms of action, including inhibition of herpes simplex virus (HSV) attachment, entry, and cell-to-cell spread (F. T. G. S. Cardozo, C. M. Camelini, A. Mascarello, M. J. Rossi, R. J. Nunes, C. R. Barardi, M. M. de Mendonça, and C. M. O. Simões, Antiviral Res. 92:108-114, 2011). The antiherpetic efficacy of MI-S was assessed in murine ocular, cutaneous, and genital infection models of HSV. Groups of 10 mice were infected with HSV-1 (strain KOS) or HSV-2 (strain 333). MI-S was given either topically or by oral gavage under various pre- and posttreatment regimens, and the severity of disease and viral titers in ocular and vaginal samples were determined. No toxicity was observed in the uninfected groups treated with MI-S. The topical and oral treatments with MI-S were not effective in reducing ocular disease. Topical application of MI-S on skin lesions was also not effective, but cutaneously infected mice treated orally with MI-S had significantly reduced disease scores (P < 0.05) after day 9, suggesting that healing was accelerated. Vaginal administration of MI-S 20 min before viral challenge reduced the mean disease scores on days 5 to 9 (P < 0.05), viral titers on day 1 (P < 0.05), and mortality (P < 0.0001) in comparison to the control groups (untreated and vehicle treated). These results show that MI-S may be useful as an oral agent to reduce the severity of HSV cutaneous and mucosal lesions and, more importantly, as a microbicide to block sexual transmission of HSV-2 genital infections.
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Agaricus/química , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/farmacología , Herpes Simple/tratamiento farmacológico , Herpesvirus Humano 1/efectos de los fármacos , Herpesvirus Humano 2/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antivirales/farmacología , Chlorocebus aethiops , Femenino , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/química , Herpes Genital/tratamiento farmacológico , Herpes Genital/virología , Herpes Simple/virología , Humanos , Queratitis Herpética/tratamiento farmacológico , Queratitis Herpética/virología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/métodos , Sulfatos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Células VeroRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 in sexually active women who participated in the cervical cancer screening program in Natal, Brazil. STUDY DESIGN: The study included 261 sexually active women resident in the metropolitan area of Natal, Brazil and attending a public clinic for cervical screening. From each participant, a sample of exfoliated uterine cervical cells was collected, using a cytobrush which was conditioned in a tube containing a preserving solution (PBS+vancomycin+nystatin) and sent to a laboratory where it was processed for DNA extraction. The samples were analyzed for the presence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 DNA in separate reactions by PCRs using specific primers. RESULTS: HSV-1 in genital infection is four times more prevalent than HSV-2 in the population analyzed. The highest prevalence rates for both viruses were found in women aged 31-39years. We did not observe any association between the presence of both virus serotypes and socio-demographic characteristics in the population studied, nor with some classical risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases. CONCLUSIONS: HSV-1 was the major cause of genital infection by Herpes simplex virus in the women included in this study. No association was found between HSV infection and the socio-demographic characteristics or some classical risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases.
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Herpes Genital/epidemiología , Herpes Genital/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 1 , Herpesvirus Humano 2 , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Brasil/epidemiología , Coinfección/epidemiología , Coinfección/virología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Conducta Sexual , Factores Socioeconómicos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Recent in vitro studies suggest that acyclovir may directly inhibit HIV-1 replication and can select for a specific HIV-1 reverse transcriptase mutation (V75I) with concomitant loss of an anti-HIV-1 effect. We tested for HIV-1 genotypic resistance at reverse transcriptase codon 75 in plasma from 168 HIV-1-infected persons from Botswana, Kenya, Peru, and the United States taking daily acyclovir or valacyclovir for between 8 weeks and 24 months. No V75I cases were detected (95% confidence interval, 0%-2.2%). These prospective in vivo studies suggest that standard-dose acyclovir or valacyclovir does not select for HIV-1 resistance.
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Aciclovir/análogos & derivados , Aciclovir/administración & dosificación , Antivirales/administración & dosificación , Farmacorresistencia Viral , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , VIH-1/efectos de los fármacos , Herpes Genital/complicaciones , Valina/análogos & derivados , Aciclovir/farmacología , Adulto , Sustitución de Aminoácidos/genética , Antivirales/farmacología , Botswana , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/virología , Transcriptasa Inversa del VIH/genética , VIH-1/genética , VIH-1/aislamiento & purificación , Herpes Genital/tratamiento farmacológico , Herpes Genital/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 2/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Kenia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Mutación Missense , Perú , Mutación Puntual , Estudios Prospectivos , Selección Genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Estados Unidos , Valaciclovir , Valina/administración & dosificación , Valina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Antiviral therapy against herpes simplex virus based on sulfated polysaccharides, like carrageenans, represents a new alternative for genital herpes infections treatment and arises the concern about the appearance of resistant viral populations. METHODS: We characterized the F strain of herpes simplex virus-1 passaged in the presence of a natural carrageenan isolated from the red seaweed Gigartina skottbergii in view of the virulence for mice of isolated viral clones. RESULTS: Viral clones (syn14-1 and syn17-2) showed a syncytial phenotype and a mild resistance to carrageenan, heparin, acyclovir, and brivudine. Both clones were avirulent for BALB/c mice when inoculated intravaginally, whereas F strain produced high mortality. Attenuation correlated with low levels of TNF-[alpha], interleukin-6, and IFN-[gamma] in vaginal lavages although virus titers were similar to those obtained for F strain. On the contrary, they showed a marked virulence when inoculated intranasally leading to a generalized spreading of virus. CONCLUSIONS: Results confirm the hypothesis that selection of herpes simplex virus-1 with a carrageenan in vitro leads to the emergence of variants with a differential virulence when compared to the original virus. This finding should be addressed when an antiviral therapy against genital herpes infection employing a natural carrageenan is under consideration.