RESUMEN
Viral infections have haunted humankind since times immemorial. Overpopulation, globalization, and extensive deforestation have created an ideal environment for a viral spread with unknown and multiple shedding routes. Many viruses can infect the male reproductive tract, with potential adverse consequences to male reproductive health, including infertility and cancer. Moreover, some genital tract viral infections can be sexually transmitted, potentially impacting the resulting offspring's health. We have summarized the evidence concerning the presence and adverse effects of the relevant viruses on the reproductive tract (mumps virus, human immunodeficiency virus, herpes virus, human papillomavirus, hepatitis B and C viruses, Ebola virus, Zika virus, influenza virus, and coronaviruses), their routes of infection, target organs and cells, prevalence and pattern of virus shedding in semen, as well as diagnosis/testing and treatment strategies. The pathophysiological understanding in the male genital tract is essential to assess its clinical impact on male reproductive health and guide future research.
Asunto(s)
Salud Reproductiva/tendencias , Virosis/complicaciones , Hepatitis B/complicaciones , Hepatitis B/fisiopatología , Hepatitis C/complicaciones , Hepatitis C/fisiopatología , Herpes Genital/complicaciones , Herpes Genital/fisiopatología , Humanos , Masculino , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/fisiopatología , Virosis/fisiopatología , Infección por el Virus Zika/complicaciones , Infección por el Virus Zika/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
In the present study, the protective effect of 1T1, a lambda-carrageenan extracted from the red seaweed Gigartina skottsbergii was evaluated in a murine model of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) genital infection. Six to eight-week-old female BALB/c mice were intravaginally inoculated with a lethal dose of HSV-2 (MS strain) and pre- or post-infection treated with different doses of a 10mg/ml solution of 1T1. A single topical administration of 1T1 shortly before infection of BALB/c mice with HSV-2 protected 9 out of 10 mice from HSV-2-induced lesions and mortality, compared with only 10% survival in control mice. In addition, 1T1 produced a total blockade in virus shedding in the vaginal secretions. When 1T1 pre-treatment was reinforced with a second dose 2h after infection, total protection was observed even when the prophylactic administration had taken place at 60min before infection. The irreversible virucidal action of 1T1 against herpes virus seems to be responsible of its protective effect against virus replication and mortality following vaginal HSV-2 infection.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales/administración & dosificación , Carragenina/administración & dosificación , Herpes Genital/prevención & control , Enfermedades Vaginales/prevención & control , Animales , Chlorocebus aethiops , Femenino , Herpes Genital/mortalidad , Herpes Genital/fisiopatología , Herpesvirus Humano 2 , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Vagina/virología , Enfermedades Vaginales/mortalidad , Enfermedades Vaginales/fisiopatología , Enfermedades Vaginales/virología , Células Vero , Esparcimiento de VirusAsunto(s)
Humanos , Herpes Genital/diagnóstico , Herpes Genital/fisiopatología , Herpes Genital/rehabilitación , Herpes Simple/complicaciones , Herpes Simple/diagnóstico , Herpes Simple/fisiopatología , Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico , Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico/instrumentación , Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico/tendenciasRESUMEN
Here we study the role of nitric oxide in the vaginal infection of Balb/c mice with herpes simplex virus type 2. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA was detected by RT-PCR in vaginal tissue and inguinal lymph nodes early postinfection. iNOS was also found to be activated in cells recovered from vaginal washings of infected animals. Animals treated with aminoguanidine (AG), an iNOS inhibitor, showed a dose-dependent increase in vaginal pathology after viral infection compared to controls. Viral titers in vaginal washings and vaginas were higher in AG-treated mice. Treated animals presented higher PMN counts in vaginal washings compared to controls. Histopathology studies revealed a profound inflammatory exudate in vaginal tissue of treated animals. Finally, RT-PCR analysis showed increased expression of the chemokines MIP-2 and RANTES in vaginal tissue and inguinal lymph nodes of these animals.
Asunto(s)
Herpes Genital/fisiopatología , Herpesvirus Humano 2/patogenicidad , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa/genética , Óxido Nítrico/fisiología , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , División Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Quimiocina CCL5/genética , Quimiocina CXCL2 , Quimiocinas/genética , Chlorocebus aethiops , Cartilla de ADN , Femenino , Herpes Genital/inmunología , Herpesvirus Humano 2/fisiología , Ganglios Linfáticos/enzimología , Ganglios Linfáticos/virología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Donantes de Óxido Nítrico/farmacología , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II , ARN Mensajero/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , S-Nitroso-N-Acetilpenicilamina/farmacología , Vagina/enzimología , Vagina/virología , Células Vero , Replicación ViralRESUMEN
Os autores fazem uma atualizaçÝoda infecçÝo das gestantes pelo herpes vírus simples tipo 2, mostrando a sua fisiopatologia, epidemiologia, classificaçÝo, diagnóstico, conduta obstétrica e uso de aciclovir na gravidez, identificando e discutindo soluçSes para questSes ainda nÝo resolvidas. Face ao aumento progressivo desta afecçÝo, é necessária uma permanente atualizaçÝo, buscando uma diminuiçÝo da morbidade nestas gestantes e, consequentemente, morbidade e mortalidade fetais