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Abstract Schizophrenia is an illness that affects 26 million people worldwide. However, conventional antipsychotics present side effects and toxicity, highlighting the need for new antipsychotics. We aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of haloperidol (HAL), clozapine (CLO), and a new molecule with antipsychotic potential, PT-31, in NIH-3T3 cells. The neutral red uptake assay and the MTT assay were performed to evaluate cell viability and mitochondrial activity, morphological changes were assessed, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection was performed. HAL and CLO (0.1 µM) showed a decrease in cell viability in the neutral red uptake assay and in the MTT assay. In addition, cell detachment, content decrease, rounding and cell death were also observed at 0.1 µM for both antipsychotics. An increase in ROS was observed for HAL (0.001, 0.01 and 1 µM) and CLO (0.01 and 1 µM). PT-31 did not alter cell viability in any of the assays, although it increased ROS at 0.01 and 1 µM. HAL and CLO present cytotoxicity at 0.1 µM, possibly through apoptosis and necrosis. In contrast, PT-31 does not present cytotoxicity to NIH-3T3 cells. Further studies must be performed for a better understanding of these mechanisms and the potential risk of conventional antipsychotics

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Abstract With the aim of controlling various symptoms, possible to use mixtures of different drugs within infusion devices. This should take into account the compatibility of the mixture. Factors influence the compatibility and stability of the mixtures are: drug type, concentration, solvent, temperature and light. When evaluating the compatibility of the mixtures for infusion for subcutaneous via is important to consider infusion devices used and the conditions of light and temperature should simulate as far as possible the conditions in practice assistance. There are diverse studies that analyze the compatibility of drug mixtures, but there are still many possible combinations of drugs for which evidence is not available. The objective of this work is to study the compatibility and stability of several mixtures of haloperidol and morphine that can be used in solution for subcutaneous infusion.

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ABSTRACT A simple and sensitive HPLC method was developed and validated for the quantification of haloperidol in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). The developed method was used for detection of shelf life of haloperidol in SLNs. Calibration curve of haloperidol was also constructed in rat plasma using loratidine as internal standard. In vivo studies were performed on rats and concentration of haloperidol in brain and blood was measured for the determination of various pharmacokinetic and hence brain targeting parameters. Chromatogram separation was achieved using C18 column as stationary phase. The mobile phase consisted of 100 mM/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate-acetonitrile-TEA (10:90:0.1, v/v/v) and the pH was adjusted with o-phosphoric acid to 3.5. Flow rate of mobile phase was 2 mL/minute and eluents were monitored at 230 nm using UV/VIS detector. The method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, reproducibility, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). Linearity for haloperidol was in the range of 1-16 µg/mL. The value of LOD and LOQ was found to be 0.045 and 0.135 μg/mL respectively. The shelf life of SLNs formulation was found to be 2.31 years at 4 oC. Various parameters like drug targeting index (DTI), drug targeting efficiency (DTE) and nose-to-brain direct transport (DTP) were determined for HP-SLNs & HP-Sol administered intranasally to evaluate the extent of nose-to-brain delivery. The value of DTI, DTE and DTP for HP-SLNs was found to be 23.62, 2362.43 % and 95.77% while for HP-Sol, values were 11.28, 1128.61 % and 91.14 % respectively.

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The chemical stability of haloperidol lactate injection was studied under different storage conditions by high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). The study was performed at 25 +/- 2 degrees C and at refrigeration temperature (8 +/- 1 degrees C) in original glass ampoules over 15 days after being opened. The samples tested at 25 +/- 2 degrees C were stored with exposure to and protection from light. Chromatographic separation was achieved on precoated silica gel F 254 HPTLC plates using a mixture of acetone/chloroform/n-butanol/glacial acetic acid/water (5:10:10:2.5:2.5, v/v/v/v/v) as a mobile phase. Quantitative analyses were carried out at a wavelength of 254 nm. The method exhibited adequate linearity (r = 0.999), selectivity, precision (RSD = 1.92%), and accuracy (recoveries from 98.59 to 101.90%). The concentrations of all samples remained greater than or 90% of the original concentration. Haloperidol lactate injection was chemically stable under all conditions studied over 15 days.

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A densitometric high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed and validated for the quantitative analysis of haloperidol in tablets. Chromatographic separation was achieved on precoated silica gel F 254 HPTLC plates using a mixture of acetone/chloroform/n-butanol/acetic acid glacial/water (5:10:10:2.5:2.5 v/v/v/v/v) as the mobile phase. Quantitative analysis was carried out at a wavelength of 254 nm. The method was linear in the 10-100 ng/microL range, with a determination coefficient of 0.999. The coefficients of variation for precision were not higher than 2.35%. The detection limit was 0.89 ng/microL, and the quantification limit was 2.71 ng/microL. The accuracy ranged from 97.76 to 100.33%, with a CV not higher than 4.50%. This method was successfully applied to quantify haloperidol in real pharmaceutical samples, including the comparison with HPLC measurements. The method was fast, specific, with a good precision and accuracy for the quantitative determination of haloperidol in tablets.

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The ¢ ligand 1, 3-di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG) has been applied by microiontophoresis to neurones in the rat hippocampal slice and to neurones in the neocortex and hippocampus of rats anaesthetised with urethane. DTG depressed the excitatory responses of cells to both N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and quisqualate on a majority of the units tested, in no case causing an enhancement. Haloperidol had no consistent effect of its own and did not prevent the depressant effects of DTG. It is concluded that in the preparations used, DTG did not selectively modify neuronal sensitivity to NMDA (AU)

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Mice were treated acutely or chronically with apomorphine (APO) (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) or L-DOPA (150 mg/kg) plus benserazide (50 mg/kg). The decrease of homovanillic acid (HVA) caused by APO was greater in acutely treated animals. After APO or L-DOPA pretreatment the animals received single doses of haloperidol (HALO) (1.5 mg/kg) or saline and were submitted to behavioral and biochemical analysis in order to determine changes in dopaminergic receptor sensitivity. When the acutely and chronically treated groups were compared, we found no difference in the cataleptogenic effect of HALO nor any difference in the effect of HALO in increasing brain HVA levels. The data suggest that chronic treatment with dopaminergic agonists leads to changes in receptor sensitivity for the agonist but not for the antagonist effect.

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