RESUMEN
This study tested the hypothesis that naturally and industrially produced trans-fatty acids can exert distinct effects on metabolic parameters and on gut microbiota of rats. Wistar rats were randomized into three groups according to the diet: CONT-control, with 5% soybean oil and normal amount of fat; HVF-20% of hydrogenated vegetable fat (industrial); and RUM-20% of ruminant fat (natural). After 53 days of treatment, serum biochemical markers, fatty acid composition of liver, heart and adipose tissue, histology and hepatic oxidative parameters, as well as gut microbiota composition were evaluated. HVF diet intake reduced triglycerides (≈ 39.39%) and VLDL levels (≈ 39.49%). Trans-fatty acids levels in all tissue were higher in HVF group. However, RUM diet intake elevated amounts of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (≈ 14.7%) compared to CONT, but not to HVF. Furthermore, RUM intake led to higher concentrations of stearic acid and conjugated linoleic acid in all tissue; this particular diet was associated with a hepatoprotective effect. The microbial gut communities were significantly different among the groups. Our results show that ruminant fat reversed the hepatic steatosis normally caused by high fat diets, which may be related to the remodelling of the gut microbiota and its anti-inflammatory potential.
Asunto(s)
Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/inmunología , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/prevención & control , Ácidos Grasos trans/administración & dosificación , Animales , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , Inflamación/sangre , Inflamación/diagnóstico , Inflamación/inmunología , Inflamación/prevención & control , Hígado/inmunología , Hígado/patología , Masculino , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/sangre , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/inmunología , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/patología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Rumiantes , Aceite de Soja/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
To date, most of studies have only focused on metabolic effects of dietary oils while recent evidence proposes that they can influence kidneys structure. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of long-term consumption of olive, cottonseed and sesame oils on renal morphology in rats. 70 male Wistar rats randomly assigned into seven equal groups and treated with standard diet (control), the standard diet enriched with 10% or 20% (W/W) of either olive oil (OLI10%, OLI20%), cottonseed oil (COT10%, COT20%) or sesame oil (SES10%, SES20%) for 5 months. Quantitative features of the kidney including kidney and cortex volumes and the number of glomeruli were analyzed stereologically. Moreover, kidney sections histologically were evaluated. All of the studied oils in low concentration had no devastating effects on renal morphology and also its pathological features. However, only in SES20% group, kidney volume as well as, cortical volume was higher than the control group. Besides, accumulation of carbohydrate macromolecules and renal fibrosis were markedly increased in SES20% group compared to the control. The results suggest that sesame oil, especially at high concentration, may lead to renal deformities as a result of histopathological changes such as dilatation, fibrosis, and tubular defects.
Asunto(s)
Aceite de Semillas de Algodón/administración & dosificación , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Riñón/patología , Aceite de Oliva/administración & dosificación , Aceite de Sésamo/administración & dosificación , Animales , Peso Corporal , Ingestión de Energía , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Tamaño de los Órganos , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Recently, great attention has been directed towards the use of essential oils from aromatic plants as antimicrobials and antioxidant in food matrix. Fish is well known to be a high perishable food. Indeed, fish muscle is susceptible to suffer protein and lipid oxidation during frozen storage, which can lead to the development of softening and undesirable volatile molecules. However, the possible inclusion of essential oils in fish feed for preserving fish flesh quality during storage is still unclear. For this reason, the potential protective effects of the incorporation of a dietary essential oil constituted by eucalyptol, carvacrol and thymol, to rainbow trout's (Oncorhynchus mykiss) feed were here investigated. Frozen fish fillets resulting from trout fed the essential oil showed a significant protection of specific muscle proteins against the oxidation produced during frozen storage at -10ºC for 6 months. Essential oil-enriched feed decreased carbonylation of specific myofibrillar (α-actinins-1 and -3, myosin heavy chain, myomesin-1, pyruvate kinase, tropomyosin, troponin-T and actin) and sarcoplasmic proteins (glycogen phosphorylase, creatine kinase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A and phosphoglycerate mutase 2). Essential oils also increased actin stability and preserved muscle protein solubility and water holding capacity. In addition, essential oils inhibited the onset of lipid oxidation and rancidity, resulting in frozen fish with superior textural quality and sensory scores. As a final conclusion, the inclusion of essential oils in farmed rainbow trout feed is largely efficient for increasing fish quality and shelf life during frozen storage, mainly through a selective-antioxidant effect on muscle proteins.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Musculares/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites Volátiles/administración & dosificación , Oncorhynchus mykiss/fisiología , Animales , Cruzamiento , Dieta/veterinaria , Aceites de Pescado/metabolismo , Congelación , Alimentos Congelados , Músculos/efectos de los fármacos , Oxidación-Reducción/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Background: Cholesterol efflux plays an important role in preventing atherosclerosis progression. Vegetable oils with varying unsaturated fatty acid profiles favorably affect multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors; however, their effects on cholesterol efflux remain unclear. Objective: The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of diets low in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with varying unsaturated fatty acid profiles on serum-mediated cholesterol efflux and its association with the plasma lipophilic index and central obesity. Methods: The present study is a randomized, crossover, controlled-feeding study. Participants [men: n = 50; women: n = 51; mean ± SE age: 49.5 ± 1.2 y; body mass index (in kg/m2): 29.4 ± 0.4] at risk for or with metabolic syndrome (MetS) were randomly assigned to 5 isocaloric diets containing the treatment oils: canola oil, high oleic acid-canola oil, DHA-enriched high oleic acid-canola oil, corn oil and safflower oil blend, and flax oil and safflower oil blend. These treatment oils were incorporated into smoothies that participants consumed 2 times/d. For a 3000-kcal diet, 60 g of treatment oil was required to provide 18% of total energy per day. Each diet period was 4 wk followed by a 2- to 4-wk washout period. We quantified cholesterol efflux capacity with a validated ex vivo high-throughput cholesterol efflux assay. Statistical analyses were performed with the use of the SAS mixed-model procedure. Results: The 5 diets increased serum-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity from THP-1 macrophages similarly by 39%, 34%, 55%, 49% and 51%, respectively, compared with baseline (P < 0.05 for all). Waist circumference and abdominal adiposity were negatively correlated with serum-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity (r = -0.25, P = 0.01, r = -0.33, P = 0.02, respectively). Conclusion: Diets low in SFAs with different monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles improved serum-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity in individuals with or at risk for MetS. This mechanism may account, in part, for the cardiovascular disease benefits of diets low in SFAs and high in unsaturated fatty acids. Importantly, central obesity is inversely associated with cholesterol efflux capacity. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01351012.
Asunto(s)
Colesterol/sangre , Colesterol/metabolismo , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/farmacología , Síndrome Metabólico/metabolismo , Aceite de Brassica napus/farmacología , Células THP-1/efectos de los fármacos , Estudios Cruzados , Dieta , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Humanos , Lípidos/sangre , Lipoproteínas/sangre , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Aceite de Brassica napus/administración & dosificación , Células THP-1/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Current discussion of the importance of food fats in the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) often suffers from preconceptions, misunderstandings, insufficient knowledge, and selective reasoning. As a result, the sustained controversy about dietary fat recommendations can be contradictory and confusing. To clarify some of these issues, the International Expert Movement to Improve Dietary Fat Quality in cooperation with the International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS) organized a symposium at the 21st meeting of the IUNS, October 17, 2017, Buenos Aires, Argentina, to summarize the key scientific evidence underlying the controversy on the relationship between the saturated and unsaturated fat consumption and CHD risk. Presenters also discussed, using examples, the rationale for and implications of the partial replacement of foods rich in saturated fats by those rich in unsaturated fats. Presentations included strategies to fit healthier fats into meals. This report summarizes the symposium presentations.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad Coronaria , Grasas de la Dieta , Argentina , Enfermedad Coronaria/epidemiología , Dieta Saludable/tendencias , Grasas de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Grasas de la Dieta/efectos adversos , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Política Nutricional/tendencias , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy leads to derangements in lipid metabolism that may contribute to the development of cardiac dysfunction. Since previous studies, using high saturated fat diets, have yielded inconclusive results, we investigated whether provision of a high-unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) diet was sufficient to restore impaired lipid metabolism and normalize diastolic dysfunction in the pathologically hypertrophied heart. Male, Wistar rats were subjected to supra-valvar aortic stenosis (SVAS) or sham surgery. After 6 weeks, diastolic dysfunction and pathological hypertrophy was confirmed and both sham and SVAS rats were treated with either normolipidic or HUFA diet. At 18 weeks post-surgery, the HUFA diet failed to normalize decreased E/A ratios or attenuate measures of cardiac hypertrophy in SVAS animals. Enzymatic activity assays and gene expression analysis showed that both normolipidic and HUFA-fed hypertrophied hearts had similar increases in glycolytic enzyme activity and down-regulation of fatty acid oxidation genes. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed depletion of unsaturated fatty acids, primarily linoleate and oleate, within the endogenous lipid pools of normolipidic SVAS hearts. The HUFA diet did not restore linoleate or oleate in the cardiac lipid pools, but did maintain body weight and adipose mass in SVAS animals. Overall, these results suggest that, in addition to decreased fatty acid oxidation, aberrant unsaturated fatty acid metabolism may be a maladaptive signature of the pathologically hypertrophied heart. The HUFA diet is insufficient to reverse metabolic remodeling, diastolic dysfunction, or pathologically hypertrophy, possibly do to preferentially partitioning of unsaturated fatty acids to adipose tissue.
Asunto(s)
Estenosis Aórtica Supravalvular/dietoterapia , Cardiomegalia/dietoterapia , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Estenosis Aórtica Supravalvular/sangre , Estenosis Aórtica Supravalvular/etiología , Cardiomegalia/sangre , Cardiomegalia/etiología , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/farmacología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/análisis , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Espectrometría de Masas , Distribución Aleatoria , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Caryocar brasiliense (pequi) oil is high in monounsaturated fat acids (MUFA), especially oleic, and in carotenoids, which have been associated with protection against cardiovascular disease. However, this food is poorly studied in this context, especially in the cardiac function. Therefore, we investigated the effects of a long-term intake of pequi oil in systemic cardiovascular risk factors and in the ex vivo cardiac function of rats. METHODS: Previously, we determined fatty acids and carotenoids in pequi oil. Next, male rats were divided in C - control group feed a standard diet, and PO - pequi oil group fed the same diet added pequi oil (+2.25 g.100 g-1). After 15 weeks, plasma lipids, glucose, insulin, blood pressure, heart rate, hepatic lipids were accessed and visceral fat pads were harvested. Hearts were used for the ex vivo cardiac function, histologic assays, SERCA2a and phospholanban (PLB) determinations. RESULTS: In agreement with scientific data, pequi oil had expressive amounts MUFA, especially oleic acid, and carotenoids. Hepatic triglycerides (TG) were reduced by pequi oil intake (p < 0.05). All others cardiovascular risk factors were not changed. The intrinsic heart rate was lower in PO group (p < 0.05). SERCA2a content was higher in this group (p < 0.05), without affecting PLB. Also, SERCA2a/PLB ratio increased in PO group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Pequi oil intake improved cardiac function ex vivo, despite no significant changes in systemic cardiovascular risk factors. The higher lipid offer in pequi oil diet, its composition in oleic acid and carotenoids could be related to those effects.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Unión al Calcio/genética , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Ericales/química , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites de Plantas/administración & dosificación , ATPasas Transportadoras de Calcio del Retículo Sarcoplásmico/genética , Animales , Glucemia/metabolismo , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Unión al Calcio/metabolismo , Carotenoides/sangre , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Monoinsaturados/metabolismo , Frutas/química , Expresión Génica , Corazón/efectos de los fármacos , Frecuencia Cardíaca/fisiología , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Ácido Oléico/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cultivo de Órganos , Aceites de Plantas/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , ATPasas Transportadoras de Calcio del Retículo Sarcoplásmico/metabolismoRESUMEN
Dietary rumen-protected polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) rich in linoleic acid (LA) may affect embryo yield, and LA can modulate the molecular mechanisms of lipid uptake in bovine blastocysts produced in vitro. In embryos, membrane lipids, such as phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and sphingomyelins (SMs), affect cryopreservation success. The aim of the present study was to evaluate embryonic developmental rates after the IVF of oocytes retrieved from Nellore heifers fed for approximately 90 days with rumen-protected PUFAs rich in LA. In addition, we evaluated embryo cryotolerance and the membrane structure lipid composition using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation mass spectrometry of fresh and vitrified embryos. Embryo development to the blastocyst stage (mean 43.2%) and embryo survival after vitrification and warming (mean 79.3%) were unaffected by diet. The relative abundance of one lipid species (PC ether (PCe; 38:2, which means that this lipid has 38 carbon atoms and 2 double bonds in the fatty acyl residues) was increased after PUFAs supplementation. However, 10 ions were affected by cryopreservation; ions consistent with PC 32:0, PC 34:1, SM 24:1, PC 40:6 or PC 42:9, PC plasmalogen (PCp) 44:10 or PC 42:7, triacylglycerol (TAG) 54:9 and a not assigned ion (m/z 833.2) were lower in blastocysts that survived to the cryopreservation process compared with fresh blastocysts, whereas the abundance of the ions PC 36:3 or PC 34:0, PCe 38:2 or PC 36:6 and PC 36:5 or PCe 38:1 were increased after cryopreservation. Thus, the results demonstrate that the mass spectrometry profiles of PC, SM and TAG species differ significantly in bovine blastocysts upon cryopreservation. Because the lipid ion abundances of fresh and vitrified-warmed embryos were distinct, they can be used as potential markers of post-cryopreservation embryonic survival.
Asunto(s)
Criopreservación/veterinaria , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Ectogénesis , Embrión de Mamíferos/metabolismo , Fenómenos Fisiologicos Nutricionales Maternos , Lípidos de la Membrana/metabolismo , Oocistos/metabolismo , Animales , Animales Endogámicos , Blastocisto , Brasil , Bovinos , Estudios Cruzados , Embrión de Mamíferos/citología , Femenino , Fertilización In Vitro/veterinaria , Técnicas de Maduración In Vitro de los Oocitos/veterinaria , Ácido Linoleico/administración & dosificación , Ácido Linoleico/metabolismo , Masculino , Lípidos de la Membrana/química , Oocistos/citología , Oocistos/aislamiento & purificación , Recuperación del Oocito/veterinaria , Plasmalógenos/química , Plasmalógenos/metabolismo , Preservación de Semen/veterinaria , VitrificaciónRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of dietary supplementation of soybean oil (SO) and hydrogenated palm oil (HPO) on the transport of fatty acids (FA) within plasma lipoproteins in lactating and non-lactating cows. Three lactating and three non-lactating Holstein cows were used in two different 3 × 3 Latin square experiments that included three periods of 21 d. Dietary treatments for lactating cows consisted of a basal diet (control; no fat supplement) and fat-supplemented diets containing SO (500 g/d per cow) or HPO (500 g/d per cow). For non-lactating cows, dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet (control; no fat supplement) and fat-supplemented diets containing SO (170 g/d per cow) or HPO (170 g/d per cow). Compared with the control and SO diet, HPO addition increased (p < 0.05) the concentration of C16:0, C18:0, C18:2cis-9,12, C18:3cis-9,12,15 and total saturated and polyunsaturated FA in the plasma of lactating cows. In non-lactating cows, the SO addition increased the plasma concentration of C18:1trans-11. In lactating cows, concentrations of C16:0, C18:0 and total saturated FA were increased (p < 0.05) by HPO addition in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Total saturated FA were increased (p < 0.05) by HPO in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). In non-lactating cows, the concentration of C18:0 was increased (p < 0.05) by HPO in HDL, whereas C18:1trans-11 was increased (p < 0.05) by SO in the low-density lipoprotein. Overall, it was found that distribution and transport of FA within the bovine plasma lipoproteins may be influenced by chain length and degree of unsaturation of dietary lipids. Also, the distribution of individual FA isomers such as C18:1trans-11 and C18:2cis-9,trans-11 may vary depending on the physiological state of the cow (lactating or non-lactating), and are increased in plasma (lactating cows) and the HDL (non-lactating cows) when cows are fed SO.
Asunto(s)
Bovinos/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinaria , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos/sangre , Lipoproteínas/sangre , Aceites de Plantas/metabolismo , Aceite de Soja/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Animales , Industria Lechera , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Femenino , Hidrogenación , Lactancia , Aceite de PalmaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: A healthy diet is essential for the prevention of metabolic syndrome. The present study evaluated the effect of resveratrol associated with high-polyunsaturated fat and high-protein diets on expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes. RESEARCH METHODS & PROCEDURES: FVB/N mice were divided into 6 groups (n=7 each) and fed with experimental diets for 60days: standard (ST), high-fat diet (HFD), and high-protein diet (HPD), with and without resveratrol (RSV) (4g/kg diet). The body weight, food intake, energy intake (kcal), and blood parameters (HDL-C, total cholesterol, glucose, and triglyceride levels) were assessed. Real-time PCR was performed to analyze the expression of adipogenesis and lipogenesis markers: PPARγ, SREBP-1c, ACC and FAS in samples from perigonadal adipose tissue. RESULTS: In the HPD+RSV group, resveratrol decreased body weight, body adiposity, adipose tissue weight, adipocyte area, total cholesterol, ACC and FAS expression, and increased HDL-cholesterol in comparison to HPD. In the HPD group there was a decrease in adipocyte area, as well as PPARγ, SREBP-1c and ACC expression in comparison to ST. While in HFD+RSV, resveratrol decreased levels of total cholesterol in comparison to HFD. In the HFD group there was decrease in body weight, and PPARγ, SREBP-1c and ACC expression in comparison to ST. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results show that resveratrol decreases lipogenesis markers and metabolic parameters in the setting of a high-protein diet. Moreover, resveratrol decreased total cholesterol in both diets. These results point to the increased potential of resveratrol use in prevention of metabolic syndrome, acting on different dietary compositions.
Asunto(s)
Tejido Adiposo/efectos de los fármacos , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/administración & dosificación , Lipogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Estilbenos/farmacología , Adipogénesis/genética , Animales , Composición Corporal , Femenino , Ratones , ResveratrolAsunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Adulto Joven , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Grasas de la Dieta/efectos adversos , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Grasas de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/mortalidad , Estudios de Cohortes , Estudios de Seguimiento , Causas de Muerte , Comida Rápida/efectos adversos , Alimentos en Conserva/efectos adversos , Preferencias Alimentarias , Infarto del Miocardio/mortalidad , Infarto del Miocardio/prevención & controlRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Consumption of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are abundant in seafood and nuts, ameliorates components of the metabolic syndrome. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have demonstrated to be valuable biomarkers of metabolic diseases. Here, we investigated whether a sustained nuts-enriched diet can lead to changes in circulating miRNAs, in parallel to the dietary modification of fatty acids (FAs). METHODS AND RESULTS: The profile of 192 common miRNAs was assessed (TaqMan low-density arrays) in plasma from 10 healthy women before and after an 8-week trial with a normocaloric diet enriched with PUFAs (30 g/day of almonds and walnuts). The most relevant miRNAs were validated in an extended sample of 30 participants (8 men and 22 women). Adiponectin was measured by immunoassay and FAs by gas liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The percentage of both ω-3 (P=.01) and ω-6 (P=.029) PUFAs of dietary origin (as inferred from plasma FA concentrations) increased, whereas saturated FAs decreased (P=.0008). Concomitantly with changes in circulating FAs, several miRNAs were modified by treatment, including decreased miR-328, miR-330-3p, miR-221 and miR-125a-5p, and increased miR-192, miR-486-5p, miR-19b, miR-106a, miR-769-5p, miR-130b and miR-18a. Interestingly, miR-106a variations in plasma correlated with changes in PUFAs, while miR-130b (r=0.58, P=.003) and miR-221 (r=0.46, P=.03) reflected changes in C-reactive protein. The dietary modulation of miR-125a-5p mirrored changes in fasting triglycerides (r=-0.44, P=.019) and increased adiponectin (r=0.43, P=.026). CONCLUSION: Dietary FAs (as inferred from plasma FA concentration) are linked to changes in circulating miRNAs, which may be modified by a PUFAs-enriched diet.
Asunto(s)
Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/administración & dosificación , MicroARNs/sangre , Adiponectina/sangre , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangre , Índice de Masa Corporal , Dieta , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nueces/química , Conducta Sedentaria , Triglicéridos/sangreRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake in Colombia is low because fish consumption is limited. Vegetable oils with high n-3 fatty acid content are recommended, but their concentrations of trans fats were high in previous studies. Thus, regular monitoring of the fatty acid composition of vegetable oils is required. Our objective was to quantify the fatty acid composition in commercially available oils in Bogota, Colombia and determine if composition changed from 2008 to 2013. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. We obtained samples of all commercially available oils reported in a survey of low- and middle-income families with a child participating in the Bogota School Children Cohort. SETTING: Bogota, Colombia. SUBJECTS: Not applicable. RESULTS: Sunflower oil had the highest trans-fatty acid content (2.18%). Canola oil had the lowest proportion of trans-fatty acids (0.40%) and the highest n-3 fatty acid content (9.37%). In terms of percentage reduction from 2008 to 2013 in 18:1 and 18:2 trans-fatty acids, canola oil had 89% and 65% reduction, mixed oils had 44% and 48% reduction, and sunflower oil had 25% and 51 % reduction, respectively. Soyabean oil became widely available in 2013. CONCLUSIONS: The content of trans-fatty acids decreased in all oils from 2008 to 2013, suggesting a voluntary reduction by industry. We believe that regular monitoring of the fatty acid composition of oils is warranted.
Asunto(s)
Culinaria , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/análisis , Adhesión a Directriz , Política Nutricional , Aceites de Plantas/química , Ácidos Grasos trans/análisis , Población Urbana , Estudios de Cohortes , Colombia , Costos y Análisis de Costo , Estudios Transversales , Encuestas sobre Dietas , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/efectos adversos , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/economía , Familia , Etiquetado de Alimentos , Industria de Procesamiento de Alimentos/economía , Industria de Procesamiento de Alimentos/tendencias , Humanos , Renta , Aceites de Plantas/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Plantas/efectos adversos , Aceites de Plantas/economía , Ácidos Grasos trans/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos trans/efectos adversos , Ácidos Grasos trans/economíaRESUMEN
Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM) was founded in 1933 and the first Professor of Neurology was Fausto Guerner, who could not effectively assume the teaching activities due to his premature death in 1938. Professor Guerner had had his neurological training at Paris. Professor Longo was his successor. Longo was one of the founders of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria the foremost journal of neurosciences in Latin American. Longo died in 1967 and Professor Paulo Pupo succeeded him. Pupo introduced electroencephalography in Brazil. After his death in 1970, Professor Dante Giorgi succeeded him until 1974. Professor José Geraldo Camargo Lima took over the position after Giorgi’s death. He created the Neurological Emergency unit, initiated the Post-Graduation in Neurology and divided the Discipline in specialized units. During the 1980’s and until his retirement in 1995, EPM had become one of most important centers of Brazil training neurologists and researchers in neurological sciences.
A Escola Paulista de Medicina foi fundada em 1933 e o primeiro Professor de Neurologia foi Fausto Guerner, que morreu prematuramente em 1938, antes do início das aulas. O Professor Paulino Longo foi o seu sucessor. Longo, juntamente com outros, fundou os Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria e a Academia Brasileira de Neurologia. Professor Paulo Pupo, seu sucessor, introduziu a eletroencefalografia no Brasil. O Professor José Geraldo Camargo Lima tornou-se chefe da Neurologia em 1974. Criou o Pronto-Socorro de Neurologia, iniciou a Pós-Graduação e dividiu a disciplina em setores especializadas. A partir dos anos 1980, a Neurologia da EPM tornou-se um dos centros acadêmicos mais importantes do Brasil.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Embarazo , /metabolismo , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/metabolismo , Pulmón/metabolismo , Papio/metabolismo , Animales Recién Nacidos , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Leche/químicaAsunto(s)
Adaptación Fisiológica/fisiología , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Enterostomía , Emulsiones Grasas Intravenosas/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Absorción Intestinal/fisiología , Intestinos/fisiopatología , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that early enteral supplementing fat and fish oil decreases the duration of parenteral nutrition (PN) and increases enteral nutrition (EN) before bowel reanastomosis in premature infants with an enterostomy. STUDY DESIGN: Premature infants (<2 months old) who had an enterostomy and tolerated enteral feeding at 20 mL/kg/day were randomized to usual care (control=18) or early supplementing enteral fat supplement and fish oil (treatment=18). Intravenous lipid was decreased as enteral fat intake was increased. Daily weight, clinical and nutrition data, and weekly length and head circumference were recorded. The primary outcomes were the duration of PN and volume of EN intake, and the secondary outcomes were weight gain (g/day), ostomy output (mL/kg/d), and serum conjugated bilirubin level (mg/dL) from initiating feeding to reanastomosis. Data were analyzed by Student t test or Wilcoxon rank sum test. RESULTS: There were no differences in the duration of PN, ostomy output, and weight gain between the 2 groups before reanastomosis. However, supplemented infants received less intravenous lipid, had greater EN intake, and lower conjugated bilirubin before reanastomosis, and they also received greater total calorie, had fewer sepsis evaluations and less exposure to antibiotics and central venous catheters before reanastomosis, and had greater weight and length gain after reanastomosis (all P<.05). CONCLUSION: Early enteral feeding of a fat supplement and fish oil was associated with decreased exposure to intravenous lipid, increased EN intake, and reduced conjugated bilirubin before reanastomosis and improved weight and length gain after reanastomosis in premature infants with an enterostomy.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Fisiológica/fisiología , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Enterostomía , Emulsiones Grasas Intravenosas/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Absorción Intestinal/fisiología , Intestinos/fisiopatología , Suplementos Dietéticos , Nutrición Enteral/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Masculino , Nutrición Parenteral/métodosRESUMEN
An imbalance in the dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ω6/ω3 ratio, could influence negatively the reproductive performance. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of chronic administration of diets enriched with soybean or sunflower oils with different ω6/ω3 ratios on the reproductive parameters of adult female mice. Mice were fed different diets for 90 days: a commercial diet (CD), a 5 or 10% soy oil-enriched diet (SOD5 and SOD10, respectively), and a 5 or 10% sunflower oil-enriched diet (SFOD5 and SFOD10, respectively). The parameters evaluated were: body weight and food intake, estrous cycle, plasma progesterone concentration, ovulation rate, and oocyte quality. Progesterone concentrations (ng/ml) were significantly higher in the SFOD10: 14.9±2.8 vs CD: 5.4±1.2; SOD5: 5.6±1.1 and SFOD5: 4.6±1.4. Additional parameters evaluated were not affected. However, metestrous and luteal phases were shorter in subjects receiving SOD and longer in those under SFOD diets. In SFOD, there was a trend towards a smaller number of recruited oocytes compared to CD and SOD and a higher percentage of cleaved oocytes were quantified in SOD diets. A 3-month supply of a diet with elevated LA ω6/ALA ω3 ratio to adult female mice affects their reproductive physiology, modifying progesterone production, ovulation rate, and/or oocyte quality. Although some differences in the response to diets have been observed in several mammalian species, the present findings must be taken into consideration when a diet for optimizing reproductive capability is indicated.
Asunto(s)
Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/administración & dosificación , Progesterona/sangre , Animales , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Ratones , Oocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Oocitos/fisiología , Ovulación/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites de Plantas/administración & dosificación , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacos , Aceite de Soja/administración & dosificación , Aceite de GirasolRESUMEN
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is triggered by a nutritional-metabolic alteration characterized by triacylglicerides acumulation, insulin resistance (IR), oxidative stress and depletion of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). The n-3 PUFA, such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, would be hepatoprotective against the development of NAFLD by stimulating lipolysis and inhibit lipogenesis. So, fish oil supplementation (EPA + DHA) prevents HFD-induced NAFLD. In this context, the aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation between liver oxidative stress with IR and levels of PUFA in supplemented mice. Male mice C57BL/6J (n = 9) were fed for 12th week: a) control diet (20% protein, 70% carbohydrate, 10% lipids), b) control diet and fish oil supplementation (200 mg EPA+DHA/kg/day), c) high fat diet (20% protein, 20% carbohydrate, 60% lipids), and d) high fat diet and fish oil supplementation. Liver steatosis (histology), insulin resistance (HOMA), liver oxidative stress (GSH/GSSG, carbonyl protein and 8-isoprostanes) and liver fatty acid content were evaluated. The significant decrease in liver oxidative stress parameters (p < 0.05, ANOVA followed by Newman Keuls test) were correlated (Pearson test) with HOMA and levels of PUFA, along with the hepatoprotection observed. It concludes that prevention of NAFLD by supplementation with fish oil (EPA+DHA) is dependent of the prevention of liver oxidative stress, IR and PUFA depletion.
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Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Suplementos Dietéticos , Hígado Graso/prevención & control , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Resistencia a la Insulina/fisiología , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Animales , Hígado Graso/metabolismo , Hígado Graso/fisiopatología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no AlcohólicoRESUMEN
We analyzed in 31 subjects, regular guests of the University food service of the Central University of Venezuela (UCVFS), in Caracas, the effects of replacing sunflower oil, commonly used in the preparation of meals, by a mix of sunflower oil and palm olein 70/30 (v/v) respectively. Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, low and very low density lipoproteins were not changed after 40 days of the substitution. On the contrary, concentrations of high density lipoprotein and total triglycerides increased. The resistance to the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins increased considerably (p < 0.01). Today this resistance is considered as a protective factor of great importance in the prevention of the initiation of the atherogenic process. Taking into account the favorable modifications of HDL cholesterol and the clear increased resistance to the oxidation of LDL, we think that palm olein, mixed with other oils with a high ratio linoleic/palmitic (sunflower, corn, soya an the likes), can be used as a healthy alternative in human nutrition.
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Colesterol/sangre , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/farmacología , Lipoproteínas/sangre , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Adulto , HDL-Colesterol/sangre , LDL-Colesterol/sangre , VLDL-Colesterol/sangre , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Análisis de los Alimentos , Humanos , Ácidos Láuricos/análisis , Ácido Linoleico/análisis , Masculino , Ácido Mirístico/análisis , Oxidación-Reducción , Aceite de Palma , Ácido Palmítico/análisis , Aceites de Plantas/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Plantas/química , Aceite de Girasol , Triglicéridos/sangre , Vitamina E/análisis , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
En 31 comensales regulares del Comedor Universitario de la Universidad Central de Venezuela (CUUCV), en Caracas. Se observó el efecto de la sustitución del aceite de girasol que se utiliza corrientemente en la preparación de las comidas en ese comedor, por un aceite obtenido de la mezcla de aceite de girasol y oleína de palma, en la proporción 70/30 (v/v) respectivamente. Después de 40 días continuos de la sustitución no hubo cambios significativos en las concentraciones de colesterol total (CT), ni del colesterol de las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL) y muy baja densidad (VLDL). La concentración del colesterol de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL) aumentó significativamente (p<0,05). Los triglicéridos (TG) del plasma aumentaron en un 30%. La resistencia a la oxidación de las LDL aumentó considerablemente (p< 0,01). Hoy se considera a esta resistencia como un factor protector de gran importancia en la prevención del inicio del proceso aterogénico. Tomando en cuenta las modificaciones favorables como el aumento de colesterol de HDL sin modificación de la LDL y el claro aumento de la resistencia a la oxidación de la LDL, se considera que la oleína de palma es un aceite vegetal que puede ser utilizado sin mayores riesgos en mezcla con otros aceites que tengan una relación linoleico/palmítico más elevada como los aceites de girasol, maíz, soja y otros.
We analyzed in 31 subjects, regular guests of the University food service of the Central University of Venezuela (UCVFS), in Caracas, the effects of replacing sunflower oil, commonly used in the preparation of meals, by a mix of sunflower oil and palm olein 70/30 (v/v) respectively. Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, low and very low density lipoproteins were not changed after 40 days of the substitution. On the contrary, concentrations of high density lipoprotein and total triglycerides increased. The resistance to the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins increased considerably (p<0, 01). Today this resistance is considered as a protective factor of great importance in the prevention of the initiation of the atherogenic process. Taking into account the favorable modifications of HDL cholesterol and the clear increased resistance to the oxidation of LDL, we think that palm olein, mixed with other oils with a high ratio linoleic/palmític (sunflower, corn, soya an the likes), can be used as a healthy alternative in human nutrition.