RESUMEN

Drought is one of the major environmental issues that reduce crop yield. Seed germination is a crucial stage of plant development in all crop plants, including soybean. In soybean breeding, information about genetic mechanism of drought tolerance has great importance. However, at germination stage, there is relatively little knowledge on the genetic basis of soybean drought resistance. The objective of this work was to find the quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) linked to drought tolerance related three traits using a genome-wide association study (GWAS), viz., germination rate (GR), root length (RL), and whole seedling length (WSL), using germplasm population of 240 soybean PIs with 34,817 SNPs genotype data having MAF > 0.05. It was observed that heritability (H2) for GR, WSL, and RL across both environments (2020, and 2019) were high in the range of 0.76-0.99, showing that genetic factors play a vital role in drought tolerance as compared to environmental factors. A number of 23 and 27 QTNs were found to be linked to three traits using MLM and mrMLM, respectively. Three significant QTNs, qGR8-1, qWSL13-1, and qRL-8, were identified using both MLM and mrMLM methods among these QTNs. QTN8, located on chromosome 8 was consistently linked to two traits (GR and RL). The area (± 100 Kb) associated with this QTN was screened for drought tolerance based on gene annotation. Fifteen candidate genes were found by this screening. Based on the expression data, four candidate genes i.e. Glyma08g156800, Glyma08g160000, Glyma08g162700, and Glyma13g249600 were found to be linked to drought tolerance regulation in soybean. Hence, the current study provides evidence to understand the genetic constitution of drought tolerance during the germination stage and identified QTNs or genes could be utilized in molecular breeding to enhance the yield under drought stress.

Asunto(s)

Sequías , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Germinación , Glycine max , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo , Semillas , Glycine max/genética , Glycine max/crecimiento & desarrollo , Glycine max/fisiología , Germinación/genética , Semillas/genética , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Genotipo , Fenotipo , Resistencia a la Sequía

RESUMEN

Extensive bodies of research are dedicated to the study of seed aging with a particular focus on the roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the ensuing oxidative damage during storage, as a primary cause of seed vigor decreasing. ROS diffuse to the nucleus and damage the telomeres, resulting in a loss of genetic integrity. Protection of telomeres 1 (POT1) is a telomeric protein that binds to the telomere region, and plays an essential role in maintaining genomic stability in plants. In this study, there were totally four MsPOT1 genes obtained from alfalfa genome. Expression analysis of four MsPOT1 genes in germinated seed presented the different expressions. Four MsPOT1 genes displayed high expression levels at the early stage of seed germination, Among the four POT1 genes, it was found that MS. gene040108 was significantly up-regulated in the early germination stage of CK seeds, but down-regulated in aged seeds. RT-qPCR assays and RNA-seq data revealed that MsPOT1-X gene was significantly induced by seed aging treatment. Transgenic seeds overexpressing MsPOT1-X gene in Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago trunctula exhibited enhanced seed vigor, telomere length, telomerase activity associated with reduced H2O2 content. These results would provide a new way to understand aging stress-responsive MsPOT1 genes for genetic improvement of seed vigor. Although a key gene regulating seed vigor was identified in this study, the specific mechanism of MsPOT1-X gene regulating seed vigor needs to be further explored.

Asunto(s)

Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Medicago sativa , Proteínas de Plantas , Semillas , Medicago sativa/genética , Medicago sativa/metabolismo , Semillas/genética , Semillas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Telómero/metabolismo , Telómero/genética , Germinación/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Proteínas de Unión a Telómeros/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión a Telómeros/genética , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Faba bean is an important pulse. It provides proteins for the human diet and is used in industrial foodstuffs, such as flours. Drought stress severely reduces the yield of faba bean, and this can be efficiently overcome through the identification and application of key genes in response to drought. In this study, PacBio and Illumina RNA sequencing techniques were used to identify the key pathways and candidate genes involved in drought stress response. During seed germination, a total of 17,927 full-length transcripts and 12,760 protein-coding genes were obtained. There were 1676 and 811 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the varieties E1 and C105 at 16 h and 64 h under drought stress, respectively. Six and nine KEGG pathways were significantly enriched at 16 h and 64 h under drought stress, which produced 40 and 184 nodes through protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, respectively. The DEGs of the PPI nodes were involved in the ABA (abscisic acid) and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathways, N-glycosylation, sulfur metabolism, and sugar metabolism. Furthermore, the ectopic overexpression of a key gene, AAT, encoding aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), in tobacco, enhanced drought tolerance. The activities of AAT and peroxidase (POD), the contents of cysteine and isoleucine, were increased, and the contents of malonaldehyde (MDA) and water loss decreased in the overexpressed plants. This study provides a novel insight into genetic response to drought stress and some candidate genes for drought tolerance genetic improvements in this plant.

Asunto(s)

Sequías , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Germinación , Semillas , Estrés Fisiológico , Vicia faba , Vicia faba/genética , Vicia faba/crecimiento & desarrollo , Germinación/genética , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Semillas/genética , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN/métodos , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica/métodos , Mapas de Interacción de Proteínas/genética , Transcriptoma/genética

RESUMEN

This study investigated the transcriptomic mechanisms underlying melatonin accumulation and the enhancement of salt tolerance in hull-less barley seeds subjected to zinc sulphate stress. Following zinc sulphate treatment, hull-less barley seeds demonstrated increased melatonin accumulation and improved salt tolerance. Through transcriptome analysis, the study compared gene expression alterations in seeds (using the first letter of seed, this group is marked as 'S'), seeds treated with pure water (as the control group, is marked as 'C'), and germinated seeds exposed to varying concentrations of zinc sulphate (0.2 mM and 0.8 mM, the first letter of zinc sulphate, 'Z', is used to mark groups 'Z1' and 'Z2'). The analysis revealed that 8176, 759, and 622 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the three comparison groups S.vs.C, C.vs.Z1, and C.vs.Z2, respectively. Most of the DEGs were closely associated with biological processes, including oxidative-stress response, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and plant hormone signaling. Notably, zinc sulphate stress influenced the expression levels of Tryptophan decarboxylase 1 (TDC1), Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase 1 (ASMT1), and Serotonin N-acetyltransferase 2 (SNAT2), which are key genes involved in melatonin synthesis. Furthermore, the expression changes of genes such as Probable WRKY transcription factor 75 (WRKY75) and Ethylene-responsive transcription factor ERF13 (EFR13) exhibited a strong correlation with fluctuations in melatonin content. These findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying melatonin enrichment in response to zinc sulphate stress.

Asunto(s)

Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Hordeum , Melatonina , Proteínas de Plantas , Transcriptoma , Sulfato de Zinc , Melatonina/farmacología , Melatonina/biosíntesis , Hordeum/genética , Hordeum/efectos de los fármacos , Hordeum/metabolismo , Hordeum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Sulfato de Zinc/farmacología , Transcriptoma/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica/métodos , Semillas/genética , Semillas/efectos de los fármacos , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Semillas/metabolismo , Germinación/efectos de los fármacos , Germinación/genética , Tolerancia a la Sal/genética

RESUMEN

The transcription of Arabidopsis organellar genes is performed by three nuclear-encoded RNA polymerases: RPOTm, RPOTmp, and RPOTp. The RPOTmp protein possesses ambiguous transit peptides, allowing participation in gene expression control in both mitochondria and chloroplasts, although its function in plastids is still under discussion. Here, we show that the overexpression of RPOTmp in Arabidopsis, targeted either to mitochondria or chloroplasts, disturbs the dormant seed state, and it causes the following effects: earlier germination, decreased ABA sensitivity, faster seedling growth, and earlier flowering. The germination of RPOTmp overexpressors is less sensitive to NaCl, while rpotmp knockout is highly vulnerable to salt stress. We found that mitochondrial dysfunction in the rpotmp mutant induces an unknown retrograde response pathway that bypasses AOX and ANAC017. Here, we show that RPOTmp transcribes the accD, clpP, and rpoB genes in plastids and up to 22 genes in mitochondria.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Cloroplastos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Germinación , Mitocondrias , Transcriptoma , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Mitocondrias/genética , Cloroplastos/metabolismo , Cloroplastos/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Germinación/genética , ARN Polimerasas Dirigidas por ADN/genética , ARN Polimerasas Dirigidas por ADN/metabolismo , Plantones/genética , Plantones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética

RESUMEN

To decipher the molecular bases governing seed germination, this study presents the pivotal role of the cap-binding complex (CBC), comprising CBP20 and CBP80, in modulating the inhibitory effects of abscisic acid (ABA) in barley. Using both single and double barley mutants in genes encoding the CBC, we revealed that the double mutant hvcbp20.ab/hvcbp80.b displays ABA insensitivity, in stark contrast to the hypersensitivity observed in single mutants during germination. Our comprehensive transcriptome and metabolome analysis not only identified significant alterations in gene expression and splicing patterns but also underscored the regulatory nexus among CBC, ABA, and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathways.

Asunto(s)

Ácido Abscísico , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Germinación , Hordeum , Proteínas de Plantas , Hordeum/genética , Hordeum/metabolismo , Hordeum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Germinación/genética , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Ácido Abscísico/farmacología , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Empalme del ARN , Mutación , Transducción de Señal , Transcriptoma , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Proteínas de Unión a Caperuzas de ARN/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión a Caperuzas de ARN/genética , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Semillas/genética , Semillas/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Numerous studies have investigated seed aging, with a particular emphasis on the involvement of reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species diffuse into the nucleus and damage telomeres, resulting in loss of genetic integrity. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) plays an essential role in maintaining plant genomic stability. Genome-wide analyses of TERT genes in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) have not yet been conducted, leaving a gap in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying seed aging associated with TERT genes. In this study, four MsTERT genes were identified in the alfalfa genome. The expression profiles of the four MsTERT genes during seed germination indicated that MS. gene79077 was significantly upregulated by seed aging. Transgenic seeds overexpressing MS. gene79077 in Arabidopsis exhibited enhanced tolerance to seed aging by reducing the levels of H2O2 and increasing telomere length and telomerase activity. Furthermore, transcript profiling of aging-treated Arabidopsis wild-type and overexpressing seeds showed an aging response in genes related to glutathione-dependent detoxification and antioxidant defense pathways. These results revealed that MS. gene79077 conferred Arabidopsis seed-aging tolerance via modulation of antioxidant defense and telomere homeostasis. This study provides a new way to understand stress-responsive MsTERT genes for the potential genetic improvement of seed vigor.

Asunto(s)

Arabidopsis , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Medicago sativa , Semillas , Telomerasa , Homeostasis del Telómero , Telómero , Arabidopsis/genética , Medicago sativa/genética , Telomerasa/genética , Telomerasa/metabolismo , Semillas/genética , Telómero/genética , Telómero/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Germinación/genética , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Senescencia de la Planta/genética

RESUMEN

Direct seeding is employed to circumvent the labor-intensive process of rice (Oryza sativa) transplantation, but this approach requires varieties with vigorous low-temperature germination (LTG) when sown in cold climates. To investigate the genetic basis of LTG, we identified the quantitative trait locus (QTL) qLTG11 from rice variety Arroz da Terra, which shows rapid seed germination at lower temperatures, using QTL-seq. We delineated the candidate region to a 52-kb interval containing GENERAL REGULATORY FACTOR14h (GF14h) gene, which is expressed during seed germination. The Arroz da Terra GF14h allele encodes functional GF14h, whereas Japanese rice variety Hitomebore harbors a 4-bp deletion in the coding region. Knocking out functional GF14h in a near-isogenic line (NIL) carrying the Arroz da Terra allele decreased LTG, whereas overexpressing functional GF14h in Hitomebore increased LTG, indicating that GF14h is the causal gene behind qLTG11. Analysis of numerous Japanese rice accessions revealed that the functional GF14h allele was lost from popular varieties during modern breeding. We generated a NIL in the Hitomebore background carrying a 172-kb genomic fragment from Arroz da Terra including GF14h. The NIL showed superior LTG compared to Hitomebore, with otherwise comparable agronomic traits. The functional GF14h allele from Arroz da Terra represents a valuable resource for direct seeding in cold regions.

Asunto(s)

Frío , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Germinación , Oryza , Fitomejoramiento , Proteínas de Plantas , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo , Semillas , Oryza/genética , Oryza/crecimiento & desarrollo , Germinación/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Semillas/genética , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Fitomejoramiento/métodos , Alelos , Mapeo Cromosómico/métodos

RESUMEN

The successful germination of pollen is essential for double fertilization in flowering plants. Mechanosensitive channels of small conductance (MscS-like, MSL) inhibit pollen germination and maintains cellular integrity of pollen during this process. Therefore, it is vital to carefully regulate the expression of MSL to promote successful pollen germination. Despite its importance, the molecular mechanisms governing MSL expression in plants remain poorly understood. Here, we had identified 15 MSL genes in the pear, among which PbrMSL5 was expressed in pollen development. Subcellular localization experiments revealed that PbrMSL5 was located in both plasma membrane and cytoplasm. Functional investigations, including complementation experiments using the atmsl8 mutant background, demonstrated the involvement of PbrMSL5 in preserving pollen cell integrity and inhibiting germination. Antisense oligonucleotide experiments further confirmed that PbrMSL5 suppressed pear pollen germination by reducing osmotic pressure and Cl- content. Yeast one-hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and dual luciferase reporter assay elucidated that PbrMYC8 interacts directly with the N-box element, leading to the suppression of PbrMSL5 expression and promoted pollen germination. These results represented a significant advancement in unraveling the molecular mechanisms controlling plant MSL expression. This study showed valuable contribution to advancing our comprehension of the mechanism underlying pollen germination.

Asunto(s)

Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Germinación , Proteínas de Plantas , Polen , Pyrus , Factores de Transcripción , Polen/genética , Germinación/genética , Pyrus/genética , Pyrus/metabolismo , Pyrus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Genes play a pivotal role in regulating the germination of cereal grains; however, there is limited research on the impact of germination genes on the physicochemical properties of germinated cereal starch. We investigated the effects of the OsGA20ox1 gene on the multiscale structural features and adhesion behavior of germinated brown rice starch. Compared to the knockout lines group, the wild type exhibited a decrease in double-helix content (62.74 %), relative crystallinity (47.39 %), and short-range molecular ordering (2.47 %), accompanied by enhanced erosion on the surface of starch granules. The damage to glycosidic bonds at the double-helix level and the heightened structural amorphization (90.95 %) led to reduced entanglement and interaction among starch molecules, ultimately resulting in reduced characteristic viscosity. Further transcriptomic analysis revealed that OsGA20ox1 could regulate the expression of starch-related enzyme genes in the starch metabolism pathway during germination of brown rice. This study contributes to understanding the role of germination genes in promoting the physicochemical properties of starch in germinated grains, thereby opening up new avenues for the improvement of plant-based starch, and paving the way for further research in this field.

Asunto(s)

Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Germinación , Oryza , Proteínas de Plantas , Almidón , Oryza/genética , Oryza/metabolismo , Oryza/crecimiento & desarrollo , Almidón/metabolismo , Almidón/química , Germinación/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Transcriptoma , Semillas/genética , Semillas/metabolismo , Viscosidad , Fenómenos Químicos

RESUMEN

KEY MESSAGE: Overexpression of rice A20/AN1 zinc-finger protein, OsSAP10, improves water-deficit stress tolerance in Arabidopsis via interaction with multiple proteins. Stress-associated proteins (SAPs) constitute a class of A20/AN1 zinc-finger domain containing proteins and their genes are induced in response to multiple abiotic stresses. The role of certain SAP genes in conferring abiotic stress tolerance is well established, but their mechanism of action is poorly understood. To improve our understanding of SAP gene functions, OsSAP10, a stress-inducible rice gene, was chosen for the functional and molecular characterization. To elucidate its role in water-deficit stress (WDS) response, we aimed to functionally characterize its roles in transgenic Arabidopsis, overexpressing OsSAP10. OsSAP10 transgenics showed improved tolerance to water-deficit stress at seed germination, seedling and mature plant stages. At physiological and biochemical levels, OsSAP10 transgenics exhibited a higher survival rate, increased relative water content, high osmolyte accumulation (proline and soluble sugar), reduced water loss, low ROS production, low MDA content and protected yield loss under WDS relative to wild type (WT). Moreover, transgenics were hypersensitive to ABA treatment with enhanced ABA signaling and stress-responsive genes expression. The protein-protein interaction studies revealed that OsSAP10 interacts with proteins involved in proteasomal pathway, such as OsRAD23, polyubiquitin and with negative and positive regulators of stress signaling, i.e., OsMBP1.2, OsDRIP2, OsSCP and OsAMTR1. The A20 domain was found to be crucial for most interactions but insufficient for all interactions tested. Overall, our investigations suggest that OsSAP10 is an important candidate for improving water-deficit stress tolerance in plants, and positively regulates ABA and WDS signaling via protein-protein interactions and modulation of endogenous genes expression in ABA-dependent manner.

Asunto(s)

Ácido Abscísico , Arabidopsis , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Oryza , Proteínas de Plantas , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Complejo de la Endopetidasa Proteasomal , Transducción de Señal , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/fisiología , Oryza/genética , Oryza/fisiología , Oryza/metabolismo , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Ácido Abscísico/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/genética , Complejo de la Endopetidasa Proteasomal/metabolismo , Complejo de la Endopetidasa Proteasomal/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Germinación/genética , Germinación/efectos de los fármacos , Sequías , Agua/metabolismo , Deshidratación , Plantones/genética , Plantones/fisiología

RESUMEN

Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins have been widely recognized for their role in various abiotic stress responses in higher plants. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism responsible for the function of LEA proteins in plants has not yet been explored. This research involved the isolation and characterization of HcLEA113 from kenaf, revealing a significant increase in its expression in response to drought stress. When HcLEA113 was introduced into yeast, it resulted in an improved survival rate under drought conditions. Furthermore, the overexpression of HcLEA113 in tobacco plants led to enhanced tolerance to drought stress. Specifically, HcLEA113-OE plants exhibited higher germination rates, longer root lengths, greater chlorophyll content, and higher relative water content under drought stress compared to wild-type (WT) plants, while their relative conductivity was significantly lower than that of WT plants. Further physiological measurements revealed that the proline content, soluble sugars, and antioxidant activities of WT and HcLEA113-OE tobacco leaves increased significantly under drought stress, with greater changes in HcLEA113-OE plants than WT. The increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions (O2 -), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly lower in HcLEA113-OE lines than in WT plants. Additionally, HcLEA113-OE plants can activate reactive oxygen species (ROS)- and osmotic-related genes in response to drought stress. On the other hand, silencing the HcLEA113 gene through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in kenaf plants led to notable growth suppression when exposed to drought conditions, manifesting as decreased plant height and dry weight. Meanwhile, antioxidant enzymes' activity significantly decreased and the ROS content increased. This study offers valuable insights for future research on the genetic engineering of drought resistance in plants.

Asunto(s)

Sequías , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Nicotiana , Proteínas de Plantas , Estrés Fisiológico , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Nicotiana/genética , Nicotiana/fisiología , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Brassicaceae/genética , Brassicaceae/fisiología , Brassicaceae/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Germinación/genética

RESUMEN

Maize is a valuable raw material for feed and food production. Healthy seed germination is important for improving the yield and quality of maize. Seed aging occurs relatively fast in crops and it is a process that delays germination as well as reduces its rate and even causes total loss of seed viability. However, the physiological and transcriptional mechanisms that regulate maize seeds, especially aging seed germination remain unclear. Coronatine (COR) which is a phytotoxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae and a new type of plant growth regulator can effectively regulate plant growth and development, and regulate seed germination. In this study, the physiological and transcriptomic mechanisms of COR-induced maize seed germination under different aging degrees were analyzed. The results showed that 0.001-0.01 µmol/L COR could promote the germination of aging maize seed and the growth of primary roots and shoots. COR treatment increased the content of gibberellins (GA3) and decreased the content of abscisic acid (ABA) in B73 seeds before germination. The result of RNA-seq analysis showed 497 differentially expressed genes in COR treatment compared with the control. Three genes associated with GA biosynthesis (ZmCPPS2, ZmD3, and ZmGA2ox2), and two genes associated with GA signaling transduction (ZmGID1 and ZmBHLH158) were up-regulated. Three genes negatively regulating GA signaling transduction (ZmGRAS48, ZmGRAS54, and Zm00001d033369) and two genes involved in ABA biosynthesis (ZmVP14 and ZmPCO14472) were down-regulated. The physiological test results also showed that the effects of GA and ABA on seed germination were similar to those of high and low-concentration COR, respectively, which indicated that the effect of COR on seed germination may be carried out through GA and ABA pathways. In addition, GO and KEGG analysis suggested that COR is also highly involved in antioxidant enzyme systems and secondary metabolite synthesis to regulate maize seed germination processes. These findings provide a valuable reference for further research on the mechanisms of maize seed germination.

Asunto(s)

Ácido Abscísico , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Germinación , Giberelinas , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas , Semillas , Zea mays , Germinación/genética , Germinación/efectos de los fármacos , Zea mays/genética , Zea mays/crecimiento & desarrollo , Zea mays/fisiología , Semillas/genética , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Giberelinas/metabolismo , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Indenos/farmacología , Transcriptoma , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Transducción de Señal

RESUMEN

Rheum pumilum stands as both a quintessential alpine plant and a significant traditional Chinese and Tibetan medicinal herb. Unraveling the molecular intricacies of seed germination in Rh. pumilum not only unveils the genetic foundations of plant seed germination strategies in high-altitude environments but also offers insights for cultivating Rh. pumilum medicinal materials. Employing transcriptome sequencing and the Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis, this study delved into the shifts in gene expression levels across various stages of seed germination in Rh. pumilum. The process of seed germination in Rh. pumilum entails a cascade of complex physiological events. Six hormones (ABA, IAA, ETH, GA, BR, CK) emerged as pivotal players in seeds breaking in shells and the facilitation of rapid seed germination in Rh. pumilum. Fourteen transcription factor families (LOB, GRAS, B3, bHLH, bZIP, EIL, MYB, MYB related, NAC, TCP, WRKY, HSF, PLATZ, and SBP) along with four key genes (E2.4.1.13, EIN3, BZR, and BIN2) were identified that may be associated with both biotic and abiotic environmental stress. The ETR, ACACA and ATPeV0C genes were linked with energy accumulation during the initial stages of seed germination, CYP707A may play an important role in breaking seed dormancy, while the BRI1 gene may be correlated with swift seed germination. Additionally, several unidentified genes were recognized to play key roles in seed germination of Rh. pumilum, warranting further investigation. Moreover, Rh. pumilum demonstrates full activation of crucial physiological functions such as energy metabolism, signal transduction, and responses to biological and abiotic stresses during the seed breaking in shells. This study provides molecular evidence elucidating the swift seed germination strategies adopted by alpine plants to thrive in high-altitude environments. Furthermore, it serves as a foundational reference for enhancing seed germination rates and breeding practices to promote the sustainable development of Rh. pumilum medicinal materials.

Asunto(s)

Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Germinación , Rheum , Semillas , Germinación/genética , Rheum/genética , Semillas/genética , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica/métodos , Transcriptoma , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Plants are affected by many environmental factors during their various stages of growth, among which salt stress is a key factor. WRKY transcription factors play important roles in the response to stress in plants. In this study, SmWRKY40 from eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) was found to belong to the subfamily of WRKY transcription factor group II, closely related to the evolution of wild tomato ScWRKY40 (Solanum chilense). The expression of SmWRKY40 could be induced by several abiotic stresses (drought, salt, and high temperature) and ABA to different degrees, with salt stress being the most significant. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the seed germination rate of SmWRKY40 overexpression seedlings was significantly higher than those of the wild type under high concentrations of NaCl and ABA, and root elongation of overexpression lines was also longer than wild type under NaCl treatments. SmWRKY40 overexpression lines were found to enhance Arabidopsis tolerance to salt with lower ROS, MDA, higher soluble protein, proline accumulation, and more active antioxidant enzymes. The expression level of genes related to stress and ABA signaling displayed significant differences in SmWRKY40 overexpression line than that of WT. These results indicate that SmWRKY40 regulates ABA and salt stress responses in Arabidopsis.

Asunto(s)

Ácido Abscísico , Arabidopsis , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas , Estrés Salino , Solanum melongena , Factores de Transcripción , Solanum melongena/genética , Solanum melongena/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Estrés Fisiológico , Tolerancia a la Sal/genética , Germinación/genética , Filogenia , Plantones/genética , Plantones/metabolismo , Plantones/crecimiento & desarrollo

RESUMEN

Seed germination and dormancy represent critical phases in the life cycle of plants, tightly regulated by endogenous phytochrome levels and environment signals. High temperatures (HT) induce the overaccumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increase abscisic acid (ABA), thereby inhibiting seed germination. Our previous findings showed that HT induced the burst of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), increasing the S-nitrosylation modification of HFR1, which effectively blocks seed germination. Importantly, stabilizing HFR1 has been shown to significantly mitigate the inhibitory effect of HT on seed germination. In this study, we reported that HT increased the protein abundance of ABI4, a crucial component in ABA signaling, which in turn activates the expression of RbohD while suppressing the expression of VTC2. This leads to the rapid generation of ROS, thereby inhibiting seed germination. Consistently, the seed germination of abi4 mutant showed insensitivity to HT with lower ROS level during seed germination, whereas transgenic lines overexpressing ABI4 showed reduced germination rates accompanied by elevated ROS levels. Furthermore, we noted that HFR1 interacts with ABI4 to sequester its activity under normal conditions. However, HT-induced ROS triggered the degradation of HFR1, consequently releasing ABI4 activity. This activation of ABI4 promotes RbohD expression, culminating in a ROS burst that suppresses seed germination. Thus, our study unveils a novel function for ABI4 in regulating ROS level and seed germination under HT stress. Throughout this process, HFR1 plays a critical role in restraining ABI4 activity to maintain an optimal endogenous ROS level, thereby ensuring seed germination under favorable environmental conditions.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Germinación , Oxidación-Reducción , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno , Semillas , Factores de Transcripción , Germinación/genética , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/fisiología , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Semillas/genética , Semillas/metabolismo , Semillas/fisiología , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Citosol/metabolismo , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Calor , Estrés Fisiológico

RESUMEN

Unraveling the regulatory mechanisms that govern complex traits is pivotal for advancing crop improvement. Here we present a comprehensive regulome atlas for rice (Oryza sativa), charting the chromatin accessibility across 23 distinct tissues from three representative varieties. Our study uncovers 117,176 unique open chromatin regions (OCRs), accounting for ~15% of the rice genome, a notably higher proportion compared to previous reports in plants. Integrating RNA-seq data from matched tissues, we confidently predict 59,075 OCR-to-gene links, with enhancers constituting 69.54% of these associations, including many known enhancer-to-gene links. Leveraging this resource, we re-evaluate genome-wide association study results and discover a previously unknown function of OsbZIP06 in seed germination, which we subsequently confirm through experimental validation. We optimize deep learning models to decode regulatory grammar, achieving robust modeling of tissue-specific chromatin accessibility. This approach allows to predict cross-variety regulatory dynamics from genomic sequences, shedding light on the genetic underpinnings of cis-regulatory divergence and morphological disparities between varieties. Overall, our study establishes a foundational resource for rice functional genomics and precision molecular breeding, providing valuable insights into regulatory mechanisms governing complex traits.

Asunto(s)

Cromatina , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Genoma de Planta , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Oryza , Oryza/genética , Oryza/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cromatina/metabolismo , Cromatina/genética , Mapeo Cromosómico/métodos , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo/genética , Germinación/genética , Elementos de Facilitación Genéticos/genética , Aprendizaje Profundo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo

RESUMEN

KEY MESSAGE: Three QTLs associated with low-temperature tolerance were identified by genome-wide association analysis, and 15 candidate genes were identified by haplotype analysis and gene expression analyses. Low temperature is a critical factor affecting the geographical distribution, growth, development, and yield of soybeans, with cold stress during seed germination leading to substantial productivity loss. In this study, an association panel comprising 260 soybean accessions was evaluated for four germination traits and four cold tolerance index traits, revealing extensive variation in cold tolerance. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 10 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) associated with cold tolerance, utilizing 30,799 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and four GWAS models. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis positioned these QTNs within three cold-tolerance quantitative trait loci (QTL) and, with QTL19-1, was positioned by three multi-locus models, underscoring its importance as a key QTL. Integrative haplotype analysis, supplemented by transcriptome analysis, uncovered 15 candidate genes. The haplotypes within the genes Glyma.18G044200, Glyma.18G044300, Glyma.18G044900, Glyma.18G045100, Glyma.19G222500, and Glyma.19G222600 exhibited significant phenotypic variations, with differential expression in materials with varying cold tolerance. The QTNs and candidate genes identified in this study offer substantial potential for marker-assisted selection and gene editing in breeding cold-tolerant soybeans, providing valuable insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying cold tolerance during soybean germination.

Asunto(s)

Frío , Germinación , Glycine max , Haplotipos , Desequilibrio de Ligamiento , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo , Glycine max/genética , Glycine max/crecimiento & desarrollo , Germinación/genética , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Fenotipo , Estudios de Asociación Genética , Mapeo Cromosómico/métodos , Genes de Plantas

RESUMEN

Lilium pumilum DC (L. pumilum DC) plays an important role in the rational utilization of salinized soil. To explore the molecular mechanism of salt-tolerant L. pumilum, the LpMYB4 was cloned. LpMYB4 close relationship with Bambusa emeiensis and Zea mays MYB4 throughout the phylogenetic tree construction. LpMYB4 protein was found to be localized in the nucleus. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic bacterial solution resistance experiments proved that the exogenous introduction of LpMYB4 made the overexpression strains obtain better survival ability under saline-alkaline stress. Compared with wild-type plants, tobacco plants overexpressing LpMYB4 had better growth and lower leaf wilting and lodging, the content of chlorophyll was higher, the content of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion was lower, the activity of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase was higher and the relative conductivity was lower under saline-alkaline stress. The analysis of seed germination and seedling resistance of transgenic plants under salt stress showed that LpMYB4 transgenic seeds were more tolerant to salt stress during germination and growth. Yeast two-hybrid and two-luciferase complementation experiments showed that LpMYB4 interacted with yeast two-hybrid and LpGPX6. The analysis of the role of LpMYB4 in improving plant saline-alkali resistance is helpful to the transformation of plant germplasm resources and has great significance for agriculture and sustainable development.

Asunto(s)

Lilium , Proteínas de Plantas , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Tolerancia a la Sal , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Lilium/genética , Lilium/metabolismo , Tolerancia a la Sal/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Filogenia , Álcalis , Nicotiana/genética , Nicotiana/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Germinación/genética , Estrés Fisiológico/genética

RESUMEN

Vivipary is a prominent feature of mangroves, allowing seeds to complete germination while attached to the mother plant, and equips propagules to endure and flourish in challenging coastal intertidal wetlands. However, vivipary-associated genetic mechanisms remain largely elusive. Genomes of two viviparous mangrove species and a non-viviparous inland relative were sequenced and assembled at the chromosome level. Comparative genomic analyses between viviparous and non-viviparous genomes revealed that DELAY OF GERMINATION 1 (DOG1) family genes (DFGs), the proteins from which are crucial for seed dormancy, germination, and reserve accumulation, are either lost or dysfunctional in the entire lineage of true viviparous mangroves but are present and functional in their inland, non-viviparous relatives. Transcriptome dynamics at key stages of vivipary further highlighted the roles of phytohormonal homeostasis, proteins stored in mature seeds, and proanthocyanidins in vivipary under conditions lacking DFGs. Population genomic analyses elucidate dynamics of syntenic regions surrounding the missing DFGs. Our findings demonstrated the genetic foundation of constitutive vivipary in Rhizophoraceae mangroves.

Asunto(s)

Genoma de Planta , Rhizophoraceae/genética , Rhizophoraceae/fisiología , Germinación/genética , Transcriptoma , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Sapindaceae