Asunto(s)

Síndrome del Ovario Poliquístico/fisiopatología , Complicaciones del Embarazo/fisiopatología , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/etiología , Andrógenos/metabolismo , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/etiología , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Femenino , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Genitales/embriología , Genitales/fisiopatología , Trastornos del Crecimiento/etiología , Desarrollo Humano/fisiología , Humanos , Enfermedades Metabólicas/etiología , Síndrome del Ovario Poliquístico/genética , Síndrome del Ovario Poliquístico/metabolismo , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/genética , Complicaciones del Embarazo/metabolismo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/metabolismo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/fisiopatología

RESUMEN

RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the association between prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants, separately and combined, and anogenital distance (in-utero endocrine disruption marker). DESIGN: A cohort study conducted in Sonora, Mexico. Blood concentrations of polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) 28, 74, 118, 138/158, 153, 170, 180 and the isomers of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites were determined in women in the third trimester of pregnancy; three variants of anogenital distance were measured on five occasions during the first year of life of their infants: 82 girls (402 observations) and 74 boys (356 observations). RESULTS: Boys had negative and significant associations between anogenital distance/height and the concentrations of PCB 28 (beta = - 0.005;P = 0.006), PCB 74 (beta = - 0.003;P = 0.013), and PCB 170 (beta = - 0.005;P = 0.001) when analysed individually. Negative and significant associations were also found using statistical models applied to mixtures of compounds. The latter associations were sometimes larger in magnitude and significance, suggesting a possible potentiation of the compounds. No associations were observed between anogenital distance and DDT in either sex or with PCB in girls. CONCLUSIONS: The decreased anogenital distance associated with prenatal exposure to the persistent organic pollutants, observed consistently in different analyses, suggests an under-masculinizing effect of these environmental pollutants in boys.

Asunto(s)

DDT/toxicidad , Contaminantes Ambientales/toxicidad , Desarrollo Fetal/efectos de los fármacos , Bifenilos Policlorados/toxicidad , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Canal Anal/anatomía & histología , Canal Anal/efectos de los fármacos , Canal Anal/embriología , Antropometría , Estudios de Cohortes , DDT/sangre , Contaminantes Ambientales/sangre , Femenino , Genitales/anatomía & histología , Genitales/efectos de los fármacos , Genitales/embriología , Humanos , Masculino , México , Bifenilos Policlorados/sangre , Embarazo , Tercer Trimestre del Embarazo

RESUMEN

Stevia rebaudiana belongs to the Asteraceae family with high economic and medicinal potential. This article describes and illustrates morphological and histological aspects of leaves and reproductive organs, and the germination process, to provide detailed information on this species and to contribute to taxonomic, phylogenetic and pharmacobotanical projects. The fruit is a cypsela, small, simple, dry, indehiscent, monospermic, light or dark colored, with aristate pappus, and the seed presents a spatulate axile embryo. Germination is phaneroepigeal with a pivotal root system and many absorbing root hairs. The leaves are simple, elliptical to obovate, with two types of trichomes (glandular and tector), with a short petiole, exhibiting an opposite decussate phyllotaxy. Our results showed 37.5% germination after 12 days, only in the dark cypsela, the light colored being considered unviable. The inflorescence is paniculate and the florets are grouped in capitula with isomorphic ends, monoclinous (bisexual), dichlamydeous, heterochlamydeous, pentamerous calyx and corolla, gamossepalous and gamopetalous. The androecium is gamostemone comprised of five stamens with free filaments, isodynamous and epipetalous stamens, synandrous and rimose anthers. The flower presents an inferior ovary, bicarpelar, unilocular and ovules with a basal placentation. The pollen grains are small, isopolar, radial symmetry, tricolporate, with echinate ornamentation.

Asunto(s)

Germinación/fisiología , Stevia/embriología , Genitales/embriología , Genitales/ultraestructura , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Stevia/ultraestructura

RESUMEN

tThis study aimed to compare the accuracy of two diagnostic methods, rectal palpation and transrectalultrasound of the ovaries, and assess the reliability of the diagnosis by palpation method. A total of sixteen (16)dairy farm cows underwent ultrasonographic examinations performed soon after rectal palpation. The accuracyof palpation may seem low, but when we analyze the data, we observed that the main structures diagnosed byultrasound were almost always diagnosed by palpation. Ultrasonography, however, has its strong point in theidentification of complex structures such as hemorrhagic body and follicular cysts. We conclude that ultrasoundas well as rectal palpation can be used as a diagnostic tool, although ultrasound provides good visualization ofovarian structures, allowing their measurement.

Asunto(s)

Femenino , Animales , Bovinos , Genitales/embriología , Genitales/fisiología , Palpación , Ultrasonografía/métodos , Ultrasonografía/veterinaria

RESUMEN

tThis study aimed to compare the accuracy of two diagnostic methods, rectal palpation and transrectalultrasound of the ovaries, and assess the reliability of the diagnosis by palpation method. A total of sixteen (16)dairy farm cows underwent ultrasonographic examinations performed soon after rectal palpation. The accuracyof palpation may seem low, but when we analyze the data, we observed that the main structures diagnosed byultrasound were almost always diagnosed by palpation. Ultrasonography, however, has its strong point in theidentification of complex structures such as hemorrhagic body and follicular cysts. We conclude that ultrasoundas well as rectal palpation can be used as a diagnostic tool, although ultrasound provides good visualization ofovarian structures, allowing their measurement.(AU)

Asunto(s)

Animales , Femenino , Bovinos , Genitales/embriología , Genitales/fisiología , Palpación , Ultrasonografía/métodos , Ultrasonografía/veterinaria

RESUMEN

The sexual development of saurians follows a similar pattern to that described for other amniotes. Changes in the timing or sequence of development events are known as heterochrony. We describe the pattern of sexual development in the viviparous Mexican lizard Barisia imbricata and report heterochrony in the regression of hemipenes in this lizard. We collected gestating females; some lizards were subjected to partial hysterectomy and the embryos were processed using routine histological technique to assess gonadal development; the remaining embryos were used to assess the development of hemipenes. Other pregnant females were kept in captivity in individual terraria until the time of delivery. All neonates were sexed by eversion of hemipenes and some of their body characteristics were recorded. Several neonates were sacrificed and processed to establish gonadal histology and the young of the remaining litters were maintained in captivity to observe the fate of the hemipenes in both sexes. Gonadal development began at embryonic stage 33 and the hemipenes were visible at the same stage. In the neonates, the ovary contained oogonias and ovarian follicles, whereas the testicles showed testicular cords. All neonates had hemipenes and sex could only be established through direct observation of the reproductive ducts and gonadal histology. The hemipenes regression in the females begins after approximately 7 months of postnatal development and concludes at about 15 months of age. We think that the delayed regression of the hemipenes reflects evolutionary differences among reptiles and may be an indication of a stage in the evolutionary process of this species.

Asunto(s)

Genitales/embriología , Lagartos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Desarrollo Sexual , Animales , Evolución Biológica , Femenino , Genitales/crecimiento & desarrollo , Lagartos/genética , Lagartos/fisiología , Masculino , Viviparidad de Animales no Mamíferos

RESUMEN

The birth of a baby with malformations of the genitalia urges medical action. Even in cases where the condition is not life-threatening, the identification of the external genitalia as male or female is emotionally essential for the family, and genital malformations represent one of the most stressful situations around a newborn. The female or male configuration of the genitalia normally evolves during fetal life according to the genetic, gonadal, and hormonal sex. Disorders of sex development occur when male hormone (androgens and anti-Müllerian hormone) secretion or action is insufficient in the 46,XY fetus or when there is an androgen excess in the 46,XX fetus. However, sex hormone defects during fetal development cannot explain all congenital malformations of the reproductive tract. This review is focused on those congenital conditions in which gonadal function and sex hormone target organ sensitivity are normal and, therefore, not responsible for the genital malformation. Furthermore, because the reproductive and urinary systems share many common pathways in embryo-fetal development, conditions associating urogenital malformations are discussed.

Asunto(s)

Trastornos del Desarrollo Sexual/etiología , Genitales/anomalías , Hormonas/fisiología , Trastornos del Desarrollo Sexual/metabolismo , Femenino , Genitales/embriología , Genitales/metabolismo , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Masculino

RESUMEN

It had been established that the sexual structure of a person was determined by the type of hormonal production, what gave biological specificity of the estrogens to women and androgens to men, but recently this functional specificity has lost base due to the biological activity described in different tissues of men and women, today known as endocrine paradox. There are hormonal events that show the need of estrogens to correct development in men and androgens to women. In men the absence of effect of the estrogens produces deficient ossification of skeleton, persistence of the growth cartilage and osteoporosis in adult men. In women the production of androgens by suprarenal glandules is required to obtain the complete feminization. In women with chirurgic-induced menopause, the relation between androgens and the stimulation of sexual response has been established. It has been described a hormone called kisspeptin, that it is attributed the potential to initiate the puberty because stimulates the hypothalamus; in absence of this hormone the women do not present their secondary sex characters, remaining immature sexually. The understanding of individuals needs of androgens and estrogens contribute to improve the control and care of the patient with hormonal deficiencies in any phase of the life.

Asunto(s)

Andrógenos/fisiología , Estrógenos/fisiología , Diferenciación Sexual/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Andrógenos/uso terapéutico , Trastornos del Desarrollo Sexual/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos del Desarrollo Sexual/fisiopatología , Estrógenos/uso terapéutico , Femenino , Genitales/embriología , Células Germinativas/fisiología , Terapia de Reemplazo de Hormonas , Humanos , Hipogonadismo/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipogonadismo/fisiopatología , Masculino , Ovario/embriología , Pubertad/fisiología

RESUMEN

Hox genes are conserved transcription factors which regulate embryonic morphogenesis and differentiation. For the first time, we examined the quantitative and spatial expression of two Hox 5' genes, HoxD11 and HoxA13, in the developing genital system of the olive ridley Lepidochelys olivacea, a species with temperature-dependent sex determination. Quantitative and spatial expression patterns of both genes suggest a role in the female pathway rather than the male pathway. For instance, both genes, especially HoxA13, were expressed in the undifferentiated gonad during the thermosensitive period at a female promoting temperature, and downregulated in the differentiated gonad. By contrast, expression of both genes was low in gonads incubated at a male promoting temperature and did not change significantly in the differentiated gonad. Furthermore, we found high expression levels of HoxA13 in the paramesonephric duct at the male promoting temperature but not at the female promoting temperature, suggesting a role for this Hox gene in the partial regression of the Müllerian duct in males.

Asunto(s)

Genitales/embriología , Proteínas de Homeodominio/genética , Procesos de Determinación del Sexo , Temperatura , Tortugas/embriología , Tortugas/genética , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Clonación Molecular , Embrión no Mamífero , Femenino , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Genitales/metabolismo , Proteínas de Homeodominio/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas de Homeodominio/metabolismo , Masculino , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Homología de Secuencia de Ácido Nucleico , Caracteres Sexuales

RESUMEN

Objetivo: Verificar a incidência de acerto na identificação ultra-sonográfica precoce do sexo fetal. Método: Foram estudados prospectivamente 1.931 fetos, por meio de exames ultra-sonográficos transvaginais e complementados por exames transabdominais, em gestações entre nove e 12 semanas, na Clínica Obstétrica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) e na Clínica de Ultra-Sonografia Fórum. O falo (tubérculo genital) foi determinado como horizontal no sexo feminino e vertical no sexo masculino, através da imagem em plano sagital ao corpo fetal, e correlacionado ao sexo quando do exame morfológico realizado aós a 18ª semana de gestação. Resultados: O sexo fetal determinado pela avaliação ultra-sonográfica precoce coincidiu com o sexo avaliado em 81,7 por cento dos casos em gestações com nove semanas, em 95,5 por cento nas gestações com 10 semanas, em 92,9 por cento naquelas com 11 semanas e em 99,8 por cento nas gestações com 12 semanas. O sucesso da identificação aumenta com o progredir da gestação, obtendo-se a média global de 94,2 por cento de acerto no período estudado. O acerto no diagnóstico do sexo fetal aumenta com a experiência do operador. Conclusão: A determinação ultra-sonográfica do posicionamento do falo genital pode predizer o sexo fetal precocemente.

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Purpose: To establish the percentage of correct early diagnosis of fetal gender. Methods: A prospective study was developed in a University Federal of Rio de Janeiro, Departament of Obstetrics an Gynecology and Clinic of Ultrasonographic Forum. 1,931 women underwent transvaginal and transabdominal sonography at 9-12 weeks gestation. Fetal gender was identified according to genital falo position (vertical-men or horizontal-female) at sagittal plane and confirmed after 18 weeks pregnancy, morphologic, karyotyping analysis or after birth. Results: The overall accuracy of correctly assigning fetal gender was 94,2 per cent. The sucess of identification increased with gestational age, being 81,7 per cent, 95,5 per cent, 92,9 per cent and 99,8 per cent at nine, 10, 11 and 12 weeks, respectively. The accuracy of correctly identifying fetal sex significantly changed with operator training. Conclusion: Early ultrasound can accurately determine fetal gender.

Asunto(s)

Femenino , Embarazo , Gónadas/embriología , Gónadas , Análisis para Determinación del Sexo , Ultrasonografía Prenatal/métodos , Ultrasonografía Prenatal/tendencias , Ultrasonografía Prenatal , Desarrollo Fetal/fisiología , Feto/embriología , Genitales/embriología

RESUMEN

Different perturbations during fetal and postnatal development unleash endocrine adaptations that permanently alter metabolism, increasing the susceptibility to develop later disease, process known as "developmental programming." Endocrine disruptor compounds (EDC) are widely spread in the environment and display estrogenic, anti-estrogenic or anti-androgenic activity; they are lipophilic and stored for long periods in the adipose tissue. Maternal exposure to EDC during pregnancy and lactation produces the exposure of the fetus and neonate through placenta and breast milk. Epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated reproductive alterations as a consequence of intrauterine and/or neonatal exposure to EDC. Diethystilbestrol (DES) is the best documented compound, this synthetic estrogen was administered to pregnant women in the 1950s and 1960s to prevent miscarriage. It was implicated in urogenital abnormalities in children exposed in utero and was withdrawn from the market. The "DES daughters" are women with high incidence of vaginal hypoplasia, spontaneous abortion, premature delivery, uterine malformation, menstrual abnormalities and low fertility. The "DES sons" show testicular dysgenesis syndrome, which is characterized by hypospadias, cryptorchidism and low semen quality. This entity is also associated wtih fetal exposure to anti-androgens as flutamide. The effects on the reproductive axis depend on the stage of development and the window of exposure, as well as the dose and the compound. The wide distribution of EDC into the environment affects both human health and ecosystems in general, the study of their mechanisms of action is extremely important currently.

Asunto(s)

Anomalías Inducidas por Medicamentos/etiología , Disruptores Endocrinos/efectos adversos , Genitales/efectos de los fármacos , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Anomalías Inducidas por Medicamentos/epidemiología , Adulto , Antagonistas de Andrógenos/efectos adversos , Antagonistas de Andrógenos/farmacología , Animales , Mama/embriología , Dietilestilbestrol/efectos adversos , Dietilestilbestrol/farmacología , Dietilestilbestrol/uso terapéutico , Dioxinas/efectos adversos , Desarrollo Embrionario/efectos de los fármacos , Disruptores Endocrinos/farmacología , Antagonistas de Estrógenos/efectos adversos , Antagonistas de Estrógenos/farmacología , Estrógenos/agonistas , Femenino , Feminización/inducido químicamente , Feminización/embriología , Genitales/anomalías , Genitales/embriología , Humanos , Hipotálamo/anomalías , Hipotálamo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipotálamo/embriología , Masculino , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/embriología , Leche Humana/química , Ácidos Ftálicos/efectos adversos , Fitoestrógenos/efectos adversos , Fitoestrógenos/farmacología , Fitoestrógenos/uso terapéutico , Embarazo , Ratas , Virilismo/inducido químicamente , Virilismo/embriología

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To define the optimum period for sexing of Saanen goat fetuses by use of transrectal ultrasonography. ANIMALS: 82 Saanen goats pregnant with 124 fetuses. PROCEDURES: Fetal sexing was performed on the basis of the final location of the genital tubercle or identification of external genitalia. In experiment 1, fetuses (n = 78) were monitored every 48 hours from days 40 to 60 of gestation, whereas for experiment 2, 46 fetuses were examined only once between days 47 and 77 of gestation. RESULTS: For experiment 1, accuracy of fetal sexing was 20 of 20 (100%) for a single fetus, 39 of 42 (92.8%) for twin fetuses, and 10 of 16 (62.5%) for triplet fetuses. Diagnostic accuracy was significantly lower for triplet fetuses than that for single or twin fetuses. Final location of the genital tubercle was detected between 45 and 55 days of gestation (mean +/- SEM, 48.9 +/- 1.8 days). For experiment 2, accuracy of fetal sexing for a single fetus (24/24 [100%]) was significantly higher than the accuracy for twin fetuses (16/22 [72.7%]). Considering all fetuses that were born, accuracy of diagnosis was 69 of 78 (88.4%) for experiment 1 and 40 of 46 (86.9%) for experiment 2. Accuracy did not differ significantly between experiments. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Real-time ultrasonography after day 55 of gestation is a suitable method for determination of sex of Saanen goat fetuses by observation of the genital tubercle or identification of external genitalia.

Asunto(s)

Genitales/diagnóstico por imagen , Genitales/embriología , Cabras/embriología , Análisis para Determinación del Sexo/veterinaria , Ultrasonografía Prenatal/veterinaria , Animales , Femenino , Desarrollo Fetal , Masculino , Embarazo , Análisis para Determinación del Sexo/métodos

RESUMEN

Different perturbations during fetal and post natal development unleash endocrine adaptations that permanently alter metabolism, increasing the susceptibility to develop later disease, process known as "developmental programming"'. Endocrine disruptor compounds (EDC) are widely spread on the environment and display estrogenic, anti-estrogenic or anti-androgenic activity; they are lypophilyc and stored for long periods on the adipose tissue. Maternal exposure to EDC during pregnancy and lactation produces the exposure of the fetus and neonate through placenta and breast milk. Epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated reproductive alterations as a consequence of intrauterine and/or neonatal exposure to EDC. Diethystilbestrol (DES) is the best documented compound, this synthetic estrogen was administered to pregnant women at the BO and 60 to prevent miscarriage. It was implicated in urogenital abnormalities in children exposed in utero and withdrawn from the market. The "DES daughters" are women with high incidence of vaginal hypoplasia, spontaneous abortion, premature delivery, uterine malformation, menstrual abnormalities and low fertility. The "DES sons" show testicular dysgenesis syndrome, which is characterized by hypospadias, cryptorchidism and low semen quality. This entity is also associated to the fetal exposure to anti-androgens as flutamide. The effects on the reproductive axis depend on the stage of development and the window of exposure, as well as the dose and the compound. The wide distribution of EDC into the environment affects both human health and ecosystems in general, the study of their mechanisms of action is extremely important currently.

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Diversas perturbaciones durante el desarrollo fetal y posnatal desencadenan adaptaciones endocrinas que modifican permanentemente el metabolismo, incrementando la susceptibilidad para el desarrollo de enfermedades, proceso conocido como "programación durante el desarrollo". Los compuestos disruptores endocrinos (CDE) se encuentran en el medio ambiente y presentan actividad estrogénica, antiestrogénica o antiandrogénica; son altamente lipofílicos y se almacenan por periodos prolongados en el tejido adiposo. La exposición materna a CDE durante el embarazo y la lactancia permite su paso al producto a través de la placenta y la leche materna. Estudios epidemiológicos y experimentales han demostrado alteraciones en el eje reproductivo como consecuencia de la exposición intrauterina y/o neonatal a CDE. El compuesto mejor documentado es el dietilestilbestrol (DES), este estrógeno sintético fue administrado a mujeres embarazadas durante los 50s y 60s y retirado del mercado por su implicación en anormalidades urogenitales de los bebés expuestos in útero. Las denominadas "hijas del DES" son mujeres con alta incidencia de hipoplasia vaginal, malformaciones uterinas, irregularidades menstruales, baja fertilidad y alta prevalencia de aborto espontáneo y parto prematuro. Por su parte, "los hijos del DES" presentan una entidad clínica conocida como síndrome de disgenesia testicular caracterizado por hipospadias, criptorquidia y baja calidad del semen. Este síndrome también se asocia a la exposición fetal a compuestos antiandrogénicos como la ñutamida. Los efectos en el eje reproductivo dependen del estadio de desarrollo y del tiempo de exposición, así como de la dosis y el compuesto del que se trate. La extensa presencia de CDE en el ambiente afecta la salud humana e impacta al ecosistema en general por lo cual es de suma importancia el estudio de los mecanismos involucrados en su acción.

Asunto(s)

Adulto , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Embarazo , Ratas , Anomalías Inducidas por Medicamentos/etiología , Disruptores Endocrinos/efectos adversos , Genitales/efectos de los fármacos , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Anomalías Inducidas por Medicamentos/epidemiología , Antagonistas de Andrógenos/efectos adversos , Antagonistas de Andrógenos/farmacología , Mama/embriología , Dietilestilbestrol/efectos adversos , Dietilestilbestrol/farmacología , Dietilestilbestrol/uso terapéutico , Dioxinas/efectos adversos , Desarrollo Embrionario/efectos de los fármacos , Disruptores Endocrinos/farmacología , Antagonistas de Estrógenos/efectos adversos , Antagonistas de Estrógenos/farmacología , Estrógenos/agonistas , Feminización/inducido químicamente , Feminización/embriología , Genitales/anomalías , Genitales/embriología , Hipotálamo/anomalías , Hipotálamo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipotálamo/embriología , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/embriología , Leche Humana/química , Ácidos Ftálicos/efectos adversos , Fitoestrógenos/efectos adversos , Fitoestrógenos/farmacología , Fitoestrógenos/uso terapéutico , Virilismo/inducido químicamente , Virilismo/embriología

RESUMEN

SOX9 is expressed at the onset of the genital ridge formation in both sexes. It is assumed that SRY, the testis determining gene, turns SOX9 on in male embryos because it is turned off in female embryos. Spatial expression of SRY follows a cranio-caudal pattern. Here, we asked if SOX9 is expressed in the same cell lineage and with a similar pattern as SRY. A correlative study between the structural changes in the genital ridge and the immunocytochemical localization of SOX9-positive cells was undertaken. We used a transgenic strain expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) that considerably enhanced the cell context where the first SOX9-positive cells appear. Although SOX9-positive cells are located among loose mesenchymal cells by stages of 8-14 tail somites (ts) in both sexes, they are absent in the thickening coelomic epithelium of females. At 15 ts the first SOX9-positive cells appear within the core of the condensed cells only in male genital ridges. At 17 ts, a gradient of SOX9-positive cells in males is apparent, closely following the cranio-caudal pattern of cell aggregation seen in genital ridges of both sexes. Hence, our results suggest that SOX9 is expressed only in loose mesenchymal cells in both sexes and that expression of SOX9 in males requires the prior aggregation of cells in the genital ridges. The correspondence of SOX9 and SRY pattern of expression supports that both genes are expressed in the preSertoli cell lineage in the core of the genital ridges.

Asunto(s)

Genitales/citología , Proteínas del Grupo de Alta Movilidad/metabolismo , Células de Sertoli/citología , Células Madre/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Animales , Agregación Celular , Linaje de la Célula , Femenino , Genitales/embriología , Genitales/metabolismo , Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes , Proteínas Luminiscentes/análisis , Proteínas Luminiscentes/genética , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Factor de Transcripción SOX9 , Células Madre/citología , Células Madre/fisiología

RESUMEN

We have used the approach of Willner et al (1987), which consists of transitory and variable changes in the rat"s living conditions, to investigate the influence of chronic prenatal stress on pup development and their susceptibility to behavioral depression at adult age, as assessed by the learned helplessness model. Pregnant female Wistar rats were divided into either stressed (S; N = 35) or non-stressed (NS; N = 35) groups during the last two weeks of pregnancy. The male and female pups of both groups were either handled to test for physical development up to weaning (H; N = 25 litters) or left undisturbed (NH; N = 10 litters) until adult age, at which time the males from all four experimental groups were divided into two subgroups (N = 10 each) and were submitted to the learned helplessness model of depression. Prenatal stress reduced the number of male pups per litter, decreased the anogenital distance, and produced earlier earflap and eye opening dates, as well as a faster righting. Behavioral depression was induced in all cases, except in the NS-H animals. The prenatally stressed, non-handled pups showed greater escape latency than the NS subgroups. We conclude that the stress schedule used in this study was stressful to dams and sufficient to affect the pups" development and to increase the intensity of induced behavioral depression at adult age.

Asunto(s)

Depresión/fisiopatología , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Estrés Fisiológico/fisiopatología , Factores de Edad , Canal Anal/embriología , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Conducta Animal/fisiología , Peso Corporal , Enfermedad Crónica , Depresión/psicología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Genitales/embriología , Desamparo Adquirido , Masculino , Conducta Materna/fisiología , Embarazo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Reflejo/fisiología , Factores Sexuales , Estrés Fisiológico/psicología

Asunto(s)

Humanos , Genitales/embriología , Anomalías Congénitas/embriología , Hipotálamo/embriología , Ovario/embriología , Testículo/embriología

RESUMEN

The Ballard Maturational Score was refined and expanded to achieve greater accuracy and to include extremely premature neonates. To test validity, accuracy, interrater reliability, and optimal postnatal age at examination, the resulting New Ballard Score (NBS) was assessed for 578 newly born infants and the results were analyzed. Gestational ages ranged from 20 to 44 weeks and postnatal ages at examination ranged from birth to 96 hours. In 530 infants, gestational age by last menstrual period was confirmed by agreement within 2 weeks with gestational age by prenatal ultrasonography (C-GLMP). For these infants, correlation between gestational age by NBS and C-GLMP was 0.97. Mean differences between gestational age by NBS and C-GLMP were 0.32 +/- 1.58 weeks and 0.15 +/- 1.46 weeks among the extremely premature infants (less than 26 weeks) and among the total population, respectively. Correlations between the individual criteria and C-GLMP ranged from 0.72 to 0.82. Interrater reliability of NBS, as determined by correlation between raters who rated the same subgroup of infants, ws 0.95. For infants less than 26 weeks of gestational age, the greatest validity (97% within 2 weeks of C-GLMP) was seen when the examination was performed before 12 hours of postnatal age. For infants at least 26 weeks of gestational age, percentages of agreement with C-GLMP remained constant, averaging 92% for all postnatal age categories up to 96 hours. The NBS is a valid and accurate gestational assessment tool for extremely premature infants and remains valid for the entire newborn infant population.

Asunto(s)

Recién Nacido de Bajo Peso/crecimiento & desarrollo , Recien Nacido Prematuro/crecimiento & desarrollo , Antropometría , Párpados/embriología , Femenino , Madurez de los Órganos Fetales/fisiología , Pie/embriología , Genitales/embriología , Edad Gestacional , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Examen Físico , Embarazo , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Piel/embriología , Ultrasonografía Prenatal

Asunto(s)

Trastornos del Desarrollo Sexual/embriología , Andrógenos/metabolismo , Trastornos del Desarrollo Sexual/diagnóstico , Femenino , Genitales/embriología , Humanos , Hipospadias/diagnóstico , Masculino , Conductos Paramesonéfricos/fisiología , Ovario/embriología , Pene/anomalías , Diferenciación Sexual , Testículo/embriología , Testosterona/biosíntesis , Testosterona/metabolismo , Sistema Urogenital/embriología , Conductos Mesonéfricos/fisiología