RESUMEN
Genistein was irradiated with γ-irradiation at doses of 0, 10, 30, 50, 100, and 150 kGy. We observed that the decrease in the genistein peak after gamma irradiation was concomitant with the appearance of several new peaks. 150 kGy gamma-irradiated genistein did not exert cytotoxicity in macrophages, and inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated nitric oxide production and pro-inflammatory cytokines level, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and interleukin-1ß, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages. The treatment of LPS-stimulated macrophages with 150 kGy gamma-irradiated genistein resulted in a significant decrease in cyclooxygenase-2 levels, as well as the expression of cell surface molecules, such as CD80 and CD86. Furthermore, we also found that the anti-inflammatory action of 150 kGy gamma-irradiated genistein occurred through an inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways based on a toll-like receptor 4 in macrophages, which may be speculated that several radiolysis products of genistein transformed by gamma-irradiation induce the inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators. From these findings, it seems likely that gamma-irradiated genistein could play a potent role in the treatment of inflammatory disease as a value-added product in the medical industry.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/efectos de la radiación , Genisteína/farmacología , Genisteína/efectos de la radiación , Lipopolisacáridos/toxicidad , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , FN-kappa B/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antígeno B7-1/biosíntesis , Antígeno B7-2/biosíntesis , Línea Celular , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Alimentos Funcionales , Rayos gamma , Genisteína/química , Ratones , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 4/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Genistein and daidzein are two estrogenic compounds derived from plants, especially legumes. This research begins to explore their environmental fate, focusing on direct and indirect photolysis. UV-visible spectra for both compounds at varying pH values were taken, the pK(a) values for both compounds were measured, and UV-visible spectra for each protonation state were determined. The loss of both compounds in deionized water was observed upon exposure to natural sunlight, and the quantum yields were determined for each protonation state. In Mississippi River water, direct photolysis does not account for all of the loss of genistein and daidzein. The mechanism of indirect photolysis was probed using quenchers and sensitizers, and results suggest that daidzein is transformed mainly via direct photolysis and singlet oxygenation, while genistein is transformed mainly via reaction with triplet-state natural organic matter. The parameters determined in this study will allow for estimation of the concentration of genistein and daidzein in sunlit surface waters, which will allow for assessment of any risks posed to aquatic wildlife.
Asunto(s)
Genisteína/efectos de la radiación , Isoflavonas/efectos de la radiación , Fotólisis/efectos de la radiación , Fitoestrógenos/efectos de la radiación , Rayos Ultravioleta , Furanos/química , Genisteína/química , Semivida , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Radical Hidroxilo/química , Isoflavonas/química , Cinética , Mississippi , Fitoestrógenos/química , Protones , Teoría Cuántica , Ríos/química , Oxígeno Singlete/química , Espectrofotometría UltravioletaRESUMEN
Plant derived phytochemicals have been the focus of recent research due to their health promoting effects. Previous studies to estimate the levels of these bioactive compounds made use of traditional solvent extraction procedures such as homogenization and soxhlet (reflux) methods. Recently, the ultrasonication technique has been shown to be an efficient non-thermal extraction method. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of frequency and duration (time) of sonication on the extraction efficiency of selected phytochemicals from peanuts and to determine optimal conditions (sample-to-solvent ratio, frequency, and time) for their extraction. The results obtained showed that sample-to-solvent ratio, frequency, and duration of sonication had significant effect on the extraction efficiency of the phytochemicals from peanut. Sonication at 80 kHz facilitated the extraction of biochanin A and trans-resveratrol while 25 kHz was effective in the extraction of daidzein and genistein. Multi-frequency extractions were more efficient than single frequency.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/efectos de la radiación , Arachis/química , Arachis/efectos de la radiación , Isoflavonas/química , Isoflavonas/efectos de la radiación , Estilbenos/química , Estilbenos/efectos de la radiación , Ultrasonido , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Genisteína/química , Genisteína/efectos de la radiación , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/efectos de la radiación , Estándares de Referencia , Resveratrol , SolventesRESUMEN
Differential functionalization of the phenolic groups in genistein was carried out in excellent yields under ultrasonic irradiation. The isoflavone ring had proved to be unstable under stirring at 60 degrees C and phenyl benzyl ketone was unexpectedly isolated instead of the genistein derivative.