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Medical decision-making in children is not a static process. In pediatrics, parents and health professionals actively participate in clinical decision-making. They always consider what is in the child's best interest and sometimes weigh that against other considerations. As children get older, the level of participation in this process may change according to their own cognitive development and maturity level. In this article, we present a case of an adolescent with a life-limiting condition at the end of life. He wants to participate in his health management and speak for himself. He does not always prefer interventions that his parents think are best. Health care practitioners must include mature minors in the decision-making process and be willing to listen to their voices.

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Background: The pull-through method to install endoscopic gastrostomies is not devoid of complications. Aim: To describe and show the results of a trans-abdominal method to perform endoscopic gastrostomies using the accessories available in any endoscopic facility. material and methods: The technique consists in installing an exchange tube using the pull kit, which acts as a tube installer. We attempted the procedure in 14 patients whose ages ranged from 15 days to 83 years in a regional hospital. results: In 13 patients, the tube was correctly installed using the trans-abdominal pathway and they could be fed two hours later. Three months later, 11 patients were alive and did not experience complications associated with the gastrostomy. Conclusions: This preliminary experience supports the use of the described technique to install gastrostomies.

Objetivo: Para evitar las complicaciones de la gastrostomía endoscópica (GE) hemos desarrollado un método transabdominal empleando accesorios disponibles en cualquier unidad de endoscopia y una técnica con la cual los endoscopistas están familiarizados. Describimos el método y mostramos sus resultados. material y método: Esta técnica consiste en instalar una sonda de recambio con la ayuda del kit Pull que actúa como instalador de la sonda. Hemos intentado este procedimiento en 14 pacientes con edades entre 15 días y ochenta y tres años. Esta experiencia se realizó en el Hospital de Iquique. resultados: En 13 pacientes se logró instalar la sonda por vía transabdominal y alimentar dos horas después. A los 3 meses, once permanecían vivos y no habían tenido complicaciones mayores relacionadas a su gastrostomía. Conclusión: Aunque se trata de una experiencia inicial, creemos que esta técnica de gastrostomía combinada presenta una alternativa a otras técnicas endoscópicas de acceso transabdominal.

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Objetivo: Descrever o perfil dos pacientes submetidos à gastrostomia, os critérios de indicação e o desfecho dessa inserção em um hospital pediátrico universitário. Método: Estudo retrospectivo, quantitativo e descritivo, através de pesquisa em prontuários de pacientes submetidos à gastrostomia no período entre janeiro/2010 e dezembro/2012. Resultados: As doenças e condições de base mais frequentes foram: encefalopatia crônica da infância (77,5%), pneumonia (67,5%), crise convulsiva (57,5%) e desnutrição (42,5%). Apesar da maioria dos pacientes apresentar história de disfagia (62,5%), observou-se como via de nutrição mais frequente antes da inserção da gastrostomia a via oral (42,5%), seguida pela nasoenteral (40%). A introdução de dieta pela gastrostomia foi bem sucedida e ocorreu em média 2,82(± 1,19) dias após a sua inserção. Após seis meses de realização da gastrostomia, 80% dos pacientes permaneceram alimentando-se exclusivamente através desta via e somente 2,5% retirou a gastrostomia. 45% dos participantes apresentaram complicações da gastrostomia, sendo extravasamento do material gástrico (15%) e inflamação local (15%) as mais frequentes. Conclusão: O perfil dos pacientes submetidos à gastrostomia é de indivíduos, em sua maioria, com doença neurológica e respiratória, sem suporte respiratório, do sexo masculino e alimentando-se por via oral ou sonda nasoenteral por período prolongado. Os principais critérios de indicação foram doença neurológica e disfagia. Em relação ao desfecho, a introdução de dieta pela gastrostomia é bem sucedida, a maioria dos indivíduos permanece com este suporte nutricional a longo prazo e as complicações mais frequentes são extravasamento do material gástrico e inflamações na área da gastrostomia.

Objective: To describe the profile of patients undergoing a gastrostomy, the recommendations and outcome of this insertion in a Pediatric Teaching Hospital. Method: This was a retrospective, quantitative, and descriptive study that researched the records of patients who underwent a gastrostomy between January 2010 and December 2012. Results: The diseases and conditions most frequent were chronic infantile encephalopathy (77.5%), pneumonia (67.5%), seizures (57.5%), and malnutrition (42.5%). Although most patients presented a history of dysphagia (62.5%), oral feeding was observed most frequently as the most common form of nutrition, before the gastrostomy insertion (42.5%), followed by nasoenteric tube (40%). The introduction of nutrition by gastrostomy was successful and occurred an average of 2.82 (± 1.19) days after insertion. Six months after their gastrostomy, 80% of patients continued feeding only through this access tube and only 2.5% had removed the gastrostomy; 45% of the participants had gastrostomy complications, with extravasation of gastric material (15%) and local inflammation (15%) being the most frequent. Conclusion: The profile of patients undergoing gastrostomy is mostly of individuals with neurological and respiratory diseases, without respiratory support, of the male gender, and feeding by oral cavity or nasoenteric tube for a prolonged period. The main recommendation criteria were dysphagia and neurological diseases. Regarding the outcome, the introduction of nutrition by gastrostomy was successful; most individuals remained with this long-term nutritional support and the most common complications were gastric material extravasation and local inflammations.

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OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors associated with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube complications in a large cohort of infants and children. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a chart review of 591 pediatric patients undergoing PEG tube placement between 2006 and 2010 at Boston Children's Hospital. Frequency and type of major and minor complications associated with PEG tubes in children were identified. Univariate and multivariate analyses were then conducted to determine potential risk factors for complications. RESULTS: A total of 198 PEG-related complications (72 major and 126 minor) were noted in our cohort of 591 patients. Approximately 10.5% of patients experienced at least one major complication and 16.4% experienced at least one minor complication, with the great majority of complications occurring after discharge postplacement. Age <6 months (P = .003), American Society of Anesthesiologists class III (P = .02), and presence of a neurologic disorder (P = .05) were found to be protective against experiencing a major complication, whereas the presence of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was confirmed to be a risk factor (P = .01) for major complications. CONCLUSION: Both minor and major complications are common in children after PEG tube placement, with most complications occurring several months postoperatively. Certain patient factors, including age, neurologic status, and American Society of Anesthesiologists class, may be protective, and the presence of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt may be associate with an increased risk of complications after PEG tube placement.

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La gastrostomía es el acceso enteral más considerado cuando se requiere una sonda de alimentación a largo plazo. Las técnicas de implantación de la sonda de gastrostomía pueden ser percutánea y quirúrgica. La alimentación por gastrostomía es generalmente bien aceptada en niños y adultos. La gastrostomía es un acceso de gran utilidad y de gran importancia a nivel clínico en la alimentación enteral a largo plazo tanto de niños como adultos.

Access gastrostomy is considered when more enteral feeding tube requires long term. The technical implementation of the gastrostomy tube can be percutaneously and surgically. Gastrostomy feeding is generally well accepted in children and adults. The gastrostomy is a useful access and important at the clinical level in the long-term enteral feeding both children and adults.

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CONTEXT: Enteral feeding is indicated for patients unable to maintain appropriate oral intake, and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is the most adequate long-term enteral access. Peristomal infections are the most common complications of PEG, occurring in up to 8% of patients, despite the use of prophylactic antibiotics. The "introducer" PEG-gastropexy technique avoids PEG tube passage through the oral cavity, preventing microorganisms' dislodgment to the peristomal site. OBJECTIVES: To compare the incidence of peristomal wound infection at 7-day post-procedure after conventional "pull" technique versus a new "introducer" PEG-gastropexy kit. Secondary outcomes included success rates, procedure time, and other complications. METHODS: Eighteen patients referred for PEG placement between June and December 2010 were randomly assigned to "pull" PEG with antibiotics or "introducer" PEG-gastropexy technique without antibiotics. RESULTS: Overall success rate for both methods was 100%, although mean procedure duration was higher in the "introducer" PEG-gastropexy group (12.6 versus 6.4 minutes, P = 0.0166). Infection scores were slightly higher in patients who underwent "pull" PEG with antibiotics compared with "introducer" PEG-gastropexy without antibiotics (1.33 ± 0.83 versus 0.75 ± 0.67, P = 0.29). CONCLUSION: Although procedure duration was longer in the "introducer" PEG-gastropexy, infection scores were marginally higher in the "pull" PEG technique.

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CONTEXT: Enteral feeding is indicated for patients unable to maintain appropriate oral intake, and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is the most adequate long-term enteral access. Peristomal infections are the most common complications of PEG, occurring in up to 8 percent of patients, despite the use of prophylactic antibiotics. The "introducer" PEG-gastropexy technique avoids PEG tube passage through the oral cavity, preventing microorganisms' dislodgment to the peristomal site. OBJECTIVES: To compare the incidence of peristomal wound infection at 7-day post-procedure after conventional "pull" technique versus a new "introducer" PEG-gastropexy kit. Secondary outcomes included success rates, procedure time, and other complications. METHODS: Eighteen patients referred for PEG placement between June and December 2010 were randomly assigned to "pull" PEG with antibiotics or "introducer" PEG-gastropexy technique without antibiotics. RESULTS: Overall success rate for both methods was 100 percent, although mean procedure duration was higher in the "introducer" PEG-gastropexy group (12.6 versus 6.4 minutes, P = 0.0166). Infection scores were slightly higher in patients who underwent "pull" PEG with antibiotics compared with "introducer" PEG-gastropexy without antibiotics (1.33 ± 0.83 versus 0.75 ± 0.67, P = 0.29). CONCLUSION: Although procedure duration was longer in the "introducer" PEG-gastropexy, infection scores were marginally higher in the "pull" PEG technique.

CONTEXTO: A nutrição enteral está indicada para pacientes incapazes de manter aporte voluntário adequado e a gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea (GEP) é a via preferencial para acesso enteral de longa duração. As infecções periostomais são as principais complicações da GEP, ocorrendo em até 8 por cento dos pacientes, a despeito do uso de antibiótico profilático. A GEP pela técnica de introdução com gastropexia evita a passagem da sonda de gastrostomia pela cavidade oral, prevenindo contra o deslocamento de microorganismos ali presentes até o sítio da ostomia. OBJETIVO: Comparar a incidência de infecção periostomal no 7º dia após GEP por técnica de tração versus GEP pela técnica de introdução com gastropexia. Objetivos secundários incluíram: taxa de sucesso, tempo de procedimento e outras complicações. MÉTODOS: Dezoito pacientes encaminhados ao setor de endoscopia do Hospital Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, para realização de GEP entre junho e dezembro de 2010, foram randomizados para realização de gastrostomia pela técnica de tração com antibioticoterapia profilática ou pela técnica de introdução com gastropexia sem antibiótico profilaxia. RESULTADOS: A taxa de sucesso para ambos os métodos foi de 100 por cento, apesar do tempo do procedimento ter sido mais longo no grupo da técnica de introdução (12,6 versus 6,4 min, P = 0,0166). Os índices de infecção foram discretamente superiores no grupo de GEP por tração, com antibioticoterapia profilática, em comparação ao grupo GEP por introdução com gastropexia (1,33 ± 0,83 versus 0,75 ± 0,67, P = 0,29). CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da duração do procedimento ter sido mais longa no grupo GEP por introdução com gastropexia, a taxa de infecção foi discretamente mais elevada no grupo GEP por tração.

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BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: In many patients, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) can be limited by digestive tract stenosis. PEG placement using an introducer is the safest alternative for this group of patients, but the available devices are difficult to implement and require smaller-caliber tubes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the modification of an introducer technique device for PEG placement with regard to the following: procedure feasibility, possibility of using a 20-Fr balloon gastrostomy tube, tube-related function and problems, complications, procedure safety, and mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between March 2007 and February 2008, 30 consecutive patients with head and neck malignancies underwent introducer PEG placement with the modified device and gastropexy. Each patient was evaluated for 60 days after the procedure for the success of the procedure, infection, pain, complications, mortality, and problems with the procedure. RESULTS: The procedure was successful in all cases with no perioperative complications. No signs of stomal infection were observed using the combined infection score. The majority of patients experienced mild-to-moderate pain both in the immediate postoperative period and at 72 hours. One major early complication (3.3%) and two minor complications (6.7%) were observed. No procedure-related deaths occurred during the first 60 days after the procedure. CONCLUSION: The device modification for PEG using the introducer technique is feasible, safe, and efficient in outpatients with obstructive head and neck cancer. In this series, it allowed the use of a larger-caliber tube with low complication rates and no procedure-related mortality.

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BACKGROUND: The use of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) for nutrition support is increasing worldwide, but few studies have evaluated the durability of and complications related to the different materials used to manufacture gastrostomy tubes. Latex PEG tubes are widely used in our clinical setting, but no studies have compared their durability with silicone PEG tubes. The aim of the present study was to compare the durability of latex tubes with the durability of silicone tubes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A randomized clinical trial was conducted in patients with head and neck cancer with indications for PEG. Sixty patients were randomized to receive either latex or silicone PEG tubes and followed up for 90 days. The analyzed outcomes were duration, peristomal infection, granulated tissue formation, and leakage around the tube. RESULTS: The durability of silicone PEG tubes was significantly greater than the durability of latex PEG tubes. The survival curves showed that silicone PEG tubes lasted twice as long (hazard ratio = 2.0, 95% confidence interval = 1.1-3.7, P = 0.01). No differences were found with regard to rate of peristomal infection, granulated tissue formation, or leakage. CONCLUSION: Silicone PEG tubes are associated with a reduced need for replacement (attributable to higher durability) compared with latex PEG tubes.

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BACKGROUND: The risk of intraabdominal contamination is a critical consideration during most natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) procedures. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine a safe and efficient pathway for the endoscope in a transgastric NOTES procedure. DESIGN AND SETTINGS: A pilot experimental study in live pigs was performed. METHODS: Five White Landrace pigs, weighing approximately 30-35 kg, underwent the placement of a device consisting of an expandable sheath, the distal portion of which was composed of a fully covered self-expanding metal stent, and an introducer made with an outer catheter, a pushing catheter, and an inner, guiding catheter. The sheath was attached to the stent by suturing it in place. The initial gastric opening was made by means of a needle knife papilotome with electrocoagulation, aimed to the anterior gastric wall. Then, it was dilated with an endoscopic 1.8-cm balloon. The set was introduced over a Savary guidewire. After the set placement, the outer tube was slowly retrieved. Finally, the delivery system was removed from the pig, leaving the entire endoscopic port in place. RESULTS: The expandable gastric port was placed without difficulty in all animals. Endoscope insertion into the expandable gastric port was very easily performed. The endoscope had a wide range of movement inside the peritoneal cavity. The gastric port sealed the gastric wall, avoiding gross contamination of the peritoneal cavity and maintaining the pneumoperitoneum without excessive inflation of the intestine. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a gastric port can minimize contamination of the peritoneal cavity due to the spillage of gastric contents during a transgastric NOTES procedure and can also facilitate performance of the procedure.

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PEG or Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is a well known and widely used procedure. With adequate methodology of instrumentation and follow up it has very low rate of complications directly related or non-related to the procedure. Such complications include accidental retirement, wound infection, deterioration of tube, migration to sub-cutaneous tissue and others. We present a case in which a patient with long history of PEG shows up at our ER with melena (upper GI bleeding).

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OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the number and types of complications experienced by children with gastrostomy tubes. METHODS: This is a prospective study of children with gastrostomy tube complications. Enrollment occurred on the first 24 months of the study. Data were collected for 4 years, beginning at the enrollment of the first participant. Demographic data and information on infections, granulation tissue formation, and major complications were recorded. RESULTS: Infections occurred in 37% of patients, with most experiencing a single infection that occurred within the first 15 days after tube placement. Granulation tissue developed in 68% of patients, with 17% experiencing recurrent granulation tissue despite treatment. There was no difference in infection rates or granulation tissue formation between subgroups based on gender, ethnicity, or parents' education level. Major complications occurred in 4% of the patients. CONCLUSION: Complications of infection and granulation tissue occur frequently and likely are a cause of stress and increased burden of care for these children and families. Improved strategies for care are needed.

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JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A síndrome de Guillain-Barré após vacina de sarampo é rara. O diagnóstico muitas vezes é tardio, o que leva a um aumento da morbidade. O presente relato apresenta um caso avançado e os cuidados especiais exigidos durante a anestesia. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino, com quatro anos de idade com síndrome de Guillain-Barré desde um ano de idade, foi submetido a gastrostomia sob anestesia geral sem intercorrências, com sevoflurano e sem bloqueadores neuromusculares. CONCLUSÕES: O caso ilustra a raridade etiológica de uma síndrome importante na prática anestésica assim como os eventos adversos pós-vacinação, a melhor escolha para a equipe anestésica e as complicações da síndrome de Guillain-Barré na infância.

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PURPOSE: To perform a endoscopic gastrostomy by the introducer method with routine instruments used in a general hospital, without special instruments of special kits.METHODS: This procedure was performed in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) under observation for seven days and then submitted to euthanasia. The technique was evaluated for macroscopic and histologic parameters. RESULTS: All animals had a good evolution without major complications. Some minor complications ocurred like a rupture of Foley catheter balloon and subcutaneous space abscess.CONCLUSION: The percutaneous gastrostomy with routine general hospital instruments is sucessful performed, is safe, cheap and must be performed by skilled endoscopists.

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Presentamos un estudio de gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea (GEP), realizada en 26 pacientes, que requieren este procedimiento en el Centro de Cirugía Endoscópica del Hospital Universitairo Central Calixto García, La Habana Cuba. La indicación más frecuente, 62 por ciento fue debida a lesiones tumorales malignas del esófago, correspondiendo el resto a afecciones benignas que provocaban disfagia. La duración promedio del procedimiento fue de 10 minutos. Se presentaron 2 complicaciones tardías, una por ruptura del balón de la sonda y un absceso de pared. No hubieron fallecidos.

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Antecedentes: los pacientes que no ingieren alimentos por tiempo prolongado requieren un aporte nutricional. Esto se logra inicialmente con sondas nasogástricas-yeyunales, que a largo plazo son mal toleradas. La gastrostomía percutánea es una de las vías utilizadas para la alimentación de estos pacientes. Objetivo: analizar los resultados de las gastrostomías percutáneas realizadas en los últimos 7 años en el Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital Alemán de Buenos Aires. Diseño: estudio retrospectivo. Material y métodos: se revisaron los registros de 27 pacientes con gastrostomías percutáneas, entre octubre de 1991 y junio de 1998, registrando las indicaciones, complicaciones y mortalidad. Resultados: se analizaron 17 gastrostomías endoscópicas y 10 radiológicas con un 100 por ciento de éxito. En un solo paciente la indicación fue la descompresión del tubo digestivo. 40,7 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron complicaciones mayores y menores. No hubo mortalidad relacionada con el procedimiento. La tasa de mortalidad debida a la patología de base fue del 18,5 por ciento a los 30 días. Conclusión: la gastrostomía percutánea es una técnica sencilla, segura y económica, que se puede realizar en pacientes con contraindicación de anestesia general. Aporta una vía para la alimentación prolongada. Tiene baja mortalidad aún en pacientes debilitados por su enfermedad de base. Ambas técnicas de gastrostomía - endoscópica y radiológica - son de fácil aprendizaje bajo correcta supervisión

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