RESUMEN
Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids that play an essential role in many biological and pathophysiological processes. They are present in high amounts in the central nervous system and their abnormal metabolism or expression has been observed in many diseases. We have developed and validated a sensitive capillary electrophoresis laser-induced fluorescence (CE-LIF) method for the separation and quantification of oligosaccharides digested from nine gangliosides of high biological relevance. APTS was used for the labeling of the glycans. Reverse polarity CE was performed for the separation of the labeled glycans bearing negative charges. The optimized background electrolyte is a 15 mM lithium acetate buffer with pH of 5 containing 5% w/v linear polyacrylamide, which allows for the separation of all nine gangliosides. Validation parameters including linearity, precision, and accuracy were evaluated. LOQ and LOD were in the nM range, comparable to those of LC-MS techniques. The method was used to identify and quantify the ganglioside pattern of glioblastoma and neuroblastoma cell lines. The presented method is a valuable tool for further investigations aiming at understanding the role of gangliosides in various neurological diseases or CNS tumors.
Asunto(s)
Electroforesis Capilar , Gangliósidos , Electroforesis Capilar/métodos , Gangliósidos/análisis , Gangliósidos/química , Humanos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Rayos Láser , Fluorescencia , Límite de Detección , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sistema Nervioso Central/metabolismoRESUMEN
Novel chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell approaches are needed to improve therapeutic efficacy in solid tumors. High-risk neuroblastoma is an aggressive pediatric solid tumor that expresses cell-surface GPC2 and GD2 with a tumor microenvironment infiltrated by CD16a-expressing innate immune cells. Here we engineer T-cells to express a GPC2-directed CAR and simultaneously secrete a bispecific innate immune cell engager (BiCE) targeting both GD2 and CD16a. In vitro, GPC2.CAR-GD2.BiCE T-cells induce GPC2-dependent cytotoxicity and secrete GD2.BiCE that promotes GD2-dependent activation of antitumor innate immunity. In vivo, GPC2.CAR-GD2.BiCE T-cells locally deliver GD2.BiCE and increase intratumor retention of NK-cells. In mice bearing neuroblastoma patient-derived xenografts and reconstituted with human CD16a-expressing immune cells, GD2.BiCEs enhance GPC2.CAR antitumor efficacy. A CAR.BiCE strategy should be considered for tumor histologies where antigen escape limits CAR efficacy, especially for solid tumors like neuroblastoma that are infiltrated by innate immune cells.
Asunto(s)
Gangliósidos , Inmunidad Innata , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva , Células Asesinas Naturales , Neuroblastoma , Receptores Quiméricos de Antígenos , Linfocitos T , Neuroblastoma/inmunología , Neuroblastoma/terapia , Neuroblastoma/patología , Animales , Humanos , Receptores Quiméricos de Antígenos/inmunología , Receptores Quiméricos de Antígenos/metabolismo , Ratones , Gangliósidos/inmunología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva/métodos , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de Xenoinjerto , Glipicanos/inmunología , Glipicanos/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral/inmunología , FemeninoRESUMEN
Background: Patients suffering from neurological symptoms after COVID-19 vaccination (post-COVID-19 vaccination syndrome (PCVS)) have imposed an increasing challenge on medical practice, as diagnostic precision and therapeutic options are lacking. Underlying autoimmune dysfunctions, including autoantibodies, have been discussed in neurological disorders after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Here, we describe the frequency and targets of autoantibodies against peripheral nervous system tissues in PCVS. Methods: Sera from 50 PCVS patients with peripheral neurological symptoms after COVID-19 vaccination and 35 vaccinated healthy controls were used in this study. IgG autoreactivity was measured via indirect immunofluorescence assays on mouse sciatic nerve teased fibers. The frequencies of autoantibodies were compared between groups using Fisher's exact test. Serum anti-ganglioside antibodies were measured in ganglioside blots. Autoantibody target identification was performed using immunoprecipitation coupled to mass spectrometry. Subsequent target confirmation was conducted via cell-based assays and ELISA. Results: Compared with controls, PCVS patients had a significantly greater frequency of autoantibodies against peripheral nervous system structures (9/50(18%) vs 1/35(3%); p=0.04). Autoantibodies bound to paranodes (n=5), axons (n=4), Schmidt-Lanterman incisures (n=2) and Schwann cell nuclei (n=1). Conversely, antibodies against gangliosides were absent in PCVS patients. Target identification and subsequent confirmation revealed various subunits of neurofilaments as well as DFS-70 as autoantibody epitopes. Conclusion: Our data suggest that autoantibodies against nervous system tissue could be relevant in PCVS patients. Autoantibodies against neurofilaments and cell nuclei with so far non-established links to this disease spectrum should be further elucidated to determine their biomarker potential.
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Autoanticuerpos , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Inmunoglobulina G , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Autoanticuerpos/inmunología , Autoanticuerpos/sangre , Masculino , Femenino , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Persona de Mediana Edad , COVID-19/inmunología , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/inmunología , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/administración & dosificación , Anciano , Ratones , Animales , Adulto , Vacunación , Gangliósidos/inmunología , Nervios Periféricos/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The synapse is a piece of information transfer machinery replacing the electrical conduction of nerve impulses at the end of the neuron. Like many biological mechanisms, its functioning is heavily affected by time constraints. The solution selected by evolution is based on chemical communication that, in theory, cannot compete with the speed of nerve conduction. Nevertheless, biochemical and biophysical compensation mechanisms mitigate this intrinsic weakness: (i) through the high concentrations of neurotransmitters inside the synaptic vesicles; (ii) through the concentration of neurotransmitter receptors in lipid rafts, which are signaling platforms; indeed, the presence of raft lipids, such as gangliosides and cholesterol, allows a fine tuning of synaptic receptors by these lipids; (iii) through the negative electrical charges of the gangliosides, which generate an attractive (for cationic neurotransmitters, such as serotonin) or repulsive (for anionic neurotransmitters, such as glutamate) electric field. This electric field controls the flow of glutamate in the tripartite synapse involving pre- and post-synaptic neurons and the astrocyte. Changes in the expression of brain gangliosides can disrupt the functioning of the glutamatergic synapse, causing fatal diseases, such as Rett syndrome. In this review, we propose an in-depth analysis of the role of gangliosides in the glutamatergic synapse, highlighting the primordial and generally overlooked role played by the electric field of synaptic gangliosides.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo , Gangliósidos , Ácido Glutámico , Electricidad Estática , Sinapsis , Gangliósidos/metabolismo , Gangliósidos/química , Humanos , Sinapsis/metabolismo , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Ácido Glutámico/metabolismo , Neurotransmisores/metabolismo , Neuronas/metabolismo , Transmisión SinápticaRESUMEN
Gangliosides play important roles in innate and adaptive immunity. The high degree of structural heterogeneity results in significant variability in ganglioside expression patterns and greatly complicates linking structure and function. Structural characterization at the site of infection is essential in elucidating host ganglioside function in response to invading pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) enables high-specificity spatial investigation of intact gangliosides. Here, ganglioside structural and spatial heterogeneity within an S. aureus-infected mouse kidney abscess was characterized. Differences in spatial distributions were observed for gangliosides of different classes and those that differ in ceramide chain composition and oligosaccharide-bound sialic acid. Furthermore, integrating trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) allowed for the gas-phase separation and visualization of monosialylated ganglioside isomers that differ in sialic acid type and position. The isomers differ in spatial distributions within the host-pathogen interface, where molecular patterns revealed new molecular zones in the abscess previously unidentified by traditional histology.
Asunto(s)
Absceso , Gangliósidos , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización Desorción , Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Staphylococcus aureus , Animales , Gangliósidos/química , Gangliósidos/análisis , Gangliósidos/metabolismo , Ratones , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización Desorción/métodos , Staphylococcus aureus/química , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Absceso/microbiología , Riñón/química , Riñón/microbiología , Riñón/metabolismo , Espectrometría de Movilidad Iónica/métodos , Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico/química , Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico/análisis , Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico/metabolismo , Enfermedades Renales/microbiología , Enfermedades Renales/metabolismoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Growth plate damage in long bones often results in progressive skeletal growth imbalance and deformity, leading to significant physical problems. Gangliosides, key glycosphingolipids in cartilage, are notably abundant in articular cartilage and regulate chondrocyte homeostasis. This suggests their significant roles in regulating growth plate cartilage repair. METHODS: Chondrocytes from 3 to 5 day-old C57BL/6 mice underwent glycoblotting and mass spectrometry. Based on the results of the glycoblotting analysis, we employed GD3 synthase knockout mice (GD3-/-), which lack b-series gangliosides. In 3-week-old mice, physeal injuries were induced in the left tibiae, with right tibiae sham operated. Tibiae were analyzed at 5 weeks postoperatively for length and micro-CT for growth plate height and bone volume at injury sites. Tibial shortening ratio and bone mineral density were measured by micro-CT. RESULTS: Glycoblotting analysis indicated that b-series gangliosides were the most prevalent in physeal chondrocytes among ganglioside series. At 3 weeks, GD3-/- exhibited reduced tibial shortening (14.7 ± 0.2 mm) compared to WT (15.0 ± 0.1 mm, P = 0.03). By 5 weeks, the tibial lengths in GD3-/- (16.0 ± 0.4 mm) closely aligned with sham-operated lengths (P = 0.70). Micro-CT showed delayed physeal bridge formation in GD3-/-, with bone volume measuring 168.9 ± 5.8 HU at 3 weeks (WT: 180.2 ± 3.2 HU, P = 0.09), but normalizing by 5 weeks. CONCLUSION: This study highlights that GD3 synthase knockout mice inhibit physeal bridge formation after growth plate injury, proposing a new non-invasive approach for treating skeletal growth disorders.
Asunto(s)
Condrocitos , Gangliósidos , Placa de Crecimiento , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Animales , Placa de Crecimiento/patología , Placa de Crecimiento/metabolismo , Gangliósidos/metabolismo , Condrocitos/metabolismo , Ratones , Diferencia de Longitud de las Piernas , Tibia/diagnóstico por imagen , Tibia/patología , Tibia/metabolismo , Tibia/crecimiento & desarrollo , Microtomografía por Rayos X , Sialiltransferasas/deficiencia , Sialiltransferasas/genética , Sialiltransferasas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de EnfermedadRESUMEN
Despite causing over 1 million deaths annually, Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) currently has no curative treatments. Aggregation of the islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) into amyloid plaques plays an important role in the pathophysiology of T2D and thus presents a target for therapeutic intervention. The mechanism by which hIAPP aggregates contribute to the development of T2D is unclear, but it is proposed to involve disruption of cellular membranes. However, nearly all research on hIAPP-lipid interactions has focused on anionic phospholipids, which are primarily present in the cytosolic face of plasma membranes. We seek here to characterize the effects of three gangliosides, the dominant anionic lipids in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, on the aggregation, structure, and toxicity of hIAPP. Our results show a dual behavior that depends on the molar ratio between the gangliosides and hIAPP. For each ganglioside, a low-lipid:peptide ratio enhances hIAPP aggregation and alters the morphology of hIAPP fibrils, while a high ratio eliminates aggregation and stabilizes an α-helix-rich hIAPP conformation. A more negative lipid charge more efficiently promotes aggregation, and a larger lipid headgroup improves inhibition of aggregation. hIAPP also alters the phase transitions of the lipids, favoring spherical micelles over larger tubular micelles. We discuss our results in the context of the available lipid surface area for hIAPP binding and speculate on a role for gangliosides in facilitating toxic hIAPP aggregation.
Asunto(s)
Gangliósidos , Polipéptido Amiloide de los Islotes Pancreáticos , Polipéptido Amiloide de los Islotes Pancreáticos/química , Polipéptido Amiloide de los Islotes Pancreáticos/metabolismo , Gangliósidos/química , Gangliósidos/metabolismo , Humanos , Agregado de Proteínas/efectos de los fármacos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Conformación ProteicaRESUMEN
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which constitutes 10-20 percent of all breast cancers, is aggressive, has high metastatic potential, and carries a poor prognosis due to limited treatment options. LT-IIc, a member of the type II subfamily of ADP-ribosylating-heat-labile enterotoxins that bind to a distinctive set of cell-surface ganglioside receptors-is cytotoxic toward TNBC cell lines, but has no cytotoxic activity for non-transformed breast epithelial cells. Here, primary TNBC cells, isolated from resected human tumors, showed an enhanced cytotoxic response specifically toward LT-IIc, in contrast to other enterotoxins that were tested. MDA-MB-231 cells, a model for TNBC, were used to evaluate potential mechanisms of cytotoxicity by LT-IIc, which induced elevated intracellular cAMP and stimulated the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling pathway. To dissect the role of ADP-ribosylation, cAMP induction, and ganglioside ligation in the cytotoxic response, MDA-MB-231 cells were exposed to wild-type LT-IIc, the recombinant B-pentamer of LT-IIc that lacks the ADP-ribosylating A polypeptide, or mutants of LT-IIc with an enzymatically inactivated A1-domain. These experiments revealed that the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of LT-IIc was nonessential for inducing the lethality of MDA-MB-231 cells. In contrast, a mutant LT-IIc with an altered ganglioside binding activity failed to trigger a cytotoxic response in MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, the pharmacological inhibition of ganglioside expression protected MDA-MB-231 cells from the cytotoxic effects of LT-IIc. These data establish that ganglioside ligation, but not the induction of cAMP production nor ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, is essential to initiating the LT-IIc-dependent cell death of MDA-MB-231 cells. These experiments unveiled previously unknown properties of LT-IIc and gangliosides in signal transduction, offering the potential for the targeted treatment of TNBC, an option that is desperately needed.
Asunto(s)
Enterotoxinas , Gangliósidos , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas , Humanos , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/patología , Neoplasias de la Mama Triple Negativas/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Gangliósidos/metabolismo , Enterotoxinas/toxicidad , Femenino , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Proteína de Unión a Elemento de Respuesta al AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Proteína de Unión a Elemento de Respuesta al AMP Cíclico/genética , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Biallelic variants in the SPG11 gene account for the most common form of autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia characterized by motor and cognitive impairment, with currently no therapeutic option. We previously observed in a Spg11 knockout mouse that neurodegeneration is associated with accumulation of gangliosides in lysosomes. To test whether a substrate reduction therapy could be a therapeutic option, we downregulated the key enzyme involved in ganglioside biosynthesis using an AAV-PHP.eB viral vector expressing a miRNA targeting St3gal5. Downregulation of St3gal5 in Spg11 knockout mice prevented the accumulation of gangliosides, delayed the onset of motor and cognitive symptoms, and prevented the upregulation of serum levels of neurofilament light chain, a biomarker widely used in neurodegenerative diseases. Importantly, similar results were observed when Spg11 knockout mice were administrated venglustat, a pharmacological inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase expected to decrease ganglioside synthesis. Downregulation of St3gal5 or venglustat administration in Spg11 knockout mice strongly decreased the formation of axonal spheroids, previously associated with impaired trafficking. Venglustat had similar effect on cultured human SPG11 neurons. In conclusion, this work identifies the first disease-modifying therapeutic strategy in SPG11, and provides data supporting its relevance for therapeutic testing in SPG11 patients.
Asunto(s)
Gangliósidos , Ratones Noqueados , Paraplejía Espástica Hereditaria , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Disfunción Cognitiva/metabolismo , Disfunción Cognitiva/genética , Gangliósidos/metabolismo , Glucosiltransferasas/genética , Glucosiltransferasas/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Proteínas de Neurofilamentos , Neuronas/metabolismo , Proteínas/genética , Proteínas/metabolismo , Sialiltransferasas/genética , Sialiltransferasas/deficiencia , Paraplejía Espástica Hereditaria/genética , Paraplejía Espástica Hereditaria/metabolismoRESUMEN
Over the past decade, chimeric antigen receptor T cells have emerged as a breakthrough cancer therapy in selected hematologic malignancies. Translating the success of this therapy to solid tumors is challenging. In this issue, we discuss strategies potentially useful to increase the chimeric antigen receptor T-cell efficacy in this clinical indication. See related article by Fischer-Riepe et al., p. 3564.
Asunto(s)
Inmunoterapia Adoptiva , Neoplasias , Receptores Quiméricos de Antígenos , Linfocitos T , Humanos , Receptores Quiméricos de Antígenos/inmunología , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva/métodos , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Neoplasias/inmunología , Neoplasias/terapia , Gangliósidos/inmunología , Antígenos de Neoplasias/inmunología , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hematológicas/terapia , Neoplasias Hematológicas/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Anti-ganglioside antibodies (anti-Gg Abs) have been linked to delayed/poor clinical recovery in both axonal and demyelinating forms of Guillain-Barrè Syndrome (GBS). In many instances, the incomplete recovery is attributed to the peripheral nervous system's failure to regenerate. The cross-linking of cell surface gangliosides by anti-Gg Abs triggers inhibition of nerve repair in both in vitro and in vivo axon regeneration paradigms. This mechanism involves the activation of the small GTPase RhoA, which negatively modulates the growth cone cytoskeleton. At present, the identity/es of the receptor/s responsible for transducing the signal that ultimately leads to RhoA activation remains poorly understood. The aim of this work was to identify the transducer molecule responsible for the inhibitory effect of anti-Gg Abs on nerve repair. Putative candidate molecules were identified through proteomic mass spectrometry of ganglioside affinity-captured proteins from rat cerebellar granule neurons (Prendergast et al., 2014). These candidates were evaluated using an in vitro model of neurite outgrowth with primary cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGn) and an in vivo model of axon regeneration. Using an shRNA-strategy to silence putative candidates on DRGn, we identified tumor necrosis factor receptor 1A protein (TNFR1A) as a transducer molecule for the inhibitory effect on neurite outgrowth from rat/mouse DRGn cultures of a well characterized mAb targeting the related gangliosides GD1a and GT1b. Interestingly, lack of TNFr1A expression on DRGn abolished the inhibitory effect on neurite outgrowth caused by anti-GD1a but not anti-GT1b specific mAbs, suggesting specificity of GD1a/transducer signaling. Similar results were obtained using primary DRGn cultures from TNFR1a-null mice, which did not activate RhoA after exposure to anti-GD1a mAbs. Generation of single point mutants at the stalk region of TNFR1A identified a critical amino acid for transducing GD1a signaling, suggesting a direct interaction. Finally, passive immunization with an anti-GD1a/GT1b mAb in an in vivo model of axon regeneration exhibited reduced inhibitory activity in TNFR1a-null mice compared to wild type mice. In conclusion, these findings identify TNFR1A as a novel transducer receptor for the inhibitory effect exerted by anti-GD1a Abs on nerve repair, representing a significant step forward toward understanding the factors contributing to poor clinical recovery in GBS associated with anti-Gg Abs.
Asunto(s)
Axones , Gangliósidos , Inmunoglobulina G , Regeneración Nerviosa , Receptores Tipo I de Factores de Necrosis Tumoral , Proteína de Unión al GTP rhoA , Animales , Ratones , Ratas , Axones/metabolismo , Axones/inmunología , Células Cultivadas , Gangliósidos/metabolismo , Gangliósidos/inmunología , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/inmunología , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/metabolismo , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/patología , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/metabolismo , Inmunoglobulina G/farmacología , Ratones Noqueados , Receptores Tipo I de Factores de Necrosis Tumoral/metabolismo , Receptores Tipo I de Factores de Necrosis Tumoral/inmunología , Proteína de Unión al GTP rhoA/metabolismo , Proteína de Unión al GTP rhoA/inmunología , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Ganglioside glycans are ubiquitous and complex biomolecules that are involved in a wide range of biological functions and disease processes. Variations in sialylation and sulfation render the structural complexity and diversity of ganglioside glycans, and influence protein-carbohydrate interactions. Structural and functional insights into the biological roles of these glycans are impeded due to the limited accessibility of well-defined structures. Here we report an integrated chemoenzymatic strategy for expeditious and systematic synthesis of a comprehensive 65-membered ganglioside glycan library covering all possible patterns of sulfation and sialylation. This strategy relies on the streamlined modular assembly of three common sialylated precursors by highly stereoselective iterative sialylation, modular site-specific sulfation through flexible orthogonal protecting-group manipulations and enzymatic-catalysed diversification using three sialyltransferase modules and a galactosidase module. These diverse ganglioside glycans enable exploration into their structure-function relationships using high-throughput glycan microarray technology, which reveals that different patterns of sulfation and sialylation on these glycans mediate their unique binding specificities.
Asunto(s)
Gangliósidos , Polisacáridos , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/metabolismo , Gangliósidos/química , Gangliósidos/metabolismo , Sialiltransferasas/metabolismo , Sialiltransferasas/química , Sulfatos/química , Sulfatos/metabolismo , Glicómica/métodosRESUMEN
Gangliosides, sialic acid bearing glycosphingolipids, are components of the outer leaflet of plasma membranes of all vertebrate cells. They contribute to cell regulation by interacting with proteins in their own membranes (cis) or their extracellular milieu (trans). As amphipathic membrane constituents, gangliosides present challenges for identifying their ganglioside protein interactome. To meet these challenges, we synthesized bifunctional clickable photoaffinity gangliosides, delivered them to plasma membranes of cultured cells, then captured and identified their interactomes using proteomic mass spectrometry. Installing probes on ganglioside lipid and glycan moieties, we captured cis and trans ganglioside-protein interactions. Ganglioside interactomes varied with the ganglioside structure, cell type, and site of the probe (lipid or glycan). Gene ontology revealed that gangliosides engage with transmembrane transporters and cell adhesion proteins including integrins, cadherins, and laminins. The approach developed is applicable to other gangliosides and cell types, promising to provide insights into molecular and cellular regulation by gangliosides.
Asunto(s)
Química Clic , Gangliósidos , Gangliósidos/química , Gangliósidos/metabolismo , Humanos , Etiquetas de Fotoafinidad/química , Etiquetas de Fotoafinidad/síntesis química , Sondas Moleculares/química , Sondas Moleculares/síntesis química , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/químicaRESUMEN
Gangliosides represent glycolipids containing sialic acid residues, present on the cell membrane with glycan residues exposed to the extracellular matrix (ECM), while the ceramides are anchored within the membrane. These molecules play a critical role in pathophysiological processes such as host-pathogen interactions, cell-cell recognition, signal transduction, cell adhesion, motility, and immunomodulation. Accumulated evidence suggests the overexpression of gangliosides on tumor tissues in comparison to healthy human tissues. These tumor-associated gangliosides have been implicated in various facets of tumor biology, including cell motility, differentiation, signaling, immunosuppression, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Consequently, these entities emerge as attractive targets for immunotherapeutic interventions. Notably, the administration of antibodies targeting gangliosides has demonstrated cytotoxic effects on cancer cells that exhibit an overexpression of these glycolipids. Passive immunotherapy approaches utilizing murine or murine/human chimeric anti-ganglioside antibodies have been explored as potential treatments for diverse cancer types. Additionally, vaccination strategies employing tumor-associated gangliosides in conjunction with adjuvants have entered the realm of promising techniques currently undergoing clinical trials. The present comprehensive review encapsulates the multifaceted roles of gangliosides in tumor initiation, progression, immunosuppression, and metastasis. Further, an overview is provided of the correlation between the expression status of gangliosides in normal and tumor cells and its impact on cancer patient survival. Furthermore, the discussion extends to ongoing and completed clinical trials employing diverse strategies to target gangliosides, elucidating their effectiveness in treating cancers. This emerging discipline is expected to supply substantial impetus for the establishment of novel therapeutic strategies.
Asunto(s)
Gangliósidos , Inmunomodulación , Inmunoterapia , Neoplasias , Humanos , Gangliósidos/inmunología , Neoplasias/inmunología , Neoplasias/terapia , Animales , Inmunoterapia/métodosRESUMEN
Intranasal administration of total bovine brain gangliosides (6 mg/kg) to rats protected the CA1 hippocampal neurons from the death caused by two-vessel occlusion model (with hypotension) of forebrain ischemia/reperfusion injury. The immunohistochemical reaction of specific antibodies to marker proteins of activated microglia (Iba1) and astrocytes (GFAP) in hippocampal slices revealed the neuroprotective effect of exogenous gangliosides which can be mostly explained by their ability to suppress neuroinflammation and gliosis. The expression of neurotrophic factor BDNF in the CA1 region of hippocampus did not differ in sham-operated rats and animals exposed to ischemia/reperfusion. However, the administration of gangliosides increased the BDNF expression in both control and ischemic groups. The intranasal route of administration allows using lower concentrations of gangliosides preventing the death of hippocampal neurons.
Asunto(s)
Administración Intranasal , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo , Región CA1 Hipocampal , Gangliósidos , Neuronas , Fármacos Neuroprotectores , Daño por Reperfusión , Animales , Daño por Reperfusión/patología , Daño por Reperfusión/tratamiento farmacológico , Daño por Reperfusión/metabolismo , Gangliósidos/farmacología , Ratas , Masculino , Región CA1 Hipocampal/efectos de los fármacos , Región CA1 Hipocampal/patología , Región CA1 Hipocampal/metabolismo , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/metabolismo , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/metabolismo , Neuronas/patología , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/administración & dosificación , Ratas Wistar , Proteína Ácida Fibrilar de la Glía/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al Calcio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Isquemia Encefálica/tratamiento farmacológico , Isquemia Encefálica/patología , Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , Prosencéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Prosencéfalo/patología , Prosencéfalo/metabolismo , Astrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Astrocitos/metabolismo , Astrocitos/patología , Microglía/efectos de los fármacos , Microglía/metabolismo , Microglía/patología , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de EnfermedadRESUMEN
While much has been learned about sphingolipids, originally named for their sphinx-like enigmatic properties, there are still many unanswered questions about the possible effect(s) of the composition of ceramide on the synthesis and/or behavior of a glycosphingolipid (GSL). Over time, studies of their ceramide component, the sphingoid base containing the lipid moiety of GSLs, were frequently distinct from those performed to ascertain the roles of the carbohydrate moieties. Due to the number of classes of GSLs that can be derived from ceramide, this review focuses on the possible role(s) of ceramide in the synthesis/function of just one GSL class, derived from glucosylceramide (Glc-Cer), namely sialylated ganglio derivatives, initially characterized and named gangliosides (GGs) due to their presence in ganglion cells. While much is known about their synthesis and function, much is still being learned. For example, it is only within the last 15-20 years or so that the mechanism by which the fatty acyl component of ceramide affected its transport to different sites in the Golgi, where it is used for the synthesis of Glu- or galactosyl-Cer (Gal-Cer) and more complex GSLs, was defined. Still to be fully addressed are questions such as (1) whether ceramide composition affects the transport of partially glycosylated GSLs to sites where their carbohydrate chain can be elongated or affects the activity of glycosyl transferases catalyzing that elongation; (2) what controls the differences seen in the ceramide composition of GGs that have identical carbohydrate compositions but vary in that of their ceramide and vice versa; (3) how alterations in ceramide composition affect the function of membrane GGs; and (4) how this knowledge might be applied to the development of therapies for treating diseases that correlate with abnormal expression of GGs. The availability of an updatable data bank of complete structures for individual classes of GSLs found in normal tissues as well as those associated with disease would facilitate research in this area.
Asunto(s)
Ceramidas , Gangliósidos , Glicoesfingolípidos , Ceramidas/química , Ceramidas/metabolismo , Humanos , Animales , Gangliósidos/química , Gangliósidos/metabolismo , Glicoesfingolípidos/metabolismo , Glicoesfingolípidos/química , Esfingolípidos/metabolismo , Esfingolípidos/química , Glucosilceramidas/metabolismo , Glucosilceramidas/químicaRESUMEN
Tetanus disease, caused by C. tetani, starts with wounds or mucous layer contact. Prevented by vaccination, the lack of booster shots throughout life requires prophylactic treatment in case of accidents. The incidence of tetanus is high in underdeveloped countries, requiring the administration of antitetanus antibodies, usually derived from immunized horses or humans. Heterologous sera represent risks such as serum sickness. Human sera can carry unknown viruses. In the search for human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against TeNT (Tetanus Neurotoxin), we previously identified a panel of mAbs derived from B-cell sorting, selecting two nonrelated ones that binded to the C-terminal domain of TeNT (HCR/T), inhibiting its interaction with the cellular receptor ganglioside GT1b. Here, we present the results of cellular assays and molecular docking tools. TeNT internalization in neurons is prevented by more than 50% in neonatal rat spinal cord cells, determined by quantitative analysis of immunofluorescence punctate staining of Alexa Fluor 647 conjugated to TeNT. We also confirmed the mediator role of the Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein II (SV2) in TeNT endocytosis. The molecular docking assays to predict potential TeNT epitopes showed the binding of both antibodies to the HCR/T domain. A higher incidence was found between N1153 and W1297 when evaluating candidate residues for conformational epitope.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Monoclonales , Endocitosis , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Neuronas , Toxina Tetánica , Animales , Ratas , Neuronas/metabolismo , Humanos , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/inmunología , Toxina Tetánica/inmunología , Toxina Tetánica/metabolismo , Tétanos/prevención & control , Tétanos/inmunología , Epítopos/inmunología , Gangliósidos/inmunología , Gangliósidos/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Simulación por Computador , MetaloendopeptidasasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Acute bulbar palsy-plus (ABPp) syndrome is an unusual variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Anti-GT1a and anti-GQ1b antibodies have been reported in patients with ABPp, but without reports related to GD3 antibodies. METHODS: Clinical data of a patient diagnosed as ABPp syndrome were reviewed clinically. And we summarized the GBS patients with ABP and facial paralysis reported in the literature. RESULTS: We reported a 13-year-old girl presented with asymmetric bifacial weakness, bulbar palsy and transient limb numbness, and had positive serum IgG anti-GD3 antibody. Through reviewing the GBS patients with ABP and facial paralysis reported previously, we found that facial palsy could be unilateral or bilateral. The bilateral facial palsy could present successively or simultaneously, and could be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Other common symptoms included ophthalmoplegia, sensory abnormality and ataxia. IgG anti-GT1a and IgG anti-GQ1b antibodies were the most frequent. Most of the patients had full recovery within two weeks to one year of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: We reported a patient with asymmetric bifacial palsy and bulbar palsy, which seemed to fit the diagnosis of ABPp syndrome. This was the first report of ABPp variant of GBS with positive serum ganglioside GD3 IgG antibody.
Asunto(s)
Gangliósidos , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré , Inmunoglobulina G , Humanos , Femenino , Gangliósidos/inmunología , Adolescente , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/inmunología , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Autoanticuerpos/sangreRESUMEN
Introduction: The effector function of T cells is regulated via immune checkpoints, activating or inhibiting the immune response. The BTLA-HVEM complex, the inhibitory immune checkpoint, may act as one of the tumor immune escape mechanisms. Therefore, interfering with the binding of these proteins can prove beneficial in cancer treatment. Our study focused on peptides interacting with HVEM at the same place as BTLA, thus disrupting the BTLA-HVEM interaction. These peptides' structure and amino acid sequences are based on the gD protein, the ligand of HVEM. Here, we investigated their immunomodulatory potential in melanoma patients. Methods: Flow cytometry analyses of activation, proliferation, and apoptosis of T cells from patients were performed. Additionally, we evaluated changes within the T cell memory compartment. Results: The most promising compound - Pep(2), increased the percentages of activated T cells and promoted their proliferation. Additionally, this peptide affected the proliferation rate and apoptosis of melanoma cell line in co-culture with T cells. Discussion: We conclude that the examined peptide may act as a booster for the immune system. Moreover, the adjuvant and activating properties of the gD-derived peptide could be used in a combinatory therapy with currently used ICI-based treatment. Our studies also demonstrate that even slight differences in the amino acid sequence of peptides and any changes in the position of the disulfide bond can strongly affect the immunomodulatory properties of compounds.