RESUMEN
The fungus Microdochium albescens can interfere in the germination of seeds and in the death of rice seedlings; however, there is not technical indication for its control by seed treatment. This research evaluated the efficiency of fungicides in the treatment of pre-germinated and dryland rice seeds in the control of M. albescens. Seeds of the cultivars, Epagri 109, SCS116 Satoru, SCS121 CL and SCS122 Miura were treated with the following fungicides (g a.i./100 kg of seeds): fluazinam + thiophanate methyl (9.45 + 63), pyraclostrobin + thiophanate methyl (5 + 45), carboxin + thiram (60 + 60), metalaxyl-M + thiabendazole + fludioxonil (3 + 22.5 + 3.75), carbendazim + thiram (45 + 105), carbendazim (45). Seeds without fungicide treatment constituted the control. The treated seeds were sown in potato-sucrose-agar (PSA) culture medium and incubated at 25 ± 2 °C and photoperiod of 12 hours for 14 days. Treated seeds were also submitted to the germination test. Fluazinam + thiophanate methyl and metalaxyl-M + thiabendazole + fludioxonil showed greater control of M. albescens, not differing statistically between them, in the five cultivars and in the two cultivation systems. The tested fungicides provided seed germination above 90% in the four cultivars.
O fungo Microdochium albescens pode interferir na germinação de sementes e na emergência de plântulas de arroz, porém não há indicação técnica para seu controle via tratamento de semente. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de fungicidas em tratamento de sementes de arroz pré-germinado e sequeiro no controle de M. albescens. Sementes das cultivares Epagri 109, SCS116 Satoru, SCS121 CL e SCS122 Miura foram tratadas com os seguintes fungicidas (g i.a./100 kg de sementes): fluazinam + tiofanato metílico (9,45 + 63), piraclostrobina + tiofanato metílico (5 + 45), carboxina + tiram (60 + 60), metalaxil-M + tiabendazol + fludioxonil (3 + 22,5 + 3,75), carbendazim + tiram (45 + 105), carbendazim (45). Sementes sem tratamento com fungicida constituíram a testemunha. As sementes tratadas foram semeadas em meio de cultura de batata-sacarose-ágar (BSA) e incubadas a 25 ± 2°C e fotoperíodo de 12 horas por 14 dias. Sementes tratadas também foram submetidas ao teste de germinação. Fluazinam + tiofanato metílico e metalaxil-M + tiabendazol + fludioxonil apresentaram maior controle de M. albescens, não diferindo estatisticamente entre si, nas cinco cultivares e nos dois sistemas de cultivo. Contudo, os fungicidas testados proporcionaram germinação das sementes superior a 90% nas quatro cultivares.
Asunto(s)
Oryza , Semillas/efectos de los fármacos , Hongos , Fungicidas Industriales/efectos adversos , Técnicas In VitroRESUMEN
Abstract The unconscious use of pesticides causes various adverse effects on non-target organisms, including humans. Enzymes that control metabolism become the target of the pesticide and the organs are damaged due to toxic effects. Glutathione s-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18), an important enzyme of the detoxification mechanism and antioxidant defense system, can be affected by such toxic substances. Therefore, the effect of fenarimol on GST enzyme activity was investigated in our study. For this, 200 mg/kg fenarimol was administered intraperitoneally to male and female rats at different periods (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 72 hours). After application, GST enzyme activity was analysed in the liver, kidney, brain and small intestine tissues of the rats. According to our results, activation (liver, kidney, small intestine) or inhibition (brain) of the generally GST enzyme was observed in the tissues of rats exposed to fenarimol. It is thought that the increase and/or decrease in this enzyme activity may be the cause of the toxic effect of fenarimol.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Ratas , Plaguicidas/efectos adversos , Gutatión-S-Transferasa pi , Activación Enzimática , Fungicidas Industriales/efectos adversosRESUMEN
We showed the results of the first long-term analysis (1987-2019) of pesticide (herbicides, fungicides and insecticides) impact in the Rolling Pampa, one of the main agricultural areas of Argentina. Using a clear and meaningful tool, based not only on acute toxicity but also on scaling up the results to total sown area, we identified time trends for both pesticide impact and the ecoefficiency of modal pesticide profiles. By the end of the time series, soybean showed a pesticide impact four times greater than maize crop in the studied area. However, the time trend in the subperiod (2012-2019) showed a sustainable pattern of pesticide use in soybean crop, with an improvement in its ecoefficiency. Oppositely, maize showed a relatively constant ecoefficiency value during most of the time series, suggesting a possible path towards an unsustainable cropping system. Findings from this study suggest that some efforts have to be made to improve the pest management decisions towards a more efficient pesticide profiles in maize crop and to keep improving the ecotoxicity pesticide profile in soybean crops because of its large sown area in the studied area.
Asunto(s)
Productos Agrícolas/efectos de los fármacos , Plaguicidas/efectos adversos , Agricultura/métodos , Argentina , Ecotoxicología/métodos , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Fungicidas Industriales/efectos adversos , Herbicidas/efectos adversos , Insecticidas/efectos adversos , Control de Plagas/métodos , Glycine max/efectos de los fármacos , Zea mays/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Understanding the effect of pesticides on the survival of honeybee colonies is important because these pollinators are reportedly declining globally. In the present study, we examined the changes in the head proteome of nurse honeybees exposed to individual and combined pesticides (the fungicide pyraclostrobin and the insecticide fipronil) at field-relevant doses (850 and 2.5 ppb, respectively). The head proteomes of bees exposed to pesticides were compared with those of bees that were not exposed, and proteins with differences in expression were identified by mass spectrometry. The exposure of nurse bees to pesticides reduced the expression of four of the major royal jelly proteins (MRJP1, MRJP2, MRJP4, and MRJP5) and also several proteins associated with carbohydrate metabolism and energy synthesis, the antioxidant system, detoxification, biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, transcription and translation, protein folding and binding, olfaction, and learning and memory. Overall, when pyraclostrobin and fipronil were combined, the changes in protein expression were exacerbated. Our results demonstrate that vital proteins and metabolic processes are impaired in nurse honeybees exposed to pesticides in doses close to those experienced by these insects in the field, increasing their susceptibility to stressors and affecting the nutrition and maintenance of both managed and natural colonies.
Asunto(s)
Abejas/metabolismo , Plaguicidas/efectos adversos , Proteoma/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Abejas/efectos de los fármacos , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Fungicidas Industriales/efectos adversos , Proteínas de Insectos/metabolismo , Insecticidas/efectos adversos , Proteoma/metabolismo , Proteómica/métodos , Pirazoles/efectos adversos , Estrobilurinas/efectos adversosRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar fungicide application on the chemical characteristics and in situ digestibility of forage and silage in forage maize hybrids with different grain textures in two sowing seasons. A randomized complete block design was used with four replications, in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement, 4 hybrids, with and without foliar fungicide application, in two sowing seasons. The hybrids used were DKB240PRO, AS1572PRO, 32R48YH and AG8690PRO3. Data were tested by analysis of variance; the means were compared by Tukeys test at 5% probability and two non orthogonal contrasts were performed. The application of fungicide on forage maize hybrids reduced the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), soft dough stage and in the silage produced. The sowing season in December negatively influenced the chemical parameters of forage maize hybrids, compared to sowing in October. Hybrids with highly vitreous endosperm presented the highest contents of NDF and ADF, soft dough stage and in the silage produced. The application of fungicide (trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole) at the V8 and R1 stages positively influenced in situ digestibility soft dough stage and in the silage produced, depending of the sowing season.
O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação foliar de fungicida sobre as características bromatológicas e digestibilidade in situ de forragem e silagem em híbridos de milho forrageiro com diferentes texturas de grãos em duas épocas de semeadura. O delineamento foi blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial4x2, 4 híbridos, sem e com aplicação de fungicida, em duas épocas de semeadura. Os híbridos utilizados foram DKB240PRO, AS1572PRO, 32R48YH e AG8690PRO3. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância, as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey e realizados dois contrastes não ortogonais. A aplicação de fungicida em híbridos de milho forrageiros reduziu os teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) obtidos no ponto de forragem e na silagem produzida. A época de semeadura em dezembro influenciou negativamente os parâmetros bromatológicos de híbridos de milho forrageiros, em comparação com a semeadura em outubro. Os híbridos de endosperma de alta vitreosidade obtiveram os maiores teores de FDN e FDA, no ponto de forragem e na silagem produzida. A aplicação de fungicida (trifloxostrobina + protioconazol) em V8e R1 influenciou positivamente a digestibilidade in situ no ponto de forragem e na silagem produzida, independente da época de semeadura.
Asunto(s)
Fungicidas Industriales/administración & dosificación , Fungicidas Industriales/efectos adversos , Ensilaje/análisis , Ensilaje/toxicidad , Zea mays/efectos de los fármacos , Zea mays/química , Zea mays/toxicidadRESUMEN
The objective of the study was to evaluate the chemical parameters and the ruminal disappearance of dry matter of forage from the rye Secale cereale, cv. Temprano managed in different harvest regimes at the vegetative stage, with or without application of a fungicide based on Fluxapyroxade + Piraclostrobin at the pre-flowering stage. This was a randomized block experimental design and the treatments consisted of evaluating the forage harvested at floury grain stage, as follow, SCSF: no cut at the vegetative stage, no application of fungicide; SCCF: no cut at the vegetative stage with fungicide application; UCSF: one cut at the vegetative stage, no application of fungicide; UCCF: one cut with fungicide application; DCSF: two cuts at the vegetative stage, no fungicide application; DCCF: two cuts with fungicide application. In general, one cut at the vegetative stage and a subsequent cut for ensiling at floury grain stage was the best system used in cv. Temprano, based on the chemical parameters and ruminal disappearance. This system provided a better composition of fiber carbohydrates with lower contents of Acid Detergent Fiber (41.55%) and Lignin (10.79%) after cutting and resulted in a better disappearance rate of dry matter at the rumen level (0.46 %) per hour of exposure, highlighting the cut at the vegetative stage that produced a material with 20.76% Crude Protein and 52.69% Neutral Detergent showing its nutritional quality for use in grazing land or as haylage. The application of fungicide provided significant improvements in the contents of crude protein (8.24% vs 7.23%) and mineral matter (3.02% vs 2.82%) of the plant at the time of ensiling, which generated better dry matter disappearance rates in the rumen.(AU)
O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros bromatológicos e o desaparecimento ruminal da matéria seca da foragem de centeio Secale cereale, cv. Temprano manejado em diferentes regimes de cortes no estádio vegetativo, com ou sem aplicação de fungicida a base de Fluxapiroxade + Piraclostrobina no estádio de pré-florescimento. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso e os tratamentos constaram da avaliação das forragens colhidas no estádio de grão farináceo, sendo SCSF: sem corte no vegetativo e sem aplicação de fungicida; SCCF: sem corte no vegetativo com aplicação de fungicida; UCSF: um corte no vegetativo sem aplicação de fungicida; UCCF: um corte com aplicação de fungicida; DCSF: dois cortes no vegetativo sem aplicação de fungicida; DCCF: dois cortes com aplicação de fungicida. De maneira geral, a realização de um corte no estádio vegetativo e posterior corte para ensilagem no estádio de grão farináceo foi o melhor sistema empregado no centeio cv. Temprano com base nos parâmetros de bromatologia e desaparecimento ruminal. Esse sistema proporcionou melhor composição dos carboidratos fibrosos com menores teores de Fibra em Detergente Ácido (41,55%) e Lignina (10,79%) após o corte e gerou melhor taxa de desaparecimento ruminal da matéria seca a nível ruminal (0,46%) por hora de exposição, ressaltando ainda o corte do vegetativo que produziu um material com 20,76% de Proteína Bruta, Fibra em detergente neutro de 52,69% evidenciando a sua qualidade nutricional para uso em pastejo ou como silagem pré-secada. O uso do fungicida proporcionou melhoras significativas nos teores de proteína bruta (8,24% vs 7,23%) e matéria mineral (3,02% vs 2,82%) da planta no momento da ensilagem, o que gerou melhores índices de desaparecimento da matéria seca no rúmen.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Secale/química , Ensilaje , Análisis de los Alimentos , Estrobilurinas/química , Fungicidas Industriales/efectos adversosRESUMEN
The present study evaluated the fermentation, chemical characteristics and ruminal disappearance of dry matter of silages of rye cv. Temprano harvested at the stage of floury grain, managed with or without cutting at the vegetative stage and with or without application of Fluxapyroxad + Pyraclostrobinbased fungicide at the pre-flowering phenological stage. This was a 2x2 factorial randomized block experimental design, with 2 cutting regimes (0 and 1 cut) and 2 application management (with and without fungicide), with six replications, where each repetition is represented by a plot of 9.45m², with the treatments SC-SF: without cut at the vegetative stage and without fungicide application; SC-CF: without cut at the vegetative stage with fungicide application; UC-SF: a cut at the vegetative stage with pre-flowering fungicide application; UC-CF: a cut at the vegetative stage and without fungicide application. UC-CF silages were better in the general context, due to the better fiber composition with an average 6.75% reduction in neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber and a 17.10% reduction in lignin content, but, due to its higher DM content, it presented a less efficient fermentation process in terms of organic acid concentration and aerobic stability. However, it did not change the DM losses or ruminal degradability, and there is also the use of DM harvested at the vegetative stage that certainly has a superior quality. The use of fungicide provided only better dry matter index and better fiber composition and improved the fermentation process resulting in lower DM losses without altering the aerobic stability of silages.(AU)
Objetivou-se avaliar as características fermentativas, bromatológicas e o desaparecimento ruminal da matéria seca das silagens de Centeio cv. Temprano colhidas no estádio de grão farináceo, manejado com ou sem corte no estádio vegetativo e com ou sem aplicação de fungicida a base de Fluxapiroxade + Piraclostrobina no estádio fenológico de pré-florescimento. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2x2, sendo 2 regimes de cortes (0 e 1 corte) e 2 manejos de aplicação (com e sem fungicida), com seis repetições, onde cada repetição é representada por uma parcela de 9,45m², sendo os tratamentos SC-SF: sem corte no vegetativo e sem aplicação de fungicida; SC-CF: sem corte no vegetativo com aplicação de fungicida; UC-SF: um corte no vegetativo com aplicação de fungicida no pré-florescimento; UC-CF: um corte no vegetativo e sem aplicação de fungicida; As silagens do tratamento UC-CF apresentaram-se melhores no contexto geral, devido a melhor composição da fibra com redução de 6,75% em média nos teores de fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido e uma redução de 17,10% nos teores de lignina, no entanto devido ao seu maior teor de MS apresentou um processo fermentativo menos eficiente em termos de concentração de ácidos orgânicos e de estabilidade aeróbia, porém, o mesmo não alterou as perdas de MS nem degradabilidade ruminal, atribuído a isso ainda tem-se o aproveitamento da MS colhida no estádio vegetativo que tem certamente uma qualidade superior. A utilização de fungicida proporcionou apenas melhores índices de matéria seca e melhor composição da fibra e, melhorou o processo fermentativo gerando menores perdas de MS sem alterar a estabilidade aeróbica das silagens.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Ensilaje , Fungicidas Industriales/efectos adversos , Secale/química , Análisis de los Alimentos , Estrobilurinas/efectos adversosRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar fungicide application on the chemical characteristics and in situ digestibility of forage and silage in forage maize hybrids with different grain textures in two sowing seasons. A randomized complete block design was used with four replications, in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement, 4 hybrids, with and without foliar fungicide application, in two sowing seasons. The hybrids used were DKB240PRO, AS1572PRO, 32R48YH and AG8690PRO3. Data were tested by analysis of variance; the means were compared by Tukeys test at 5% probability and two non orthogonal contrasts were performed. The application of fungicide on forage maize hybrids reduced the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), soft dough stage and in the silage produced. The sowing season in December negatively influenced the chemical parameters of forage maize hybrids, compared to sowing in October. Hybrids with highly vitreous endosperm presented the highest contents of NDF and ADF, soft dough stage and in the silage produced. The application of fungicide (trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole) at the V8 and R1 stages positively influenced in situ digestibility soft dough stage and in the silage produced, depending of the sowing season.(AU)
O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação foliar de fungicida sobre as características bromatológicas e digestibilidade in situ de forragem e silagem em híbridos de milho forrageiro com diferentes texturas de grãos em duas épocas de semeadura. O delineamento foi blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial4x2, 4 híbridos, sem e com aplicação de fungicida, em duas épocas de semeadura. Os híbridos utilizados foram DKB240PRO, AS1572PRO, 32R48YH e AG8690PRO3. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância, as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey e realizados dois contrastes não ortogonais. A aplicação de fungicida em híbridos de milho forrageiros reduziu os teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) obtidos no ponto de forragem e na silagem produzida. A época de semeadura em dezembro influenciou negativamente os parâmetros bromatológicos de híbridos de milho forrageiros, em comparação com a semeadura em outubro. Os híbridos de endosperma de alta vitreosidade obtiveram os maiores teores de FDN e FDA, no ponto de forragem e na silagem produzida. A aplicação de fungicida (trifloxostrobina + protioconazol) em V8e R1 influenciou positivamente a digestibilidade in situ no ponto de forragem e na silagem produzida, independente da época de semeadura.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Zea mays/efectos de los fármacos , Zea mays/química , Zea mays/toxicidad , Ensilaje/análisis , Ensilaje/toxicidad , Fungicidas Industriales/administración & dosificación , Fungicidas Industriales/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Chlorothalonil is a commonly used fungicide to control the karnal bunt caused by Tilletia indica Mitra in wheat production from the Yaqui Valley, Mexico. Here, the effect of Chlorothalonil on the growth of 132 bacterial strains associated with wheat rhizosphere from the Yaqui Valley was evaluated, as well as their ability to produce indoles. Thirty-three percent of the evaluated strains were inhibited by Chlorothalonil, being Bacillus and Paenibacillus the most inhibited genera, observing an inhibition >50% of their strains. In addition, 49% of the inhibited strains showed the ability to produce indoles (>5 µg/mL), where the genus Bacillus was the most abundant (80%). The remaining strains (67%) were tolerant to the evaluated fungicide, but only 37% of those showed the ability to produce indoles, which could be considered as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). These results showed that Chlorothalonil is not only an antifungal compound but also inhibits the growth of bacterial strains with the ability to produce indoles. Thus, the intensive application of fungicides to agro-systems needs more validation in order to develop sustainable agricultural practices for food production.
Asunto(s)
Bacillus/efectos de los fármacos , Fungicidas Industriales/efectos adversos , Nitrilos/efectos adversos , Paenibacillus/efectos de los fármacos , Rizosfera , Bacillus/metabolismo , Bacillus/fisiología , Indoles/metabolismo , México , Paenibacillus/metabolismo , Paenibacillus/fisiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & control , Triticum/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Mancozeb (MZ), a manganese- and zinc-containing ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate, is a broad-spectrum fungicide. Harmful effects of this fungicide have been reported in nontarget organisms via a not fully understood mechanism. Drosophila melanogaster has provided remarkable contributions for toxicological studies. This work was aimed at evaluating the biochemical targets and implication of oxidative stress in MZ-mediated toxicity in drosophilas. Exposure of flies for fifteen days to MZ at 5 and 10 mg/mL through the diet impaired locomotor performance and induced fly mortality. In parallel, it caused lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and Mn overload. MZ inhibited superoxide dismutase and inducted catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities. Nitric oxide and reduced glutathione levels were significantly decreased by MZ. Heat shock proteins (HSP70 and HSP83) and Nrf2 mRNA levels were significantly augmented in MZ-exposed flies. Our study reinforced the use of Drosophila melanogaster as a reliable model for the study of biochemical targets of pesticides, and based on our data, MZ induced oxidative damage and Mn accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner. An adaptative cellular state was inducted by the lower concentration of pesticide, possibly contributing to the slighter damage observed.
Asunto(s)
Fungicidas Industriales/efectos adversos , Proteínas HSP70 de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Maneb/efectos adversos , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Zineb/efectos adversos , Animales , Drosophila melanogaster , RatasRESUMEN
Silkworm cocoon production has been reduced due to a number of problems other than those inherent in sericulture, such as diseases, malnutrition, and inappropriate management. The use of pesticides in areas surrounding mulberry fields can contaminate these plants and consequently harm caterpillars. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the application of the fungicide pyraclostrobin in mulberry plants interferes with the mitochondrial bioenergetics and the productive performance of silkworms. Mulberry plants were treated with pyraclostrobin (0, 100, 200, and 300 g ha-1). After 30 d of fungicide application, fifth instar caterpillars were fed with leaves from the treated plants. We evaluated in vitro and in vivo mitochondrial bioenergetics of mitochondria from the head and intestines, as well as the feed intake and mortality rate of the caterpillars and the weight of fresh cocoons and cocoons shells. At doses of 50 µM (in vitro) and 200 g ha-1 (in vivo), pyraclostrobin inhibited oxygen consumption in state 3, dissipated membrane potential, and inhibited ATP synthesis in mitochondria. Pyraclostrobin acted as a respiratory chain inhibitor, affecting mitochondrial bioenergetics. The fungicide did not interfere with food consumption but negatively affected mortality rate and weight of cocoons. Mulberry leaves contaminated with pyraclostrobin negatively impact the mitochondrial bioenergetics of silkworms and cocoon production.
Asunto(s)
Bombyx/crecimiento & desarrollo , Fungicidas Industriales/efectos adversos , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Estrobilurinas/efectos adversos , Animales , Bombyx/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Metabolismo Energético/efectos de los fármacos , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Larva/crecimiento & desarrollo , Mitocondrias/efectos de los fármacos , Morus/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The objective of the present work was to develop strategies for increasing the shelf-life of red raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.), by preventing microorganism growth. RESULTS: Fruits coated with alginate plus lemon essential oil (0.2%) or orange essential oil (0.1%) after 15 days of storage had less red skin than the remaining samples. The less red color verified in these samples was also coincident with the lower concentration of anthocyanins at the end of the experiment as well as the lower capacity for scavenging ABTS free radicals or quenching singlet oxygen. Cyanidin and pelargonidin glucosides were found in raspberries fruits. The edible coatings supplemented with the essential oil of orange either at 0.1% or 0.2% were very efficient for controlling yeast and mold growth after 15 days of storage. To control the development of aerobic mesophilic bacteria the use of essential oil of lemon 0.2% and essential oil of orange 0.1% were the most efficient. CONCLUSION: The application of the film improved post-harvest quality of raspberry, since the addition of essential oils of citrus films promoted to the inhibitory effect of fungi and bacteria growth after 15 days of storage, without changing quality parameters. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Asunto(s)
Citrus/química , Conservantes de Alimentos/química , Calidad de los Alimentos , Almacenamiento de Alimentos , Frutas/química , Aceites Volátiles/química , Rubus/química , Alginatos/química , Antocianinas/análisis , Antocianinas/química , Antibacterianos/efectos adversos , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/metabolismo , Brasil , Conservantes de Alimentos/efectos adversos , Conservantes de Alimentos/metabolismo , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/análisis , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/química , Frutas/microbiología , Hongos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hongos/aislamiento & purificación , Fungicidas Industriales/efectos adversos , Fungicidas Industriales/química , Fungicidas Industriales/metabolismo , Ácido Glucurónico/química , Bacterias Aerobias Gramnegativas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bacterias Aerobias Gramnegativas/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias Grampositivas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bacterias Grampositivas/aislamiento & purificación , Ácidos Hexurónicos/química , Humanos , Valor Nutritivo , Aceites Volátiles/efectos adversos , Aceites Volátiles/metabolismo , Pigmentos Biológicos/análisis , Pigmentos Biológicos/química , Análisis de Componente Principal , Rubus/microbiología , Propiedades de Superficie , Levaduras/crecimiento & desarrollo , Levaduras/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Para estabelecer o momento adequado da aplicação do fungicida no controle da ferrugem asiática (Phakospsora pachyrhizi) da soja, avaliou-se o estádio de aplicação do fungicida do grupo químico carboxamida + estrobirulina (ELATUS®), sob condições de campo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições. Cada bloco foi formado por quatro linhas de cinco metros de comprimento com área total de 9 m². Os tratamentos foram: T1 - uma aplicação no estádio V5; T2 - uma aplicação no estádio R1; T3 - uma aplicação no estádio R3; T4 - uma aplicação no estádio R5; T5 - duas aplicações, uma no estádio V5 e uma 21 dias após a primeira (DAA1); T6 - duas aplicações, uma no estádio R1 e uma a 21 DAA1; T7 - três aplicações; uma no estádio V5, a segunda 21 DAA1 e a terceira 21 DAA2 e T8 - Testemunha (controle). A partir dos estudos realizados foi avaliado o índice de severidade da doença, o número de plantas m-1, a massa de mil grãos e o rendimento de grãos. As médias observadas foram submetidas à análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Duncan (p ≤ 0,05). Os resultados obtidos mostraram diferenças significativas na severidade da doença, peso de mil grãos e no rendimento. Os tratamentos que apresentaram a menor severidade e maior rendimento de grãos foram T5 e T6 com duas aplicações no estádio V5 e 21 DAA e R1 e 21 DAA. Recomenda-se a aplicação do fungicida ELATUS® em duas vezes, sendo uma no estádio V5 e 21 dias após ou uma no estádio R1 e outra 21 dias após, procedimento esses que mostrou uma boa eficiência no controle do fungo e aumento no rendimento de grãos.
The purpose of this study was to establish the best moment for applying fungicide in the control of Asian rust (Phakospsora pachyrhizi) in soybean. In order to do so, the application stage of the fungicide from the carboxamide + strobirulin chemical group (ELATUS®) was assessed under field conditions. A randomized block experimental design with eight treatments and four replications was used. Each block was formed by four lines of five meters in length with a total area of 9 m². The treatments were: T1 - one application at the V5 stage; T2 - on application at the R1 stage; T3 - one application at the R3 stage; T4 - one application at the R5 stage; T5 - two applications, one at V5 and the other, 21 days after the 1st application (DAA1); T6 - two applications, one at R1 and the other at 21 DAA1; T7 - three applications: one at V5, the second 21 DAA1, and the third 21 DAA2; and T8 control. The disease severity index, number of plants m-1, the mass of one thousand grains and grain yield were assessed. The observed means were submitted to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's test (p ≤ 0.05). The results showed significant differences in disease severity, weight of a thousand grains, and yield. The treatments with the lowest severity and highest grain yield were T5 and T6 with two applications at V5 and 21 DAA, and R1 and 21 DAA, respectively. ELATUS® is recommended to be applied twice, one at V5 and the second application 21 days after the first one, or one at R1 and the other 21 days after it, which presented good efficiency in fungus control and an increase in grain yield.
Para determinar el momento apropiado de la aplicación de fungicidas en el control de la oxidación asiática (Phakospsora pachyrhizi) de la soya, se evaluó la etapa de aplicación de fungicidas del grupo químico carboxamida + estrobirulina (ELATUS®), en condiciones de campo. El diseño experimental fue de bloques al azar con ocho tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Cada bloque estaba formado por cuatro filas de cinco metros de largo con una superficie total de 9 m². Los tratamientos fueron: T1 - una aplicación en la etapa V5; T2 - una aplicación en la etapa R1; T3 - una aplicación en la etapa R3; T4 - una aplicación en la etapa R5; T5 - dos aplicaciones, una en la fase V5 y otra 21 días después de la primera (DAA1); T6 - dos aplicaciones, una en la fase de R1 y otra 21 DAA1; T7 - tres aplicaciones; uno en el estadio V5, la segunda 21 DAA1, y la tercera 21 DAA2 y T8 Testigo (control). A partir de los estudios realizados se evaluó el índice de gravedad de la enfermedad, el número de plantas m-1, peso de mil granos y el rendimiento de granos. Los resultados obtenidos han sido sometidos al análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y a la prueba de Duncan (p ≤ 0,05). Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas en la gravedad de la enfermedad, peso de mil granos y en el rendimiento. Los tratamientos que presentaron menor gravedad y el más alto rendimiento de granos fueron T5 y T6 con dos aplicaciones a la etapa V5, 21 DAA, R1 y 21 DAA. Se recomienda la aplicación del fungicida ELATUS® dos veces, una en la fase V5 y 21 días después, o una en la etapa R1 y otra después de 21 días, procedimiento esos que mostraron una buena eficiencia en el control de hongos y aumento del rendimiento de granos.
Asunto(s)
Aminoimidazol Carboxamida/síntesis química , Fungicidas Industriales/administración & dosificación , Fungicidas Industriales/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Para estabelecer o momento adequado da aplicação do fungicida no controle da ferrugem asiática (Phakospsora pachyrhizi) da soja, avaliou-se o estádio de aplicação do fungicida do grupo químico carboxamida + estrobirulina (ELATUS®), sob condições de campo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições. Cada bloco foi formado por quatro linhas de cinco metros de comprimento com área total de 9 m². Os tratamentos foram: T1 - uma aplicação no estádio V5; T2 - uma aplicação no estádio R1; T3 - uma aplicação no estádio R3; T4 - uma aplicação no estádio R5; T5 - duas aplicações, uma no estádio V5 e uma 21 dias após a primeira (DAA1); T6 - duas aplicações, uma no estádio R1 e uma a 21 DAA1; T7 - três aplicações; uma no estádio V5, a segunda 21 DAA1 e a terceira 21 DAA2 e T8 - Testemunha (controle). A partir dos estudos realizados foi avaliado o índice de severidade da doença, o número de plantas m-1, a massa de mil grãos e o rendimento de grãos. As médias observadas foram submetidas à análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Duncan (p ≤ 0,05). Os resultados obtidos mostraram diferenças significativas na severidade da doença, peso de mil grãos e no rendimento. Os tratamentos que apresentaram a menor severidade e maior rendimento de grãos foram T5 e T6 com duas aplicações no estádio V5 e 21 DAA e R1 e 21 DAA. Recomenda-se a aplicação do fungicida ELATUS® em duas vezes, sendo uma no estádio V5 e 21 dias após ou uma no estádio R1 e outra 21 dias após, procedimento esses que mostrou uma boa eficiência no controle do fungo e aumento no rendimento de grãos.(AU)
The purpose of this study was to establish the best moment for applying fungicide in the control of Asian rust (Phakospsora pachyrhizi) in soybean. In order to do so, the application stage of the fungicide from the carboxamide + strobirulin chemical group (ELATUS®) was assessed under field conditions. A randomized block experimental design with eight treatments and four replications was used. Each block was formed by four lines of five meters in length with a total area of 9 m². The treatments were: T1 - one application at the V5 stage; T2 - on application at the R1 stage; T3 - one application at the R3 stage; T4 - one application at the R5 stage; T5 - two applications, one at V5 and the other, 21 days after the 1st application (DAA1); T6 - two applications, one at R1 and the other at 21 DAA1; T7 - three applications: one at V5, the second 21 DAA1, and the third 21 DAA2; and T8 control. The disease severity index, number of plants m-1, the mass of one thousand grains and grain yield were assessed. The observed means were submitted to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's test (p ≤ 0.05). The results showed significant differences in disease severity, weight of a thousand grains, and yield. The treatments with the lowest severity and highest grain yield were T5 and T6 with two applications at V5 and 21 DAA, and R1 and 21 DAA, respectively. ELATUS® is recommended to be applied twice, one at V5 and the second application 21 days after the first one, or one at R1 and the other 21 days after it, which presented good efficiency in fungus control and an increase in grain yield.(AU)
Para determinar el momento apropiado de la aplicación de fungicidas en el control de la oxidación asiática (Phakospsora pachyrhizi) de la soya, se evaluó la etapa de aplicación de fungicidas del grupo químico carboxamida + estrobirulina (ELATUS®), en condiciones de campo. El diseño experimental fue de bloques al azar con ocho tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Cada bloque estaba formado por cuatro filas de cinco metros de largo con una superficie total de 9 m². Los tratamientos fueron: T1 - una aplicación en la etapa V5; T2 - una aplicación en la etapa R1; T3 - una aplicación en la etapa R3; T4 - una aplicación en la etapa R5; T5 - dos aplicaciones, una en la fase V5 y otra 21 días después de la primera (DAA1); T6 - dos aplicaciones, una en la fase de R1 y otra 21 DAA1; T7 - tres aplicaciones; uno en el estadio V5, la segunda 21 DAA1, y la tercera 21 DAA2 y T8 Testigo (control). A partir de los estudios realizados se evaluó el índice de gravedad de la enfermedad, el número de plantas m-1, peso de mil granos y el rendimiento de granos. Los resultados obtenidos han sido sometidos al análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y a la prueba de Duncan (p ≤ 0,05). Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas en la gravedad de la enfermedad, peso de mil granos y en el rendimiento. Los tratamientos que presentaron menor gravedad y el más alto rendimiento de granos fueron T5 y T6 con dos aplicaciones a la etapa V5, 21 DAA, R1 y 21 DAA. Se recomienda la aplicación del fungicida ELATUS® dos veces, una en la fase V5 y 21 días después, o una en la etapa R1 y otra después de 21 días, procedimiento esos que mostraron una buena eficiencia en el control de hongos y aumento del rendimiento de granos.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Fungicidas Industriales/administración & dosificación , Fungicidas Industriales/efectos adversos , Aminoimidazol CarboxamidaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mancozeb and its main metabolite ethylene thiourea (ETU) may alter thyroid function; thyroid hormones are essential for fetal brain development. In Costa Rica, mancozeb is aerially sprayed at large-scale banana plantations on a weekly basis. OBJECTIVES: Our goals were to evaluate urinary ETU concentrations in pregnant women living near large-scale banana plantations, compare their estimated daily intake (EDI) with established reference doses (RfDs), and identify factors that predict their urinary ETU concentrations. METHODS: We enrolled 451 pregnant women from Matina County, Costa Rica, which has large-scale banana production. We visited 445 women up to three times during pregnancy to obtain urine samples (n = 872) and information on factors that possibly influence exposure. We determined urinary ETU concentrations using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Pregnant women's median urinary ETU concentrations were more than five times higher than those reported for other general populations. Seventy-two percent of the women had EDIs above the RfD. Women who lived closest (1st quartile, < 48 m) to banana plantations on average had a 45% (95% CI: 23, 72%) higher urinary ETU compared with women who lived farthest away (4th quartile, ≥ 565 m). Compared with the other women, ETU was also higher in women who washed agricultural work clothes on the day before sampling (11%; 95% CI: 4.9, 17%), women who worked in agriculture during pregnancy (19%; 95% CI: 9.3, 29%), and immigrant women (6.2%; 95% CI: 1.0, 13%). CONCLUSIONS: The pregnant women's urinary ETU concentrations are of concern, and the principal source of exposure is likely to be aerial spraying of mancozeb. The factors predicting ETU provide insight into possibilities for exposure reduction.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos/efectos adversos , Etilenotiourea/análisis , Fungicidas Industriales/efectos adversos , Maneb/efectos adversos , Exposición Materna , Zineb/efectos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Agricultura , Costa Rica , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Femenino , Edad Gestacional , Humanos , Embarazo , Diagnóstico PrenatalRESUMEN
This study aimed to better elucidate reproductive and possible hormonal effects of the fungicide carbendazim (CBZ) through a review of published toxicological studies as well as an evaluation of this fungicide in the Hershberger and uterotrophic assays, which are designed to detect in vivo effects of the sex hormones. The literature review indicates that CBZ induces reproductive and developmental toxicity through alteration of many key events which are important to spermatogenesis. The lower dose of CBZ (100mg/kg) evaluated in the Hershberger test increased prostate weight compared to control group but did not alter the weight of other testosterone-dependent tissues. In the uterotrophic assay, CBZ did not induce an estrogenic or an antiestrogenic effect. In the literature, it has been reported that CBZ may: (1) alter the levels of various hormones (testosterone, LH, FSH, GnRH); (2) negatively influence testicular steroidogenesis; (3) have androgenic effects acting directly in the androgenic receptors and/or increasing the expression of androgen receptors. Despite the contradictory results reported by the different studies that investigated a possible endocrine mode of action of CBZ, it seems that this fungicide may influence the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis in addition to being a testicular toxicant.
Asunto(s)
Bencimidazoles/efectos adversos , Carbamatos/efectos adversos , Hormonas/metabolismo , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacos , Antagonistas de Andrógenos/efectos adversos , Animales , Femenino , Fungicidas Industriales/efectos adversos , Humanos , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Espermatogénesis/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
For the first time in Argentina, we describe an outbreak of contact dermatitis. New pairs of shoes caused intense pruritus, pain, and eruption, followed by edema, blisters, and a severe negative impact on the epidermal barrier of the feet. We identify dimethylfumarate as the causal agent and suggest an analytical method for its fast identification.
Asunto(s)
Dermatitis por Contacto/etiología , Pie/patología , Fumaratos/efectos adversos , Fungicidas Industriales/efectos adversos , Adulto , Animales , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Argentina , Vesícula/etiología , Vesícula/patología , Dermatitis por Contacto/patología , Dimetilfumarato , Epidemias , Eritema/patología , Femenino , Fungicidas Industriales/uso terapéutico , Gentamicinas/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Hipersensibilidad/diagnóstico , Miconazol/uso terapéutico , Pruebas del Parche , Prurito/patología , Conejos , ZapatosRESUMEN
An evaluation of the Potential Dermal Exposure of workers to endosulfan and procymidone at the mix/load and application stages was done in small floricultural production units in Argentina. Seven experiments were performed with different operators under typical greenhouse conditions, based on the whole body dosimetry methodology. These results indicate that the mean Potential Dermal Exposure of the application step was 45.0 ± 55.0 mL h(-1) with the highest proportion on torso, head, arms and hands. When the mix/load and application stages were compared, the first was found to contribute the most to the total exposure. Also, the Margin of Safety for the different operations was calculated, and a pesticide surrogate was developed and used to make comparative evaluations of hand exposure for different groups of operators. These results emphasize the importance of the mix/load stage in the exposure process.
Asunto(s)
Flores , Exposición Profesional/análisis , Plaguicidas/efectos adversos , Agricultura/métodos , Argentina , Compuestos Bicíclicos con Puentes/efectos adversos , Endosulfano/efectos adversos , Fungicidas Industriales/efectos adversos , Jardinería/métodos , Humanos , Insecticidas/efectos adversos , Exposición Profesional/prevención & control , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
Os ditiocarbamatos (EBDCs) são substâncias organosulfuradas empregadas na agricultura com ação fungicida. O risco toxicológico destas deve-se a seus dois maiores produtos de degradação: a etileno tiouréia (ETU) e a propilenotiouréia (PTU), suspeitos de serem bociogênicos, carcinogênicos e mutagênicos em ratos. No Brasil, existem registrados seis diferentes tipos de substâncias cujos princípios ativos são da classe química dos ditiocarbamatos, indicados para quarenta e um diferentes tipos de cultura. O uso é intenso, conforme reportado pelo programa gerenciado pela ANVISA, o PARA Programa Nacional de Análise de Resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos, que tem o objetivo de monitorar dados para atualização do risco de ingestão diária. A metodologia utilizada para o monitoramento dessas substâncias baseia-se na detecção fotométrica do dissulfeto de carbono (CS2), liberado na hidrólise ácida dos EBDCs contidos nos alimentos. O complexo cúprico amarelo formado é determinado espectrofotometricamente. Apesar da legislação especificar diferentes produtos ditiocarbamatos para diferentes culturas, contempla o seu limite máximo residual em CS2 para todos, não distinguindo as diferentes substâncias utilizadas.(...) Este trabalho mostra os resultados desta cultura de amostras comercializadas no Rio de Janeiro, provenientes dos estados do Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais e Bahia.(AU)
Dithiocarbamates, ethylene bisdithiocarbamates - EBDCs, are a class of fungicides extensively used in agriculture for protection of various crops. The toxicological significance of these compounds residues in food is related to the metabolite or its degradation product, ethylenethiourea - ETU and propylenethiourea - PTU, known to be gointerogenic, carcinogenic and teratotogenic in laboratory animals. There are six dithiocarbamates compounds indicated for forty-one different crops regulated in Brazil. Their use are intense as reported by National Program of Pesticides Residues Analysis in Food (PARA) from National Sanitary Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) that has the objective of check the risk assessment from chronic dietary exposure. The methodology most commonly used by monitoring these compound in food relies on the detection of CS2 generated after acid digestion of any dithiocarbamates present in the crop using spectrophotometry for detection of the yellow cupric complex formed. TheBrazilian Legislation has registered different dithiocarbamates for different crops but does not identify the origin of the CS2 detected so, in this manner, the maximum residue limits (MRL) are indicated as CS2. For papaya crop mancozed is permitted with MRL of 3,0 mg/kg as CS2. In this paper, we have showed preliminary results of evaluation of papaya from Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais and Bahia states that were bought in Rio de Janeiro city. Dithiocarbamates residues were detected, as CS2, in 70 % of samples under MRL permitted. The preliminaryresults gave evidence of the necessity of monitoring in other crops are needed to improve assessment the public health risk from crops treated with dithiocarbamates. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Residuos Tóxicos/análisis , Etilenobis(ditiocarbamatos) , Fungicidas Industriales/efectos adversos , Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Carica/toxicidad , Comercialización de Productos , BrasilRESUMEN
Os ditiocarbamatos (EBDCs) são substâncias organosulfuradas empregadas na agricultura com ação fungicida. O risco toxicológico destas deve-se a seus dois maiores produtos de degradação: a etileno tiouréia (ETU) e a propilenotiouréia (PTU), suspeitos de serem bociogênicos, carcinogênicos e mutagênicos em ratos. No Brasil, existem registrados seis diferentes tipos de substâncias cujos princípios ativos são da classe química dos ditiocarbamatos, indicados para quarenta e um diferentes tipos de cultura. O uso é intenso, conforme reportado pelo programa gerenciado pela ANVISA, o PARA Programa Nacional de Análise de Resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos, que tem o objetivo de monitorar dados para atualização do risco de ingestão diária. A metodologia utilizada para o monitoramento dessas substâncias baseia-se na detecção fotométrica do dissulfeto de carbono (CS2), liberado na hidrólise ácida dos EBDCs contidos nos alimentos. O complexo cúprico amarelo formado é determinado espectrofotometricamente. Apesar da legislação especificar diferentes produtos ditiocarbamatos para diferentes culturas, contempla o seu limite máximo residual em CS2 para todos, não distinguindo as diferentes substâncias utilizadas.(...) Este trabalho mostra os resultados desta cultura de amostras comercializadas no Rio de Janeiro, provenientes dos estados do Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais e Bahia.