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INTRODUÇÃO: Transposição de grandes artérias (DTGA) é caracterizada pela presença de discordância ventrículo arterial. Acorreção atual é realizada por meio de switch arterial ou cirurgia de Jatene. Nos casos operados no passado realizava-se procedimento paliativo de switch atrial (Senning ou Mustard). São procedimentos muito relacionados a arritmias atriais, principalmente flutter atrial (FLA) dependente do istmo cavotricuspídeo (ICT) e estão associados a manutenção do ventrículo direito (VD) sistêmico. Acombinação destes dois elementos leva a uma falência do VD sistêmico. Realizar o controle por meio de medicamentos aumenta consideravelmente a morbimortalidade. Assim, ablação pode significar saída viável para a melhora prognóstica. OBJETIVOS: descrever abordagem do ICTpor via retro aórtica em pacientes portadores de Senning associado a FLAe disfunção ventricular. DESCRIÇÃO: realizamos ablação em 2 pacientes portadores DTGA e cirurgia de Senning. Homens, 35 e 50 anos e FLA associado a piora da função ventricular e de classe funcional (CF). Devido aos riscos da punção transtúnel e a ausência de referências anatômicas, optou-se pelo acesso retroaórtico do VD. Para mapeamento do ICTfoi utilizado mapeamento convencional e eletroanatômico (MAPA) e ecocardiograma transesofágico (EcoTE). Construímos um mapa do túnel que direciona o fluxo das cavas para o VE por meio de acesso venoso femoral e/ou jugular utilizando cateteres decapolares. Cateter terapeutico 8mm foi introduzido no VD por via retroaórtica e utilizado para construção do mapa sistêmico. O MAPAdo ICTvia retroaórtico foi realizado com auxílio do EcoTE e radioscopia. Com o auxílio do EcoTE posicionamos o cateter de 8 mm na extremidade posterior do átrio sistêmico e construímos linha de bloqueio da extremidade em fundo cego com a cava inferior até a valva tricúspide com quebra da taquicardia. Seguimento de 8 anos e 1 ano não evidenciou novos episódios de FLA. CONCLUSÃO: 1) Arritmias atriais agravam a função ventricular em pacientes com VD sistêmico e Senning. 2) A ablação por via retroaórtica é uma opção para abordagem do ICT. 3) Ritmo sinusal e controle de FC melhoram CF e permitem postergar o transplante cardíaco via final comum desta condição.
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Humanos , Masculino , Disfunción Ventricular , Operación de Switch Arterial , Taquicardia , Válvula Tricúspide , Indicadores de Morbimortalidad , Función VentricularRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a valuable tool for interpreting ventricular repolarization. This article aims to broaden the diagnostic scope beyond the conventional ischemia-centric approach, integrating an understanding of pathophisiological influences on ST-T wave changes. METHODS: A review was conducted on the physiological underpinnings of ventricular repolarization and the pathophisiological processes that can change ECG patterns. The research encompassed primary repolarization abnormalities due to uniform variations in ventricular action potential, secondary changes from electrical or mechanical alterations, and non-ischemic conditions influencing ST-T segments. RESULTS: Primary T waves are characterized by symmetrical waves with broad bases and variable QT intervals, indicative of direct myocardial action potential modifications due to ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, and channelopathies. Secondary T waves are asymmetric and often unassociated with significant QT interval changes, suggesting depolarization alterations or changes in cardiac geometry and contractility. CONCLUSION: We advocate for a unified ECG analysis, recognizing primary and secondary ST-T changes, and their clinical implications. Our proposed analytical framework enhances the clinician's ability to discern a wide array of cardiac conditions, extending diagnostic accuracy beyond myocardial ischemia.
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Función VentricularRESUMEN
O choque circulatório é caracterizado por um estado de ineficiência da oferta de oxigênio tecidual e disfunção múltipla de órgãos. Necessita de diagnóstico e terapias rápidas e assertivas para redução de sua alta letalidade. O ecocardiograma já se estabeleceu como método fundamental no manejo do paciente com choque circulatório. Auxilia de forma crucial no diagnóstico etiológico, prognóstico, monitorização hemodinâmica e estimativa volêmica desses pacientes, tendo como potenciais vantagens a portabilidade, ausência de contraste ou radiação, baixo custo e avaliação em tempo real e de forma seriada. Em ambiente de UTI, demonstra alta correlação com formas invasivas (cateter de artéria pulmonar) e minimamente invasivas (termodiluição transpulmonar) de monitorização hemodinâmica. Atualmente, outras técnicas, como ultrassom pulmonar e VExUS score, têm se agregado à avaliação ecocardiográfica, tornando o método mais abrangente e acurado. Essas técnicas acrescentam dados relevantes na estimativa da volemia do paciente crítico, influenciando na decisão probabilística de fluidoresponsividade e agregando informações no raciocínio diagnóstico das causas do choque, otimizando o prognóstico desses pacientes. O point of care ultrasound (POCUS) tem como objetivo tornar mais acessível, ao médico não especialista em radiologia, habilidades para se obter informações a beira leito, por meio do ultrassom, que o ajudem na tomada de decisões. Esse artigo aborda as diversas aplicabilidades do ecocardiograma em pacientes com choque circulatório, incluindo avaliação prognóstica e diagnóstico etiológico por meio dos parâmetros encontrados nas principais causas de choque, além da monitorização hemodinâmica, avaliação de fluido-responsividade e utilização prática do ultrassom pulmonar.(AU)
Circulatory shock is characterized by a state of inefficient tissue oxygen supply and multiple organ dysfunction. Patients with circulatory shock require fast and assertive diagnosis and therapies to reduce its high lethality. Echocardiography has already been established as a fundamental method in managing patients with circulatory shock. It provides crucial assistance in etiological diagnosis, prognosis, hemodynamic monitoring, and volume estimation in these patients; its potential advantages include portability, absence of contrast or radiation, low cost, and real-time serial assessment. In the intensive care unit setting, it demonstrates a high correlation with invasive (pulmonary artery catheter) and minimally invasive (transpulmonary thermodilution) forms of hemodynamic monitoring. Currently, other techniques, such as pulmonary ultrasound and VExUS score, have been added to echocardiographic assessment, making the method more comprehensive and accurate. These techniques add relevant data to blood volume estimation in critical patients, influencing the probabilistic decision of fluid responsiveness and providing additional information in the diagnostic reasoning of the causes of shock, thus optimizing these patients' prognosis. Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) aims to make abilities to obtain information at the bedside more accessible to physicians who are not specialists in radiology, by means of ultrasound, which assists them in decision-making. This article addresses the diverse applications of echocardiography in patients with circulatory shock, including prognostic evaluation and etiological diagnosis by means of the parameters found in the main causes of shock, in addition to hemodynamic monitoring, evaluation of fluid responsiveness, and practical use of pulmonary ultrasound.(AU)
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Humanos , Choque Cardiogénico/complicaciones , Choque Cardiogénico/etiología , Choque Cardiogénico/diagnóstico por imagen , Función Ventricular/fisiología , Choque Cardiogénico/prevención & control , Volumen Sistólico/fisiología , Ecocardiografía/métodos , Técnicas de Imagen Cardíaca/métodos , Monitorización Hemodinámica/métodosRESUMEN
Introducción: es bien conocida la utilidad del strain global longitudinal (SGL) del ventrículo izquierdo (VI) en pacientes que reciben antineoplásicos. Estudios recientes sugieren una conducta similar del strain longitudinal de la pared libre (SLPL) del ventrículo derecho (VD), pero en la literatura aún existen muchas controversias que limitan su valoración, por lo que este estudio es un aporte a esta necesidad de practicidad. Objetivo: evaluar el comportamiento del SLPL del VD en los pacientes tratados con quimioterapia y/o radioterapia, y su correlación con el SGL del VI. Metodología: se aplicó un protocolo de recolección de datos que incluía variables demográficas y antecedentes de pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer, tratados con quimioterapia y/o radioterapia, que acudieron a realizarse un ecocardiograma con strain, desde noviembre 2020 a marzo 2021. El ecocardiograma se hizo acorde con los estándares de las guías de la Sociedad Americana de Ecocardiografía, que incluyera SGL del VI y el SLPL del VD. Los datos fueron analizados en programa SPSS. Resultados: de 90 pacientes, 6 excluidos para un total de 84 recopilados. 89 % mujeres, edad promedio 59 ±11 años, 73 % cáncer de mama. 54 % hipertensos, 27 % obesos, 23 % con dislipidemia, 19 % diabéticos y 11 % eran o fueron fumadores. 46 % había recibido quimioterapia y radioterapia concomitantes y el 48 % había recibido tratamiento hace más de un año. En hallazgos ecocardiográficos: fracción de eyección del VI (FE) promedio 64±7; sin embargo, 82 % tenía SGL del VI reducido (44 % menor a -15 %). De manera similar, el 74 % tenía reducción del SLPL del VD, pero solo el 15 % de la onda S del Doppler tisular del VD estaba anormal, 7 % del TAPSE estaba reducido y 6 % el cambio del área fraccional (CAF). El coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre el SGL del VI y el SLPL del VD fue de 0.463, con un valor de p <.001, indicando una significativa relación lineal positiva moderada. Conclusión: nuestro estudio sugiere que el SLPL del VD tiene un comportamiento similar al SGL del VI y es un mejor predictor de disfunción ventricular derecha, por encima de los parámetros convencionales. Por esta razón, debería incorporarse como una medida rutinaria en la evaluación ecocardiográfica de los pacientes que reciben terapias antineoplásicas.
Introduction: It is well known the usefulness of left ventricle (LV) longitudinal global strain (GLS) in patients receiving antineoplastic therapy. Recent studies suggested a similar behavior of the right ventricle (RV) free wall longitudinal strain (FWLS), but in the literature there are still many controversies that limit its evaluation, so this study is a contribution to this need for practicality. Objective: To assess the behavior and usefulness of RV FWLS in patients treated with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy and its correlation with the LV GLS. Method: A data collection protocol that included demographic variables and personal history was applied to patients diagnosed with cancer treated with chemotherapy and/ or radiotherapy who underwent an echocardiogram with strain from November 2020 to March 2021. The echocardiogram was performed accordingly with American Society of Echocardiography guidelines standards, including a LV GLS and a RV FWLS. The data was analyzed in the SPSS program. Results: Of 90 patients, 6 excluded for a total of 84 collected. 89% were women, mean age 59 ±11 years, 73% breast cancer. 54% had hypertension, 27% obesity, 23% dyslipidemia, 19% were diabetic and 11% are or use to be smokers. 46% had received concomitantly chemotherapy and radiotherapy and 48% were treated more than a year ago. In echocardiographic findings, mean LV ejection fraction (EF) was 64±7 %, however, 82% had reduced LV GLS (44% being less than -15%). Similarly, 74% of RV FWLS was reduced, but only 15% of the S wave of the RV by tissue Doppler was abnormal, 7% of TAPSE was reduced, and 6% of fractional area change (FAC). The Pearson correlation coefficient between LV GLS and RV FWLS was of 0.463 with a p value of <.001 indicating a significant moderate positive linear relationship. Conclusion: Our study suggests that RV FWLS has a similar behavior as LV GLS and is a better predictor of right ventricular dysfunction over conventional parameters. Whereby should be incorporated as a routine measurement in the echocardiographic evaluation of patients receiving antineoplastic therapy.
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Humanos , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Radioterapia , Función Ventricular , Quimioterapia , Tensión Longitudinal Global , PacientesRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Given the advances in diagnosis and clinicalsurgical therapies, congenital heart defects are increasing their prevalence in the adult population. Yet, there is still no consensus on the best way to follow up with these patients. Among the validated tools for monitoring patients with heart disease, the Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET) plays an important role. However, the use of this test for monitoring the population of Grown Up Congenital Heart (GUCH) still lacks studies. This study aimed to assess the correlation between ergospirometry variables and the severity of the GUCH population measured by echocardiographic aspects. METHODS: A retrospective cohort with 248 GUCH (Table 1) over 18 years old, was referred to CPET, from 2015 to 2021, in a tertiary hospital in the state of São Paulo. Patients were sequentially included, and those in functional class IV or with contraindications to CPET were excluded. Ergospirometry variables were analyzed in association with ventricular function - estimated by echocardiogram in the same period. RESULTS: Most patients were in functional class I and II (86.3%). In the echocardiographic findings, 40% had pulmonary hypertension and almost all had preserved left ventricle function. The CPET showed a median VO2 peak around 69% of predict. Other parameters are summarized in Table 2. CPET variables were able to stratify the severity of GUCH, mainly by pulmonary hypertension. Comparing CPET data and imaging diagnosis, VE/VCO2 slope> 32 and OUES <60% were related to the presence of pulmonary hypertension. CONCLUSION: The CPET is an important resource for prognostic and diagnostic definition in the evolution of GUCH patients.
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Prueba de Esfuerzo , Cardiopatías Congénitas , Hipertensión Pulmonar , Ejercicio Físico , Función VentricularRESUMEN
Strategies capable of attenuating TLR4 can attenuate metabolic processes such as inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and apoptosis in the body. Physical exercise has been a cornerstone in suppressing inflammation and dysmetabolic outcomes caused by TRL4 activation. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a chronic physical exercise protocol on the TLR4 expression and its repercussion in the inflammation, ER stress, and apoptosis pathways in mice hearts. Echocardiogram, RT-qPCR, immunoblotting, and histological techniques were used to evaluate the left ventricle of wild-type (WT) and Tlr4 knockout (TLR4 KO) mice submitted to a 4-week physical exercise protocol. Moreover, we performed a bioinformatics analysis to expand the relationship of Tlr4 mRNA in the heart with inflammation, ER stress, and apoptosis-related genes of several isogenic strains of BXD mice. The TLR4 KO mice had higher energy expenditure and heart rate in the control state but lower activation of apoptosis and ER stress pathways. The bioinformatics analysis reinforced these data. In the exercised state, the WT mice improved performance and cardiac function. However, these responses were blunted in the KO group. In conclusion, TLR4 has an essential role in the inhibition of apoptosis and ER stress pathways, as well as in the training-induced beneficial adaptations.
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Apoptosis/genética , Estrés del Retículo Endoplásmico/genética , Metabolismo Energético/genética , Ventrículos Cardíacos , Condicionamiento Físico Animal , Receptor Toll-Like 4/genética , Función Ventricular , Animales , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis/genética , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis/metabolismo , Ecocardiografía , Eliminación de Gen , Glucógeno/metabolismo , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Inflamación/genética , Inflamación/patología , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , ARN Mensajero/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate contractile function in single-ventricle patients before and after imposition of Fontan physiology. METHODS: Single right ventricle (SRV; n = 38) and single left ventricle (SLV; n = 11) patients underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging pre and post Fontan operation. Global radial strain (GRS), global circumferential strain (GCS), and global longitudinal strain were measured along with ejection fraction (EF) and atrioventricular valve regurgitation (AVVR). RESULTS: Age at cardiac magnetic resonance imaging before the Fontan operation was 3.1 ± 1.3 years and after the Fontan procedure was 5.8 ± 2.7 years. There were no significant EF differences between SRV and SLV patients before and after the Fontan procedure, and EF did not deteriorate significantly after the Fontan operation. GRS was significantly lower for SRV patients than for SLV patients before (24.3% vs 32.1%; P = .048) and after (21.8% vs 29.7%; P = .045) the Fontan procedure. GRS and GCS of the SRV patients deteriorated significantly after the Fontan operation (GRS, P = .01; GCS, P = .009). Strains showed positive correlations before and after the Fontan operation with positive correlations among each strain. Within all patients, strains correlated positively with EF. Strains and EF negatively correlated with AVVR (GRS P = .03, r = -0.22; GCS P = .03, r = -0.23; EF P < .001, r = -0.37). CONCLUSIONS: Strains were lower for SRV than for SLV patients before and after the Fontan operation and deteriorated after the Fontan operation. Our study suggests that strain measures might detect ventricular deterioration earlier than EF. Because strains before and after the Fontan operation were positively correlated, and negatively correlated with AVVR, the early institution of myocardial protective therapy including AVVR management, especially for SRV patients, might have benefit.
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Procedimiento de Fontan , Corazón Univentricular/fisiopatología , Corazón Univentricular/cirugía , Función Ventricular , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Volumen SistólicoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Chronic hemolysis is a hallmark of sickle cell disease (SCD) and a driver of vasculopathy; however, the mechanisms contributing to hemolysis remain incompletely understood. Although XO (xanthine oxidase) activity has been shown to be elevated in SCD, its role remains unknown. XO binds endothelium and generates oxidants as a byproduct of hypoxanthine and xanthine catabolism. We hypothesized that XO inhibition decreases oxidant production leading to less hemolysis. Approach and Results: Wild-type mice were bone marrow transplanted with control (AA) or sickle (SS) Townes bone marrow. After 12 weeks, mice were treated with 10 mg/kg per day of febuxostat (Uloric), Food and Drug Administration-approved XO inhibitor, for 10 weeks. Hematologic analysis demonstrated increased hematocrit, cellular hemoglobin, and red blood cells, with no change in reticulocyte percentage. Significant decreases in cell-free hemoglobin and increases in haptoglobin suggest XO inhibition decreased hemolysis. Myographic studies demonstrated improved pulmonary vascular dilation and blunted constriction, indicating improved pulmonary vasoreactivity, whereas pulmonary pressure and cardiac function were unaffected. The role of hepatic XO in SCD was evaluated by bone marrow transplanting hepatocyte-specific XO knockout mice with SS Townes bone marrow. However, hepatocyte-specific XO knockout, which results in >50% diminution in circulating XO, did not affect hemolysis levels or vascular function, suggesting hepatocyte-derived elevation of circulating XO is not the driver of hemolysis in SCD. CONCLUSIONS: Ten weeks of febuxostat treatment significantly decreased hemolysis and improved pulmonary vasoreactivity in a mouse model of SCD. Although hepatic XO accounts for >50% of circulating XO, it is not the source of XO driving hemolysis in SCD.
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Anemia de Células Falciformes/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Eritrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Febuxostat/farmacología , Hemodinámica/efectos de los fármacos , Hemólisis/efectos de los fármacos , Arteria Pulmonar/efectos de los fármacos , Xantina Oxidasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Anemia de Células Falciformes/sangre , Anemia de Células Falciformes/enzimología , Anemia de Células Falciformes/fisiopatología , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Eritrocitos/enzimología , Hígado/enzimología , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Arteria Pulmonar/enzimología , Arteria Pulmonar/fisiopatología , Función Ventricular/efectos de los fármacos , Xantina Oxidasa/genética , Xantina Oxidasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
INTRODUCCIÓN: El tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) es una causa frecuente de morbimortalidad cardiovascular y la trombolisis local asistida por ultrasonido (TLUS) constituye una alternativa de tratamiento validada para pacientes de riesgo intermedio. No existen reportes del uso de esta tecnología en el ámbito nacional. MÉTODOS: Análisis descriptivo, prospectivo, sobre una serie de pacientes con TEP agudo, de riesgo intermedio, tratados en forma percutánea con trombolisis local asistida por catéter de ultrasonido terapéutico (EKOSonic®). Se analiza la eficacia y seguridad del procedimiento mediante variables clínicas, hemodinámicas y radiológicas, así como desenlaces intra hospitalarios. Se reporta, además, el seguimiento a 30 días. RESULTADOS: Entre Junio de 2019 y Marzo de 2020, 4 pacientes con TEP de riesgo intermedio fueron tratados con esta técnica. El score PESI (Pulmonary Embolism severity Index) promedio era de 79,5 + 6,1. Dos pacientes requirieron la instalación de 2 catéteres para efectuar terapia bilateral. Se observó una reducción promedio en la presión sistólica de arteria pulmonar de 29% y en 3 de los 4 enfermos se logró revertir la dilatación ventricular derecha presente al ingreso. La carga trombótica se redujo en un 20% medido por score CTOI. No hubo complicaciones intraoperatorias ni intrahospitalarias asociadas a la intervención. CONCLUSIONES: En esta serie inicial, el uso de la trombolisis local con catéter de ultrasonido en pacientes con TEP de riesgo intermedio fue segura y efectiva. Los resultados perioperatorios y a 30 días fueron comparables a los descritos en experiencias internacionales; sin embargo, aún se requieren de estudios con mayor número de pacientes para confirmar los beneficios de esta técnica en nuestro medio.
BACKGROUND: Pulmonary thromboembolism (PE) is a common cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and local ultrasound-assisted thrombolysis (USAT) is a validated alternative treatment for intermediate-risk patients. There are no reports on the use of this technology in our country. METHODS: Prospective series of patients with acute, intermediate-risk PE treated percutaneously with therapeutic ultrasound catheter-assisted local thrombolysis (EKOSonic®). The efficacy and safety of the procedure were analyzed using clinical, hemodynamic, and radiological variables, as well as intra-hospital outcomes. The 30-day follow-up is also reported. RESULTS: between June 2019 and March 2020, a total of 4 patients with intermediate-risk PE were treated with this technique. The average PESI score was 79.5 + 6.1. Two out of 4 patients required the use of 2 catheters for bilateral therapy. The average reduction in systolic pressure of the pulmonary artery was 29% and 3 patients reversed the right ventricular dilation present at admission. The thrombotic burden was reduced by 20% according to the Computed Tomography Obstruction Index (CTOI). There were no intraoperative or in hospital complications associated with the intervention. CONCLUSION: In this initial series, the use of local thrombolysis with an ultrasound catheter in patients with intermediate-risk PE was safe and effective. The perioperative and 30-day outcomes were similar to those previously reported in international series. However, larger randomized trials are needed to confirm this potential benefit.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Embolia Pulmonar/terapia , Terapia por Ultrasonido , Catéteres , Trombolisis Mecánica , Arteria Pulmonar , Embolia Pulmonar/fisiopatología , Embolia Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagen , Seguridad , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Enfermedad Aguda , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios de Seguimiento , Función Ventricular , Resultado del Tratamiento , Ultrasonografía Intervencional , Hemodinámica , Tiempo de InternaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Low endogenous testosterone has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk in men. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of low serum testosterone level (TT) in a cohort of male US career firefighters and to examine its relation with left ventricular wall thickness (LVWT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 341 career firefighters, (age: 37.5 ± 10.3 years; BMI: 28.9 ± 4.5 kg/m2 ), who underwent an occupational medical screening examination. TT quartiles were determined, and LVWT distribution among them was plotted. Then, TT values were categorized as low (<264 ng/dL), borderline (264-399 ng/dL), reference range (400-916 ng/dL), and high (>916 ng/dL). To further investigate the association of mildly decreased TT on LVWT, we divided the borderline group into borderline-low (264-319 ng/dL) and borderline-high (320-399 ng/dL) ranges. LVWT values were classified as low LVWT when <0.6 cm. A multivariate model was used to compare LVWT, age, BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and HbA1c among groups by TT values. RESULTS: The prevalence of low TT was 10.6% and of borderline was 26.4%, while 58.7% had levels in the reference range. The low-TT group was older and had higher BMI and SBP as compared to the reference group (P < .01). LVWT values were different among groups (P = .04) and significantly lower in firefighters with borderline-low TT as compared to the reference group (P < .05). This finding also occurred within obese firefighters (P = .03). The borderline-low group had a higher adjusted risk for a low LVWT as compared to the reference group [OR: 4.11 (95% CI: 1.79-9.43)]. DISCUSSION: Our findings highlight the possible relationship between a mild reduction in testosterone levels (borderline) and lower LVWT. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of subnormal TT levels (low and borderline: 37%) was observed in this relatively homogeneous cohort of career firefighters. Mildly decreased TT levels and lower LVWT might represent a preclinical condition and a window of opportunity for cardiovascular preventive interventions in firefighters.
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Ventrículos Cardíacos/anatomía & histología , Hipogonadismo/sangre , Testosterona/sangre , Función Ventricular/fisiología , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Bomberos , Florida , Humanos , Hipogonadismo/patología , Masculino , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
INTRODUÇÃO: O aneurisma do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) é uma complicação do infarto do miocárdio e da doença de Chagas. O CDI é um prótese indicada para prevenção da MS, está indicado quando não há causas removíveis. O aneurisma de VE é uma condição que pode ser tratada cirurgicamente e quando associada a outras abordagens, como a endoaneurismorrafia e a reconstução geométrica do VE, além da ablação com radiofrequência do foco arritmogênico e revascularização miocárdica, pode abolir o circuito da arritmia, melhorar a função ventricular e com isso o prognóstico dos P acometido OBJETIVO: Apresentar a experiência da fase hospitalar da ressecção cirúrgica de aneurisma de VE associado à TV instável. MÉTODOS: Foram analizados, restrospectivamente, os prontuários de 14 P com aneurisma de VE e TVS hemodinamicamente instável (10P com ICo, 4P D. Chagas; média de idade 59±5,2a, variando entre 52 e 70 anos; fração de ejeção média de VE 36±11%). Após a aneurismotomia, procedeu-se a indução da TV com estimulação ventricular programada (EVP) seguida de mapeamento endocárdico. Após a localização da área alvo foi realizada a ablação local com RF utilizando-se o Cardioablate. Nova EVP para reindução da TV era realizada, em caso de não reindução a cirurgia era complementada com a endoaneurismorrafia seguida de reconstrução do VE com retalho de pericárdio. A revascularização miocárdica era a etapa final caso indicada. Após a cirurgia, antes da alta os P eram submetidos a nova EVP. Sendo negativa recebiam alta, com tratamento clínico, em caso positivo submetiam-se ao implante do CDI. RESULTADOS: a TV foi induzida e mapeada com o coração aberto em 8/14 casos permitindo sua localização e ablação. Nos outros casos era realizada ablação de áreas responsáveis pela TVS baseado na morfologia da TV ao ECG. Com essa abordagem em apenas um paciente a TV foi reinduzida após a resseção da área acometida. Em 13 P a TV não mais foi induzida inclusive na alta. Apenas um paciente morreu devido a choque séptico, ainda internado. Um paciente apenas recebeu o CDI. CONCLUSÕES: a) a aneurismectomia de VE com abordagens para arritmia, reconstrução do VE e revascularização miocárdica é conduta eficaz em P com risco de MS; b) a comprovação do sucesso terapêutico quanto à TV pode ser demonstrada ainda na cirurgia e confirmada antes da alta com a EVP; c) a conduta utilizada evitou o implante de CDI na maioria dos casos.
Asunto(s)
Arritmias Cardíacas , Función Ventricular , Taquicardia Ventricular , AneurismaRESUMEN
INTRODUÇÃO: A curva do pulso de O2 representa o comportamento do volume sistólico frente ao esforço em diversos cenários de distúrbios cardiorrespiratórios, no entanto, tal variável ergoespirométrica ainda não foi devidamente explorada em adultos com cardiopatias congênitas (CC). A eficiência do consumo de O2 (OUES) é variável que permite avaliação da capacidade funcional (CF) em nível submáximo de esforço. O VE/VCO2 slope é variável bem consolidada na literatura e que representa a eficiência respiratória. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar variáveis cardiometabólicas (CM) e respiratórias, através do Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exercício (TCPE) em CC e compará-las ao grupo controle (GC). Avaliar a associação do comportamento da curva do pulso de oxigênio à função ventricular, eficiência metabólica (OUES) e ao VE/VCO2 slope. MÉTODOS: Coorte retrospectiva de 71 adultos com CC ao longo de 5 anos, que foram submetidos ao TCPE. Foram divididos entre cardiopatias acianogênicas e cianogênicas. As variáveis CM elencadas foram: Pulso de O2 (comportamento e delta) e OUES, a variável respiratória estudada foi o VE/VCO2 slope, e foram comparadas ao GC, composto por adultos saudáveis pareados por idade e sexo. O comportamento da curva do Pulso de O2, OUES e VE/VCO2 slope foram associados com a função ventricular analisada pelo ecocardiograma. RESULTADOS: As variáveis CM evidenciaram Pulso de O2 com valores anormais (% predito) no grupo das CC em 35% e comportamento anormal (curva em platô precoce ou deprimida), através do delta pulso em 38%. O delta do pulso de O2 foi normal em 91% do GC, e em 62% nas CC (p<0,01). A OUES evidenciou valores significativamente maiores em dados absolutos e por Kg no grupo controle em comparação aos com CC. O VE/VCO2 slope teve valores anormais em 31% do grupo das CC e em 6% no GC. Houve associação (através do qui quadrado e teste exato de Fischer) entre o comportamento normal do pulso de O2 com a função ventricular e com a eficiência metabólica (OUES) em ambos os grupos. Houve associação entre o VE/VCO2 slope e a função ventricular. CONCLUSÕES: A curva do pulso de O2, a OUES e o VE/VCO2 slope foram associadas à função ventricular, representando uma análise dinâmica das variáveis CM e respiratórias, auxiliando na análise da CF de adultos com CC mesmo em níveis submáximos de exercício. Não houve diferença entre os valores das variáveis entre os grupos de cardiopatias acianogênicas e cianogênicas.
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Conducta , Función Ventricular , Cardiopatías CongénitasRESUMEN
INTRODUÇÃO: A amiloidose por depósito de cadeias leves (AL) é reconhecida como um tipo de amiloidose associado a quadro clínico devastador e prognóstico sombrio se diagnosticada tardiamente. É por este motivo considerada uma urgência médica, pelo fato do tratamento precoce modificar radicalmente a evolução. A presença de sintomas graves de cardiopatia geralmente empobrece o prognóstico e contraindica o transplante de medula óssea (MO). Descrevemos um caso de evolução favorável de amiloidose AL com tratamento medicamentoso. Caso Clínico: paciente de 83 anos, hígido, realizando atividade física intensa, apresentou subitamente piora significativa da capacidade funcional, evoluindo para dispneia aos pequenos esforços e em repouso, em 3 meses de evolução. Foi internado para compensação do quadro em UTI por duas ocasiões, em anasarca, necessitando drogas vasoativas. Realizou ecocardiograma que evidenciou espessura de septo de 19 mm e parede posterior de 17mm, fração de ejeção de 62%, relação E/e'19, e eletrocardiograma com ritmo sinusal e padrão de baixa voltagem no plano frontal. Relação kappa/lambda de 94,6 (valor de referência de 0,26 a 1,65). Foi submetido a biopsia de MO e de gordura abdominal, a imunohistoquímica da MO evidenciou infiltrado intersticialde células plasmocitárias monoclonais para cadeias leves kappae a de gordura abdominal corou com vermelho Congo. Foi submetido aovesquema CyBorD por 1 mês (Ciclofosfamida, Bortezomibe e Dexametasona) Ecocardiograma realizado após 1 ano, evidenciou diminuição significativa da espessura de paredes (septo de 13mm e parede posterior de 12mm). Em 1 ano e 6 meses, o ecocardiograma era normal, com espessura de septo e de parede posterior de 10mm, relação E/e'de 10. COMENTÁRIOS: O diagnóstico de amiloidose de cadeias leves é realizado de forma relativamente simples, com a dosagem da relação kappa/lambda quando esta está muito elevada. Neste caso, a evolução foi muito favorável, com regressão da cardiopatia provavelmente pelo diagnóstico ter sido precoce. O ecocardiograma foi o elemento determinante do diagnóstico e evolução. CONCLUSÃO: A amiloidose de cadeias livres leves tipo Kappa pode ter uma evolução extremamente favorável quando o diagnóstico é feito precocemente, portanto o reconhecimento desta patologia é fundamental para a melhora do prognóstico.
Asunto(s)
Función Ventricular , Cadenas kappa de Inmunoglobulina , AmiloidosisRESUMEN
Exercising prior to experimental infarction may have beneficial effects on the heart. The objective of this study was to analyze studies on animals that had exercised prior to myocardial infarction and to examine any benefits through a systematic review and meta-analysis. The databases MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane were consulted. We analyzed articles published between January 1978 and November 2018. From a total of 858 articles, 13 manuscripts were selected in this review. When animals exercised before experimental infarction, there was a reduction in mortality, a reduction in infarct size, improvements in cardiac function, and a better molecular balance between genes and proteins that exhibit cardiac protective effects. Analyzing heart weight/body weight, we observed the following results - Mean difference 95% CI - -0.02 [-0.61,0.57]. Meta-analysis of the infarct size (% of the left ventricle) revealed a statistically significant decrease in the size of the infarction in animals that exercised before myocardial infarction, in comparison with the sedentary animals -5.05 [-7.68, -2.40]. Analysis of the ejection fraction, measured by echo (%), revealed that animals that exercised before myocardial infarction exhibited higher and statistically significant measures, compared with sedentary animals 8.77 [3.87,13.66]. We conclude that exercise performed prior to experimental myocardial infarction confers cardiac benefits to animals.
Asunto(s)
Infarto del Miocardio/fisiopatología , Infarto del Miocardio/terapia , Condicionamiento Físico Animal , Función Ventricular/fisiología , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Corazón , Ventrículos Cardíacos/fisiopatología , Masculino , Ratones , Modelos Cardiovasculares , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Transthoracic echocardiography is the most common non-invasive technique for the study of the left ventricle (LV) and the proximal aorta. Despite the clinical value, there is scarcity of data about reference intervals (RIs) and percentiles for thoracic aorta dimension and LV structural and functional parameters, obtained from population-based studies in children and adolescents. The aim was to generate RIs for LV, haemodynamic and thoracic aorta parameters obtained from transthoracic echocardiography in healthy children, adolescents and young adults from a South-American population. METHODS: One thousand ninety-five healthy subjects (5-24 years) were studied (M-mode, B-mode and Doppler echocardiography). RESULTS: RIs for LV structural (diameters, volumes and wall thickness) and functional (stroke volume, cardiac output, cardiac index, transmitral E and A flow waves velocities) parameters; systemic vascular resistance and aortic root diameter were obtained using parametric regression analyzes based on fractional polynomials. Covariate analysis (i.e., adjusting for age, body surface) showed that specific sex-specific RIs were necessary. Then, age, body height (BH), body weight (BW), body surface area (BSA), and sex-specific 1st, 2.5th, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th, 97.5th and 99th percentiles were obtained. Our results were in agreement with and complimentary to available international databases. CONCLUSION: This study provides RIs for echocardiography-derived haemodynamic, LV (structural and functional) and aortic parameters in children, adolescents and young adults considering data obtained from the largest Argentinean database. In early stages of life an adequate interpretation of echocardiography-derived LV and aortic parameters requires considering age, BH, BW, BSA and/or sex-specific RIs.
Asunto(s)
Aorta Torácica/anatomía & histología , Aorta Torácica/fisiología , Ecocardiografía , Ventrículos Cardíacos/anatomía & histología , Función Ventricular , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Aorta Torácica/diagnóstico por imagen , Velocidad del Flujo Sanguíneo , Estatura , Superficie Corporal , Peso Corporal , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Voluntarios Sanos , Ventrículos Cardíacos/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Masculino , Tamaño de los Órganos , Valores de Referencia , Factores Sexuales , Volumen Sistólico , Resistencia Vascular , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Spectral Doppler assessment of hepatic veins may provide information on heart function. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To assess the normal pattern of hepatic venous flow using spectral Doppler ultrasound examination; to correlate this information with structural and functional variables of the right ventricle (RV), and to analyze the impact of age, sex, body weight quartiles, heart rate, cardiac rhythm, and systolic arterial pressure on the results in healthy dogs. ANIMALS: Sixty-five healthy dogs. METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study. The direction and maximum velocity of each of the 4 possible components of venous flow were determined from pulsed-wave Doppler examination of the hepatic veins. In addition, structural and functional parameters (TAPSE, longitudinal strain, FAC%, S', Et /At, and E't / A't ) of the RV were evaluated. RESULTS: The same phase patterns for different waves were seen in all animals: A and V were retrograde waves, and S and D were anterograde waves. The velocity of the spectral waves increased with body weight (P < .05) and could be correlated with functional indices of the RV. A significant difference was found when comparing morphometric indices with body weight quartiles (P < .05). In addition, intra-and inter-observer assessments showed low variability. The mean duration of the examinations was 5.2 minutes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Hepatic spectral Doppler findings can be correlated with systolic and diastolic indices of the RV and vary with body weight.