RESUMEN
Butter is among the most popular and commercially valuable dairy products. Its high commercial value makes it a major target for adulteration, which aims to reduce production costs by using lower-quality fats and oils from other sources. The annual global market is around USD 30 billion (2023), expected to reach USD 36 billion in 2028, which also justifies the enormous interest in adulteration. In this work, a confirmed case of butter adulteration was studied by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Stable Carbon Isotopic Ratio Analysis (SCIRA) techniques, employed to detect the inclusion in butter production of vegetable oils, such as soybean and palm oils. A total of 21 samples seized by the Brazilian Federal Police were analysed by NMR and SCIR, and compared to original butter obtained from commercial sources. The composition of all the seized samples was a mixture of butter (dairy fat of animal origin) with fat of vegetable origin (soybean and palm oil) and did not contain milk as a major component. While NMR was an unequivocal choice to discriminate the chemical composition of food samples, identifying the short-chain saturated fatty acids present in milk fat, including the butyryl alkyl chain, SCIRA was able to discriminate the origin of fat present in the butter samples as C3 sources, such as palm vegetable oils.
Asunto(s)
Mantequilla , Contaminación de Alimentos , Mantequilla/análisis , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Fraude/prevención & control , Brasil , Humanos , Análisis de los Alimentos , Animales , Ciencias ForensesRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Academic fraud is any behavior that gives a student an undeserved advantage over another student. Few studies have explored the causes of and possible solutions to academic fraud in Latin America. We aim to map the knowledge of stakeholders in a Colombian faculty of medicine about the factors that facilitate and prevent academic fraud. METHODS: Fuzzy cognitive mapping. We will use the approach proposed by Andersson and Silver to generate fuzzy cognitive maps representing stakeholder knowledge. This process consists of ten steps: (1) definition of the research question; (2) identification of participants; (3) generation of ideas; (4) rationalization of ideas; (5) organization and connection of ideas; (6) weighing; (7) pattern grouping; (8) list of links and digitization; (9) combination of maps and network analysis; and (10) deliberative dialogue. To draw the maps, we will invite medical students, interns, resident physicians, master's students, and professors in the faculty of medicine. Four medical students will receive training to facilitate the sessions. Participants will identify the factors contributing to academic fraud and their causal relationships. We will use a combination of network analysis and graph theory to identify the chains of factors with greatest influence on academic fraud. CONCLUSION: The maps will serve to discuss strategies to reduce academic fraud in the Faculty of Medicine and to identify factors that could be addressed in other contexts with similar problems. This research will allow the students who facilitate mapping sessions to learn about research techniques, fuzzy cognitive mapping and academic fraud. Study registration: Registered in OSF Registries on August 2nd, 2022. Registration number: osf.io/v4amz.
Asunto(s)
Docentes , Aprendizaje , Humanos , Colombia , Fraude , CogniciónRESUMEN
La presión que existe hoy por publicar ha llevado a que muchos investigadores cometan malas conductas científicas, siendo el fraude la más grave de todas. Este ocurre en forma de fabricación, falsificación, plagio, problemas de autoría, manipulación de imágenes y publicaciones redundantes. El fraude científico se define como una tergiversación deliberada por parte de alguien que conoce la verdad. En la historia de la humanidad se han conocido importantes casos de fraude científico, dentro de ellos se pueden destacar: el hombre de Piltdown, caso Shinichi Fujimura, el escándalo de las vacunas, caso Pearce, el caso Yoshitaka Fujii, entre otros. Con el objetivo de neutralizar el fraude, se han desarrollado diferentes estrategias dirigidas a detectarlo, dentro de ellas encontramos: evaluación mediante pares evaluadores, programas de Conducta de Investigación Responsable (RCR), regulaciones que la misma comunidad científica realiza, donde encontramos la fundación PubPeer y el blog For Better Science. Del mismo modo, se han impuesto diferentes medidas para contrarrestar el fraude, tales como: transparencia de las presiones y oportunidades, disponibilidad pública de los datos que sustentan la hipótesis y denuncia pública de los fraudes científicos. El impacto de un fraude trae consecuencias importantes para la ciencia, estudiar a partir de información falsa o errónea conlleva a un gran retroceso en los avances científicos del mundo actual. Es responsabilidad de cada uno ser consciente de lo que se escribe y lo que se lee, ya que como se sabe, esa es la única manera de combatirlo. Como investigadores somos responsables de actuar éticamente en nuestras investigaciones y tener conocimiento de las medidas que existen hoy para detectar y combatir el fraude científico.
The pressure to publish today has led many researchers to commit scientific misconduct, fraud being the most serious of all. This occurs in the form of fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, authorship problems, image manipulation, and redundant posting. Scientific fraud is defined as deliberate misrepresentation by someone who knows the truth. In the history of humanity, important cases of scientific fraud have been known, among them the following can be highlighted: the Piltdown man, the Shinichi Fujimura case, the vaccine scandal, the Pearce case, the Yoshitaka Fujii case, among others. In order to neutralize fraud, different strategies have been developed to detect it, among them we find: evaluation by peer reviewers, Responsible Research Conduct (RCR) programs, regulations that the scientific community itself carries out, where we find the PubPeer Foundation and the For Better Science blog. Similarly, different measures have been imposed to counteract fraud, such as: transparency of pressures and opportunities, public availability of the data that support the hypothesis, and public denunciation of scientific fraud. The impact of a fraud has important consequences for science, studying from false or wrong information leads to a great setback in scientific advances in the world today. It is the responsibility of each one to be aware of what is written and what is read, since as is known, that is the only way to combat it. As researchers we are responsible for acting ethically in our research and being aware of the measures that exist today to detect and combat scientific fraud.
Asunto(s)
Mala Conducta Científica , Investigación Biomédica , Autoria , Plagio , FraudeRESUMEN
O objetivo deste artigo é determinar quais são as espécies de peixes mais comumente substituídas, relatadas em revisões sobre falsificações por troca de espécies, em artigos científicos publicados entre 2002 e 2022, assim como expor quais são os fatores que levam à ocorrência de casos de falsificação, quais os danos sociais que tal prática ilegal pode gerar e em que tipo de estabelecimentos as falsificações normalmente são detectadas. Assim, por meio de uma revisão sistemática de literatura, foi verificado que as espécies de peixes mais comumente falsificadas foram Anoplopoma fimbria, Gadus morhua, Solea solea, Thunnus albacares, Scomberomorus commerson, Lates calcarifer e Rastrelliger brachysoma. As motivações por trás das falsificações intencionais foram predominantemente econômicas, tendo sido observados impactos negativos das falsificações na economia, na saúde pública e no meio ambiente. A maioria das falsificações foi encontrada no final da cadeia produtiva, em locais como varejos, restaurantes e peixarias. Dessa forma, ao saber como as falsificações acontecem e suas razões, torna-se possível saber como minimizar a sua ocorrência.
The aim of this article is to identify the most frequently mislabeled fish species, based on reports and reviews of species mislabeling-related falsifications, in scientific articles published between 2002 and 2022. It also aims to explore the factors contributing these counterfeiting incidents, the social harms associated with this illegal practice and the types of establishments where counterfeits are typically detected. Through a systematic literature review, it was verified that the most commonly mislabeled fish species were Anoplopoma fimbria, Gadus morhua, Solea solea, Thunnus albacares, Scomberomorus commerson, Lates calcarifer and Rastrelliger brachysoma. The primary motivations behind intentional counterfeiting were economic in nature, and negative impacts of counterfeiting on the economy, public health and the environment were widely recognized. Most counterfeits were found at the end of the production chain, in places such as retail stores, restaurants and fishmongers' businesses. By understanding the mechanisms and motivations behind counterfeiting, we can effectively minimize its prevalence.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Peces/clasificación , Fraude/estadística & datos numéricos , Delitos contra la Salud PúblicaRESUMEN
Este artigo apresenta como principal objeto de estudo a falsa acusação de abuso sexual no contexto da alienação parental para, diante dela, estabelecer a seguinte problemática: será possível propor uma eventual correlação entre si e os processos psíquicos do luto e da melancolia? Neste sentido, a partir do recurso teórico ao referencial psicanalítico de Freud e de Laplanche, debate as circunstâncias que norteiam o discurso levado ao Judiciário pelo genitor alienante valorizando em tal movimento não apenas a realidade material da prova, tão importante no campo jurídico, mas também a realidade psíquica ditada pelo inconsciente, a qual se pauta em uma noção de verdade que, na sua vinculação direta com a particularidade de cada sujeito e com o dinamismo das relações específicas que ele estabelece consigo mesmo e com os outros, coloca em xeque as certezas positivistas da norma. Em termos conclusivos, destaca o quanto, a despeito da atual literatura existente sobre alienação parental no Brasil a correlacionar, em regra, a um luto mal elaborado por parte do alienante, é possível e mesmo desejável cogitar também a presença da melancolia - ou, mais especificamente, de traços melancólicos intermediários - na formação e desenvolvimento desse fenômeno.(AU)
This article presents as the main object of study the false accusation of sexual abuse in the context of parental alienation, to establish the following problem: would it be possible to propose a probable correlation between parental alienation and the psychic processes of mourning and melancholia? In this sense, based on the psychoanalytic theoretical framework of Freud and Laplanche, the article discusses the circumstances that guide the discourse taken to the judiciary branch by the alienating parent, valuing in such action not only the material reality of the evidence, which is very important in the legal field, but also the psychic reality dictated by the unconscious, which is guided by a notion of truth that, in its direct connection with the particularity of each subject and with the dynamism of the specific relations that they establish with themselves and others, threatens the positivist certainties of the norm. In conclusive terms, it highlights how, despite the current existing literature on parental alienation in Brazil generally correlates it to a poorly elaborated mourning by the alienating person, it is possible and even desirable to also consider the presence of melancholia-or, more specifically, of intermediate melancholic traits-in the formation and development of this phenomenon.(AU)
Este artículo presenta como principal objeto de estudio la falsa acusación de abuso sexual en el contexto de alienación parental, con el fin de responder al siguiente planteamiento: ¿Es posible proponer una posible correlación entre la alienación parental y los procesos psíquicos de duelo y melancolía? Para ello, desde el marco psicoanalítico de Freud y de Laplanche, se discuten las circunstancias del discurso llevado al Poder Judicial por el padre alienante, que valora en tal movimiento no solo la realidad material de la prueba, tan importante en el campo jurídico, sino también la realidad psíquica dictada por el inconsciente, el cual se guía por una noción de verdad que, en su conexión directa con la particularidad de cada sujeto y con el dinamismo de las relaciones específicas que establece consigo mismo y con otros, pone en jaque las certezas positivistas de la norma. En la conclusión, destaca cómo, a pesar de la literatura actual existente sobre la alienación parental en Brasil, en general, la correlaciona con un duelo mal diseñado por parte de la persona alienante, es posible e incluso deseable considerar la presencia de la melancolía -más específicamente, de rasgos melancólicos intermediarios- en la formación y desarrollo de este fenómeno.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Delitos Sexuales , Alienación Social , Aflicción , Falsa Representación , Trastorno Depresivo , Decepción , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Conducta Paterna , Privación Paterna , Pedofilia , Psicología , Psicología Social , Política Pública , Violación , Rechazo en Psicología , Represión Psicológica , Represión-Sensibilización , Chivo Expiatorio , Autoevaluación (Psicología) , Autoimagen , Vergüenza , Justicia Social , Ciencias Sociales , Maltrato Conyugal , Suicidio , Terapéutica , Inconsciente en Psicología , Abuso Sexual Infantil , Custodia del Niño , Divorcio , Familia , Matrimonio , Niño , Niño Abandonado , Defensa del Niño , Cuidado del Niño , Crianza del Niño , Protección a la Infancia , Salud Mental , Factores de Riesgo , Adolescente , Responsabilidad Parental , Codependencia Psicológica , Estado Civil , Violencia Doméstica , Sexualidad , Crimen , Análisis de las Consecuencias de Desastres , Vigilancia en Desastres , Libro de Texto , Mecanismos de Defensa , Denuncia de Irregularidades , Confianza , Agresión , Dependencia Psicológica , Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos , Diagnóstico , Interacción de Doble Vínculo , Emociones , Ética , Testimonio de Experto , Conflicto Familiar , Relaciones Familiares , Miedo , Apatía , Difamación , Abuso Físico , Fraude , Libertad , Teoría Freudiana , Psicología Forense , Frustación , Asco , Tristeza , Respeto , Distrés Psicológico , Traición , Abuso Emocional , Ciudadanía , Culpa , Odio , Hostilidad , Derechos Humanos , Juicio , Jurisprudencia , Amor , Mala Praxis , Moral , Madres , Narcisismo , Apego a ObjetosRESUMEN
A falsificação de medicamentos é uma prática criminosa frequente em situações de alta demanda, carência de produtos e preços elevados no mercado, gerando muitos riscos à saúde da população. Objetivo: Estabelecer o panorama da falsificação de medicamentos no Brasil entre os anos de 2015 e 2022. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e retrospectivo dos registros de apreensão de medicamentos com indícios de falsificação, disponibilizados pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Resultados: 30 fármacos diferentes foram mencionados nos registros de falsificação do período estudado, com predomínio de medicamentos biológicos e controlados e das formas farmacêuticas de via parenteral. Os fármacos que apresentaram mais registros de falsificação foram somatropina, imunoglobulina, sofosbuvir/ledispavir, eculizumabe e defibrotida. Conclusão: Por muitos anos, a falsificação de medicamentos no Brasil foi caracterizada principalmente por estimulantes sexuais masculinos, anabolizantes e anorexígenos. Entretanto, nos últimos anos, os medicamentos de alto custo destinados ao tratamento de doenças crônicas e raras se sobressaíram. Este cenário pode estar relacionado a diversos fatores, como gravidade das doenças, avanços das terapias medicamentosas, elevada lucratividade, falta de acesso aos medicamentos e dificuldades sociais e econômicas associadas à pandemia da doença por coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19)
Drug counterfeiting is a common criminal practice in situations of high demand, lack of products and high market prices, which generates risks to the health of the population. Objective: To establish an overview of drug counterfeiting in Brazil between 2015 and 2022. Method: This is a descriptive and retrospective study of data on drugs arrest with evidence of counterfeiting made available by the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency. Results: 30 different drugs were mentioned in counterfeiting records for the period studied with a predominance of biopharmaceuticals and controlled substances, and parenteral pharmaceutical forms. The drugs with the most falsification records were somatropin, immunoglobulin, sofosbuvir/ledispavir, eculizumab and defibrotide. Conclusion: For many years, drug counterfeiting in Brazil was mainly characterized by male sexual stimulants, anabolic steroids, and anorectic. However, high-cost drugs for treating chronic and rare diseases have recently gained prominence. This scenario may be related to several factors, such as the severity of the diseases, advances in drug therapies, high profitability, lack of access to drugs, and social and economic difficulties associated with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic
Asunto(s)
Medicamentos Falsificados , Fraude , Brasil , Hormona de Crecimiento Humana , SofosbuvirRESUMEN
Abstract Counterfeiting of medicines, also known as "falsification" or "adulteration", is the process in which the identity, origin, or history of genuine medicines are intentionally modified. Currently, counterfeit medicines are a global crisis that affects and is mostly caused by developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. These countries lack strict law enforcement against this practice and have low-income populations with medicinal needs. Lately, the crisis has escalated, impacting developed countries as well, e.g., the US and the EU, mainly via the Internet. Despite this extension, some current laws aim to control and minimize the crisis' magnitude. Falsification of medicines maintains an illegitimate supply chain that is connected to the legitimate one, both of which are extremely complex, making such falsification difficult to control. Furthermore, political and economic causes are related to the crisis' hasty growth, causing serious consequences for individuals and public health, as well as for the economy of different countries. Recently, organizations, technologies and initiatives have been created to overcome the situation. Nevertheless, the development of more effective measures that could aggregate all the existing strategies into a large functioning network could help prevent the acquisition of counterfeit medicines and create awareness among the general population.
Asunto(s)
Brasil , Medicamentos Falsificados/efectos adversos , Fraude/legislación & jurisprudencia , Comercio Electrónico , Legislación de Medicamentos/normasRESUMEN
Honey is considered a complex matrix for presenting a range of secondary metabolites originating from the regional flora. It has been highlighted as a functional food consumed worldwide and frequently suffering from adulteration. Fraud methods have been sophisticated over the years, indicating the need of a continuous updating of the existing analysis methods. For this reason, analytical techniques applied to honey have been expanded, allowing the detection of fraud and the determination of geographic and botanical origin, to guarantee the authenticity of the product. In this sense, this study aimed to characterize floral honey samples in 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 harvests in the states of Santa Catarina (SC, southern Brazil - n = 73) and São Paulo (SP, southeastern Brazil - n = 59), through UV-vis, NIR, and NMR spectroscopies. The total reduced capacity showed a wide variation (0.76-12.8 mg GAE.g-1) among the SC and SP samples. Spectroscopic analyses through UV-vis and NMR with the application of PCA proved effective for discriminating honey samples according to their geographical origin. The honey UV-vis spectral profiles allowed to detect wavelengths that can be associated with honey adulteration, however further studies are needed to establish the accuracy of detection regarding fraud. In summary, a set of analytical protocols is presented to determine the geographical origin of floral honey, even when originated from regions with great biodiversity such as Brazil.
Asunto(s)
Miel , Brasil , Fraude , Geografía , Espectroscopía de Resonancia MagnéticaRESUMEN
Phishing is an attack characterized by attempted fraud against users. The attacker develops a malicious page that is a trusted environment, inducing its victims to submit sensitive data. There are several platforms, such as PhishTank and OpenPhish, that maintain databases on malicious pages to support anti-phishing solutions, such as, for example, block lists and machine learning. A problem with this scenario is that many of these databases are disorganized, inconsistent, and have some limitations regarding integrity and balance. In addition, because phishing is so volatile, considerable effort is put into preserving temporal information from each malicious page. To contribute, this article built a phishing database with consistent and balanced data, temporal information, and a significant number of occurrences, totaling 942,471 records over the 5 years between 2016 and 2021. Of these records, 135,542 preserve the page's source code, 258,416 have the attack target brand detected, 70,597 have the hosting service identified, and 15,008 have the shortener service discovered. Additionally, 123,285 records store WHOIS information of the domain registered in 2021. The data is available on the website https://piracema.io/repository.
Asunto(s)
Seguridad Computacional , Programas Informáticos , Bases de Datos Factuales , Fraude , ConfianzaRESUMEN
This study aimed to adapt the Motivation to Cheat Scale (MCS) to the Brazilian student context, gathering evidence of validity based on its internal structure. Two studies were carried out. In Study 1, the 20 items of the MCS were translated into Portuguese and evaluated semantically by ten students, who consider them sufficiently understandable. Subsequently, seeking to know the internal structure of the measure, there was the participation of 212 high school students (M = 16.10 years; SD = 1.02). An exploratory factor analysis indicated the existence of two factors (search for success and moral initiation), which were saturated 18 items. O Study 2 aimed to verify this factorial structure. Logo, the 18 items answered by 229 high school students (M = 16.20 years; SD = 1.23). A confirmatory factorial analysis confirmed bifactorial adjustment. MCS has evidence of validity based on internal structure, which can be used in research outside of Brazil. (AU)
Objetivou-se adaptar a Escala de Motivação para Trapacear (EMT) para o contexto estudantil brasileiro, reunindo evidências de validade baseadas em sua estrutura interna. Realizaram-se dois estudos. No Estudo 1, os 20 itens da EMT foram traduzidos para o português e submetidos à avaliação semântica de dez estudantes, que os consideraram suficientemente compreensíveis. Posteriormente, buscando-se conhecer a estrutura interna da medida, contou-se com a participação de 212 estudantes do Ensino Médio (M = 16,10 anos; DP = 1,02). Uma análise fatorial exploratória indicou a existência de dois fatores (busca de realização e inibição moral), nos quais saturaram 18 itens. O Estudo 2 visou comprovar essa estrutura fatorial. Logo, os 18 itens foram respondidos por 229 estudantes do Ensino Médio (M = 16,20 anos; DP = 1,23). Uma análise fatorial confirmatória comprovou o ajuste bifatorial. A EMT apresentou evidências de validade baseadas na estrutura interna, podendo ser utilizada em pesquisas no Brasil. (AU)
Este estudio tuvo como objetivo adecuar la Escala de Motivación para Engañar (EME) al contexto estudiantil brasileño, recogiendo evidencias de validez a partir de su estructura interna. Se realizaron dos estudios. En el Estudio 1, los 20 ítems de la EME fueron traducidos al portugués y sometidos a la evaluación semántica por parte de diez estudiantes, quienes los consideraron suficientemente comprensibles. Posteriormente, buscando comprender la estructura interna de la medida, participaron 212 estudiantes de la Educación Secundaria (M = 16,10 años; DS = 1,02). Un análisis factorial exploratorio indicó la existencia de dos factores (búsqueda de realización e inhibición moral), en los que se saturaron 18 ítems. El Estudio 2 tuvo como objetivo verificar esta estructura factorial. Por lo que, los 18 ítems fueron respondidos por 229 estudiantes de Secundaria (M = 16,20 años; DS = 1,23). Un análisis factorial confirmatorio demostró la adecuación bifactorial. La EME ha revelado evidencias de validez basadas en la estructura interna, pudiendo ser utilizada en investigaciones brasileñas. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Fraude/psicología , Principios Morales , Psicometría , Factores Socioeconómicos , Proyectos Piloto , Comparación Transcultural , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Análisis Factorial , Educación Primaria y Secundaria , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Motivación/éticaRESUMEN
The dairy products sector is an important part of the food industry, and their consumption is expected to grow in the next 10 years. Therefore, the authentication of these products in a faster and precise way is required for the sake of public health. This review proposes the use of near-infrared techniques for the detection of food fraud in dairy products as they are faster, nondestructive, environmentally friendly, do not require sample preparation, and allow multiconstituent analysis. First, we have described frequent forms of food fraud in dairy products and the application of traditional techniques for their detection, highlighting gaps and counterproductive characteristics for the actual global food chain, as longer sample preparation time and use of reagents. Then, the application of near-infrared spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging for the detection of food fraud mainly in cheese, butter, and yogurt are described. As these techniques depend on model development, the coverage of different dairy products by the literature will promote the identification of food fraud in a faster and reliable way.
Asunto(s)
Queso , Leche , Animales , Queso/análisis , Productos Lácteos/análisis , Fraude/prevención & control , Leche/química , Espectroscopía Infrarroja Corta/métodos , Yogur/análisisRESUMEN
Food analysis covers aspects of quality and detection of possible frauds to ensure the integrity of the food. The arsenal of analytical instruments available for food analysis is broad and allows the generation of a large volume of information per sample. But this instrumental information may not yet give the desired answer; it must be processed to provide a final answer for decision making. The possibility of discarding non-informative and/or redundant signals can lead to models of better accuracy, robustness, and chemical interpretability, in line with the principle of parsimony. Thus, in this tutorial review, we cover aspects of variable selection in food analysis, including definitions, theoretical aspects of variable selection, and case studies showing the advantages of variable selection-based models concerning the use of a wide range of non-informative and redundant instrumental information in the analysis of food matrices.
Asunto(s)
Análisis de los Alimentos , FraudeRESUMEN
This research was performed to ascertain the most suitable Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to quantify the degree of fraud in powdered milk through the addition of powdered whey via regular standard physicochemical analyses. In this study, an evaluation was done on 103 samples with different quantities of added whey powder to whole milk powder. Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy the fat, cryoscopy, total solids, defatted dry extract, lactose, protein and casein were analyzed. The hyperbolic tangent transformation function was used with 45 topologies, and the Holdback and K-fold validation methods were tested. In the Holdback method, 75% of the database was employed for training, while 25% was used for validation. In the K-fold method, the database was categorized into five equal sized subsets, which alternated between training and validation. Of the two methods, the K-fold method was proven to have superior efficiency. Next, analysis was done on three models of multilayer perceptron networks with feedforward architecture. In Model 1, the input layer contained all the physicochemical analyses conducted, in model 2 the casein analysis was excluded, and in model 3 the routine analyses performed for dairy products was done (fat, defatted dry extract, cryoscopy and total solids). From Model 3 an ANN was derived which could satisfactorily predict fraud calculated from using the routine and standard analyses for dairy products, containing 64 nodes in the hidden layer, with R² of 0.9935 and RMSE of 0.5779 for training, and R² of 0.9964 and RMSE of 0.4358 for validation.
O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o melhor modelo de rede neural artificial (RNA) para quantificar fraude em leite em pó, pela adição de soro em pó, por meio de analises físico-químicas de rotina. Foram avaliados 103 níveis de adição de soro lácteo em pó em leite em pó integral. As análises de gordura, crioscopia, sólidos totais, extrato seco desengordurado, lactose, proteína e caseína foram realizadas por espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier. A função de transformação utilizada foi a tangente hiperbólica, em que testou-se 45 topologias e dois métodos de validação: holdback e k-fold. Para o método holdback, 75% do banco de dados foi utilizado para o treinamento e 25% para a validação. Para o método k-fold, o banco de dados foi dividido em cinco subconjuntos de mesmo tamanho que se alternavam entre treinamento e validação. O método k-fold se mostrou mais eficiente. Três modelos de redes perceptron de múltiplas camadas com arquitetura feedforward foram analisados. No modelo 1 a camada de entrada constituía todas as análises físico-químicas realizadas, no modelo 2 excluiu-se a análise de caseína e no modelo 3 utilizou-se as análises de rotina em laticínios (gordura, extrato seco desengordurado, crioscopia e sólidos totais). O modelo 3 obteve uma RNA capaz de predizer satisfatoriamente a fraude avaliada a partir de análises consideradas de rotina em laticínios com uma RNA contendo 64 nodos na camada oculta, R² de 0,9935 e RMSE de 0,5779 para treinamento, R² de 0,9964 e RMSE de 0,4358 para validação.
Asunto(s)
Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Redes Neurales de la Computación , Leche Entera en Polvo , FraudeRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The Ethics Committees of medical associations define standards of conduct to avoid improper professional behavior. AIM: To identify the areas of professional behavior with most allegations of misconduct. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of all ethical claims received at the Regional Ethics Court of the Chilean Medical Association between 2016 and 2021. RESULTS: Of 323 cases analyzed, 17% of complaints argued a failure in achieving a satisfactory standard of medical care, 15% unprofessional behavior, 14% disruptive interaction among physicians, 12% failure to fulfill therapeutic expectations, 6% poor quality of care, 6% fraud, 6% complains against institutions, 6% sexual misconduct, 6% inappropriate billing, 3% diagnostic errors, 3% inappropriate social behaviors, 1% refusal to provide a sick leave and 1% illegal practice. Only 41.5% of complaints were filed against registered physicians, thus limiting the capabilities of the medical ethical board. CONCLUSIONS: The most common complaints observed were professional misconduct and relationship problems between physicians.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Médicos , Mala Conducta Profesional , Chile , Comités de Ética , Ética Médica , FraudeRESUMEN
Food authenticity relies on genuineness and reliability according to the information displayed on the package. Since the 18th century, when coffee became popularized in the West, adulteration began. Several methods have been developed to detect different kinds of frauds and they have evolved as demands increased and new technologies were introduced. The evolution of the science of coffee authenticity control in the past three centuries is reviewed, focusing on the discrimination between coffee and other foods or between coffee and its by-products. The earliest chemical and physical methods are presented followed by methods developed in the 20th and 21st centuries using microscopy, chromatography and spectroscopy associated with advanced statistical tools, and DNA-based methods. In addition to non-food material, before the 20th century, chicory was the most studied food-adulterant. From the 20th century on, corn, coffee by-products, and barley were the most studied, followed by chicory, rice and other food items. Matrix effects seem to be among the most challenging problems in these approaches, associated with variations in roast degree, particle size (particularly in spectroscopy-based methods), and lack of control over reference samples regarding species and purity. Limits of detection vary considerably within each category, with most limits being too high for commercial use. DNA-based methods appear to be promising to assess coffee authenticity, given that the limits of detection and quantification are low, and specificity is higher than in other methods. Nevertheless, as roast intensity increases, the sensitivity of the method decreases. So far, most reported methods have not been validated and only a few have been tested on commercial brands, except for those involving microscopy which has been highly used for monitoring coffee authenticity although not always efficiently enough.
Asunto(s)
Café , Contaminación de Alimentos , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Fraude , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Zea maysRESUMEN
Background: The information on official testing methods, or regulatory methods in Colombia to test whey in milk is limited; this restriction of information goes against the possibility of mitigating the risk of food fraud. Objectives: The validation of an HPLC method to determine casein glycomacropeptide (c-GMP), a protein that countries such as Brazil, Spain, and Ecuador have used as an indicator of raw milk adulteration with whey, was carried out. Methods: A 10mL sample of raw milk is precipitated with 24% TCA using ultrasound, a process followed by filtration. The collected fraction ensured the separation of c-GMP and then injected into the liquid chromatography. Results: A 30 minutes analysis allowed the determination of c-GMP with a retention time of 12.9 ± 0.5 minutes. The performance characteristics method in the validation exercise were: recovery percentage 99.97%, linearity R2> 0.95; % RSD accuracy <5.3%. Conclusion, the method exhibits desirable attributes for the intended purpose
Antecedentes: En Colombia la información de dominio público en metodologías de análisis de lactosuero en leche es limitada, restringiendo la posibilidad de acceder a ellas para mitigar el riesgo de fraude alimentario. Objetivos: Se realizó validación de un método por HPLC para determinar en leche cruda c-GMP, proteína usada como indicador de adulteración en países como Brasil y Ecuador. Metodos: Una muestra de 10mL de leche cruda es precipitada con TCA al 24% empleando ultrasonido, proceso seguido por filtración. La fracción recolectada aseguró la separación del c-GMP para luego inyectar al cromatógrafo líquido. Resultados: La determinación de c-GMP permitió el análisis en 30 minutos con tiempo de retención de 12,9 ± 0,5 minutos. Las características de desempeño del método en el ejercicio de validación fueron: porcentaje de recuperación 99,97%, linealidad R2>0,95; precisión %RSD< 5,3%. Conclusión: el método al final del ejercicio exhibe atributos para el fin previsto
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Caseínas , Leche , FraudeRESUMEN
The objective of the present study was to Standardize a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) protocol for the authentication of bovine and buffalo milk, and to detect the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. For this, the target DNA was extracted, mixed, and subjected to a PCR assay. Milk samples were defrauded and experimentally contaminated with microorganisms to assess the detection of target DNA at different times of cultivation, bacterial titers, and concentration of genetic material. In addition, the protocol was tested with DNA extracted directly from food, without a pre-enrichment step. The proposed quadruplex PCR showed good accuracy in identifying target DNA sequences. It was possible to simultaneously identify all DNA sequences at the time of inoculation (0h), when the samples were contaminated with 2 CFU/250mL and with 6h of culture when the initial inoculum was 1 CFU/250mL. It was also possible to directly detect DNA sequences from the food when it was inoculated with 3 CFU/mL bacteria. Thus, the proposed methodology showed satisfactory performance, optimization of the analysis time, and a potential for the detection of microorganisms at low titers, which can be used for the detection of fraud and contamination.
O objetivo do presente estudo foi padronizar um protocolo de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para a autenticação de leite bovino e bubalino e a detecção da presença de Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes. Para isso, o DNA-alvo foi extraído, misturado e submetido ao ensaio de PCR. Amostras de leite foram fraudadas e contaminadas experimentalmente com os micro-organismos, para se avaliar a detecção do DNA-alvo em diferentes tempos de cultivo, os títulos bacterianos e a concentração de material genético. Além disso, o protocolo foi testado com DNA extraído diretamente do alimento, sem a etapa de pré-enriquecimento. A PCR quadriplex proposta mostrou boa precisão na identificação de sequências de DNA-alvo. Foi possível identificar simultaneamente todas as sequências de DNA no momento da inoculação (0h), quando as amostras estavam contaminadas com 2 UFC/250mL, e com seis horas de cultura, quando o inóculo inicial foi de 1 UFC/250mL. Também foi possível detectar diretamente as sequências de DNA do alimento quando este foi inoculado com 3 UFC/mL de bactérias. Dessa forma, a metodologia proposta apresentou desempenho satisfatório, otimização do tempo de análise e potencial para detecção de micro-organismos em baixos títulos, podendo ser utilizada para detecção de fraude e contaminação.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Búfalos , Leche/microbiología , Fraude/prevención & control , Listeria monocytogenes/aislamiento & purificación , Inocuidad de los Alimentos/métodos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa Multiplex/veterinariaRESUMEN
Resumo Este estudo reflete sobre o plágio e a fraude na produção científica brasileira por meio de revisão integrativa de artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2009 e junho de 2019. As publicações foram buscadas nas bases DOAJ, Lilacs, PubMed, SciELO e Web of Science, com os descritores exatos "plagiarism", "scientific misconduct", "fraud" e "Brazil". Com a rápida expansão da internet e o desenvolvimento tecnológico, os casos de má conduta na produção científica aumentaram, ocorrendo, por exemplo, adulteração, invenção ou reutilização de dados, múltiplas submissões, conflitos de autoria e de interesses, publicação "salame" (fracionada) e plágio. Entre as más condutas acadêmicas mais comuns estão a "cola" e o plágio, presentes nos mais diversos níveis de ensino, da educação básica à educação superior.
Abstract This integrative review reflects on plagiarism and fraud in Brazilian studies based on scientific production and academic attitude. Literature search of articles published between January 2009 and June 2019 was conducted in the DOAJ, LILACS, PubMed, SciELO and Web of Science databases, using the exact descriptors "Plagiarism," "Scientific Misconduct," "Fraud" and "Brazil." The rapid expansion of the internet and technological development lead to increased cases of misconduct in scientific production, occurring, for example, tampering, fabrication or reuse of data, multiple submissions, conflicts of authorship and interests, salami publication (salami slicing) and plagiarism. Among the most common academic misconducts are the copying and plagiarism, present at all education levels, whether in primary or tertiary education.
Resumen Este estudio promueve una reflexión sobre el plagio y el fraude en estudios brasileños basados en la producción científica y la postura académica a través de una revisión integradora de artículos publicados entre enero de 2009 y junio de 2019. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos DOAJ, LILACS, PubMed, SciELO y Web. of Science, utilizando los descriptores exactos "Plagio", "Mala conducta científica", "Fraude" y "Brasil". Con la rápida expansión de Internet y el desarrollo tecnológico, han aumentado los casos de mala conducta en la producción científica, ocurriendo, por ejemplo, adulteración, invención o reutilización de datos, múltiples presentaciones, conflictos de autoría e intereses, publicación "salami" (fraccional) y plagio. Entre las faltas académicas más comunes se encuentran el "pegamento" y el plagio, presentes en los más diversos estratos, ya sea en la Educación Básica o en la Educación Superior.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Plagio , Mala Conducta Científica , Manuscrito , FraudeRESUMEN
Leaves of Monteverdia ilicifolia ("espinheira-santa") are considered a medicinal tea by the Brazilian Sanitary Surveillance Agency (Anvisa), by their anti-dyspeptic, anti-acid and protective of the gastric mucosa properties. Their spiny margins are similar to those of other botanical species, which may lead to misidentifications. The aim of this work was to evaluate the authenticity of 32 samples of herbal drugs commercialized as "espinheira-santa" in the formal trade in Brazil, by macro and microscopic morphological studies of the leaves. The evaluation of the botanical authenticity was based on leaf venation patterns, shape and anatomy of the petiole and midrib region in cross section, vascular system arrangement and epidermal characters. Analysis of these characters compared to literature data suggests that 34% of the samples are M. ilicifolia and the remaining 66% are Sorocea bonplandii, a species with no clinical studies assuring its effective and safe use, representing thus a potential risk to public health.
Las hojas de Monteverdia ilicifolia ("espinheira-santa") son consideradas tés medicinales por la Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria (Anvisa), Brasil, por las indicaciones terapéuticas como antidispépticos, antiácidos y protectores de la mucosa gástrica. Sus márgenes foliares espinescentes se parecen a los de otras especies, conduciendo a identificaciones erróneas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la autenticidad de 32 muestras de drogas vegetales vendidas como "espinheira-santa" en el comercio legal de Brasil, realizando un estudio morfológico de las hojas. Esta evaluación se ha basado en observar de la hoja, sus patrones de nerviación, su forma y anatomía (pecíolo y nervadura central en corte transversal), disposición del sistema vascular y caracteres epidérmicos. El análisis de la morfología, comparado con los datos de literatura, sugiere que el 34% de las muestras son M. ilicifoliay el 66% son Sorocea bonplandii, una especie que no cuenta con los estudios clínicos que garantizan su uso efectivo y seguro, representando un riesgo para la salud pública.
Asunto(s)
Plantas Medicinales , Maytenus/anatomía & histología , Fraude , Control de Calidad , Brasil , Contaminación de Medicamentos , Hojas de la Planta/anatomía & histología , Celastraceae/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The Ethics Committees of medical associations define standards of conduct to avoid improper professional behavior. AIM: To identify the areas of professional behavior with most allegations of misconduct. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of all ethical claims received at the Regional Ethics Court of the Chilean Medical Association between 2016 and 2021. RESULTS: Of 323 cases analyzed, 17% of complaints argued a failure in achieving a satisfactory standard of medical care, 15% unprofessional behavior, 14% disruptive interaction among physicians, 12% failure to fulfill therapeutic expectations, 6% poor quality of care, 6% fraud, 6% complains against institutions, 6% sexual misconduct, 6% inappropriate billing, 3% diagnostic errors, 3% inappropriate social behaviors, 1% refusal to provide a sick leave and 1% illegal practice. Only 41.5% of complaints were filed against registered physicians, thus limiting the capabilities of the medical ethical board. CONCLUSIONS: The most common complaints observed were professional misconduct and relationship problems between physicians.