RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: to evaluate the long term radiographic and functional results achieved in adult patients with osteoporotic, atrophic, non-unions of the diaphyseal humerus, treated surgically by open reduction and internal fixation with plates and bone graft. MATERIAL AND METHODS: we retrospectively evaluated 22 patients. Patient's age averaged 72 years. Time from initial trauma to definitive surgery averaged 18 months. Eleven patients were smokers, and four had active infection. Pre-operative Constant score and DASH score averaged 23.13 and 81.04, respectively. Pre-operative pain scale averaged 7.45 points. RESULTS: follow-up averaged 69 months. Union was achieved in all cases after an average of 4.68 months. DASH score at last follow-up averaged 20.27 points and Constant score 79.31 points. Analog pain scale averaged 0.77 points. Stabilization was performed using locking blade plates in 12 non-unions, locking compression plates in six cases, and double plating in four non-unions. Patients with active infection were treated in two stages using Masquelet's technique. Bone graft was associated in all cases (cancellous iliac crest autograft in 17, allograft in three, and combined structural allograft and cancellous autograft in two). Two grams of vancomycin powder were associated to the bone graft in all cases. CONCLUSION: the use of open reduction and internal fixation with plates associated to bone graft with local antibiotics, aloud achieving bony union and good predictable long-term objective and subjective functional results in all cases, without major complications or the need of further surgical intervention.
INTRODUCCIÓN: evaluar los resultados radiográficos y funcionales obtenidos a largo plazo en pacientes adultos que presentaron no-consolidaciones atróficas diafisarias de húmero asociadas a osteoporosis; tratadas quirúrgicamente mediante reducción abierta y fijación interna con placas e injerto óseo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: evaluamos retrospectivamente 22 pacientes, con edad promedio de 72 años, el tiempo desde el trauma inicial hasta la cirugía definitiva promedió, 18 meses. Once pacientes eran fumadores y cuatro presentaban infección activa. El score de Constant y el DASH preoperatorios promediaron 23.13 y 81.04, respectivamente. El valor de la escala analógica del dolor preoperatorio promedió 7.45 puntos. RESULTADOS: el seguimiento promedió 69 meses. Se obtuvo la consolidación en todos los casos, luego de un promedio de 4.68 meses. Al último seguimiento, los valores del DASH promediaron 20.27 puntos y el score de Constant promedió 79.31 puntos. La escala analógica del dolor promedió 0.77 puntos. La estabilización se realizó utilizando clavos placa bloqueados en 12 no-consolidaciones, placas bloqueadas de compresión en seis y doble placa en cuatro. Los pacientes con infección activa fueron tratados en dos etapas utilizando la técnica descripta por Masquelet. Se asoció injerto óseo en todas las reconstrucciones (autoinjerto esponjoso de cresta ilíaca en 17, aloinjerto en tres y se combinó aloinjerto estructural con autoinjerto esponjoso en dos). Dos gramos de vancomicina en polvo fueron asociados localmente al injerto óseo. CONCLUSIÓN: la combinación de reducción abierta y fijación interna con placas e injerto óseo permitió obtener la consolidación y resultados funcionales objetivos y subjetivos buenos y predecibles a largo plazo en todos los casos, sin complicaciones mayores ni la necesidad de intervenciones quirúrgicas sucesivas.
Asunto(s)
Fracturas no Consolidadas , Adulto , Humanos , Anciano , Fracturas no Consolidadas/cirugía , Estudios Retrospectivos , Húmero , Fijación Interna de Fracturas/métodos , ReoperaciónRESUMEN
Nonunion remains one of the main complications of scaphoid fractures, with no consensus being reached as to the best surgical technique for scaphoid pseudoarthrosis. Thus, different types of procedures for bone stability and biological stimulus for consolidation have been described. The use of arthroscopy for scaphoid pseudoarthrosis has advantages as it allows for treating associated injuries, preserving wrist proprioception by minimizing damage to the joint capsule and ligaments and not deteriorating the already fragile scaphoid vasculature, leading to a quick recovery. Arthroscopy was initially indicated for stable scaphoid pseudoarthroses, being used in all patterns of this condition, including unstable ones and those with flexion collapse. However, most scientific articles describe the use of arthroscopy only through the dorsal portals, creating technical difficulty in complete debridement of the site of pseudarthrosis and in placing bone graft. This study describes the 360-degree technique, which standardizes arthroscopy in scaphoid pseudoarthrosis treatment, allowing, with the use of dorsal, volar, and radial portals, direct approach to the entire circumference of the nonunion site, facilitating the debridement of the injury site, the correction of the scaphoid deformity, and the placement of a graft directly on the site of the defect, mainly in its volar region after correction of the flexion deformity. The 360-degree technique aims to help and standardize the arthroscopic procedure for scaphoid pseudarthrosis, creating a routine with defined surgery stages. Additional portals allow complete access to the entire nonunion site and better positioning of the bone graft under direct view.
Asunto(s)
Fracturas Óseas , Fracturas no Consolidadas , Seudoartrosis , Hueso Escafoides , Humanos , Seudoartrosis/cirugía , Seudoartrosis/complicaciones , Hueso Escafoides/cirugía , Hueso Escafoides/lesiones , Radio (Anatomía)/trasplante , Articulación de la Muñeca , Fracturas no Consolidadas/cirugía , Trasplante Óseo/métodos , Fijación Interna de Fracturas/métodosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Scaphoid is the most fractured carpal bone, with a 5-10% nonunion rate. Treatment challenges include choosing the implant and graft that best corrects humpback deformity and carpal malalignment with higher chances of bony healing. OBJECTIVE: Compare cortico-cancellous and cancellous grafts between two groups of patients treating scaphoid nonunion with locking plates using autologous bone graft and evaluate bone healing rates and radiographic, tomographic, and functional parameters before and after surgery. METHODS: Non-randomized prospective study including 20 cases of scaphoid nonunion. Groups were divided into Group A (ten patients treated with cortico-cancellous iliac graft) and Group B (ten patients treated with cancellous iliac graft). Patients underwent pre- and postoperative radiographs, computed tomography, and functional evaluation. RESULTS: In postoperative analysis, Group A showed a statistically significant difference in intrascaphoid angle (p = 0.002) and scapholunate angle (p = 0.011) correction when comparing the pre- and postoperative periods. Group B showed a statistically significant difference in intrascaphoid angle (p = 0.002) and scapholunate angle correction (p = 0.0018), grip strength (p = 0.002), and tip pinch strength (p = 0.001) when comparing the pre- and postoperative periods. By comparing both groups, Group B showed a statistically significant difference in intrascaphoid angle correction (p = 0.002), grip strength (p = 0.002), tip pinch strength (p = 0.002), and radial deviation (p = 0.0003). There was no statistical difference when comparing bony healing between groups. CONCLUSION: Scaphoid nonunion treatment with a locking plate was effective, showing a high bony healing rate and improved carpal alignment in imaging tests for both graft types. However, results for intrascaphoid angle correction, grip strength, tip pinch strength, and radial deviation were better in Group B. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, case series.
Asunto(s)
Fracturas no Consolidadas , Seudoartrosis , Hueso Escafoides , Humanos , Seudoartrosis/etiología , Fracturas no Consolidadas/diagnóstico por imagen , Fracturas no Consolidadas/cirugía , Fracturas no Consolidadas/etiología , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Hueso Escafoides/cirugía , Fijación Interna de Fracturas/métodos , Trasplante Óseo/métodosRESUMEN
CASE: A 9-month-old infant girl with Down syndrome presented with an atrophic nonunion of the right humerus diaphysis secondary to birth trauma. Surgical intervention included open reduction and external fixation plus cadaveric cancellous bone allograft and platelet-rich plasma and then was changed to an external fixator in axial compression. At 16 months after surgery, bone healing was achieved. CONCLUSION: Nonunions in infants are rare, and their treatment is a challenge; an adequate vascular supply with good stabilization and reduction are keys to management. We believe that the improvement in reduction and stability under axial compression were the keys to achieve consolidation.
Asunto(s)
Fracturas no Consolidadas , Fracturas del Húmero , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Fracturas no Consolidadas/diagnóstico por imagen , Fracturas no Consolidadas/cirugía , Diáfisis/lesiones , Fracturas del Húmero/diagnóstico por imagen , Fracturas del Húmero/cirugía , Húmero , Reducción AbiertaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: the management of septic metaphyseal nonunions is challenging, with inconsistent outcomes. Antibiotic cement-coated implants have been demonstrated good outcome for diaphyseal infected nonunions, however there is no data in metaphyseal infected nonunions. METHODS: fifteen adult patients with septic metaphyseal nonunions of the femur or tibia were treated with antibiotic cement-coated plates. The antibiotic cement-coated plate was prepared with either gentamicin or vancomycin. Outcome measures were infection control, bone healing, return to pre-injury level on daily activities, and quality of life at the last follow-up visit. A p value of <5% was considered significant. RESULTS: Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus was isolated in 53.3% cases. Average postoperative follow-up time was 18 months. Local infection control and radiographic bone healing were adequately achieved in 93.3% patients. No patient presented recurrent symptoms of surgical site infection. Fourteen patients reported to be either able, or on the same level as before injury, with 73.3% reporting no problems in all five dimensions of the EQ-5D-3L. Persistent infection was the only variable associated with a reduced long-term quality of life. CONCLUSION: antibiotic cement-coated plate is a viable and efficient surgical technique for the definitive management of juxta-articular metaphyseal septic nonunions of the femur and tibia.
Asunto(s)
Fracturas no Consolidadas , Tibia , Adulto , Humanos , Tibia/cirugía , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Calidad de Vida , Staphylococcus aureus , Fracturas no Consolidadas/cirugía , Resultado del Tratamiento , Fémur/cirugía , Cementos para Huesos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Abstract Objective To evaluate the long-term results of valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy fixed with double angled dynamic hip screw for nonunion fracture of the neck of the femur in young adults. This implant allows more freedom of fixation in the sagittal plane. Very few studies have evaluated the long-term outcome for treatment of nonunion in fractures of the neck of the femur. Methods This is a prospective interventional study that included 20 patients with nonunion of the fracture of the neck of the femur aged < 60 years old without avascular necrosis of the head and significant resorption of the neck of the femur. A lateral closing wedge osteotomy was performed just above the lesser trochanter after inserting the Richard screw across the nonunion site, and it was fixed with a double-angle 120° barrel plate. The outcome was evaluated using union rate and the Harris Hip Score for functional outcome. Results The average postoperative decrease in the Pauwels angle was of 28.9°. A total of 80% of the cases progressed to union within a mean duration of 7.53 months. The mean Harris Hip Score at the final follow-up was 86.45. Conclusion Valgus intertrochanteric osteotomy and fixation with a double angled dynamic hip screw is a reliable and effective method for preservation of head and promoting union in an ununited fractured neck of the femur in young patients.
Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os resultados a longo prazo da osteotomia intertrocantérica valgizante, fixada com parafuso dinâmico de quadril (DHS, na sigla em inglês) de ângulo duplo, em fraturas não consolidadas do colo femoral em adultos jovens. Este implante permite uma liberdade maior de fixação no plano sagital. Muito poucos estudos avaliaram o desfecho do tratamento a longo prazo da fratura não consolidada do colo femoral. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo de intervenção que incluiu 20 pacientes com fratura não consolidada do colo femoral com idade < 60 anos, sem necrose avascular da cabeça femoral e significativa reabsorção do colo femoral. Foi realizada uma osteotomia em cunha de fechamento lateral logo acima do trocânter menor após a inserção do parafuso tipo Richard no sítio do retardo da consolidação óssea, sendo fixada com uma placa cilíndrica de ângulo duplo de 120°. O resultado foi avaliado com o uso da taxa de consolidação e da escala Harris Hip Score quanto ao desfecho funcional. Resultados Foi obtida uma redução pós-operatória média de 28,9° do ângulo de Pauwels. Os casos que evoluíram para a consolidação alcançaram 80%, em um período médio de 7,53 meses. A média da escala Harris Hip Score foi de 86,45 no acompanhamento final. Conclusão A osteotomia intertrocantérica valgizante e a fixação com DHS de ângulo duplo é um método confiável e eficaz para a preservação da cabeça do fêmur, promovendo a consolidação de uma fratura não consolidada do colo femoral em pacientes jovens.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Osteotomía , Evaluación de Procesos y Resultados en Atención de Salud , Fracturas del Cuello Femoral/cirugía , Cuello Femoral/cirugía , Cuello Femoral/lesiones , Fracturas no ConsolidadasRESUMEN
Abstract Objective The present study was conducted to estimate histologically the proportion of avascularity of fracture ends in case of nonunion of long bones. Methods A total of 15 cases of established quiescent nonunion were operated according to the standard protocol and the fracture ends were evaluated histologically. The biopsied tissue was briefly fixed with formalin, embedded with paraffin (FFPE), and 5-micron sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin according to standard protocols. Immunohistochemistry with anti-CD31 antibody (JC70A clone, DBS) was performed manually using standard protocols. Results All cases of quiescent nonunion were included; radiologically, 2 cases were oligotrophic, and 13 cases were of atrophic nonunion. A total of 20% of the patients were females, 40% were in the age group between 31and 40 years old, and, radiologically, all cases were of atrophic nonunion. All cases showed positivity for CD-31 on immunohistochemistry. The blood vessel density was category I in 13.33% of the cases and category II in 86.67% of the cases. Four cases presented with mild inflammation and two presented with moderate inflammation. The average vessel count was 10 per high power field in the age groups between 20 and 30, 31 and 40, and 41and 50 years old. The age group between 61 and 70 years old showed an average vessel count of 4 per high power field. The difference in the vessel counts of oligotrophic and atrophic nonunion was not significant. No correlation was observed in the density of vessel count and duration of nonunion Conclusion The nomenclature for the classification of nonunion into atrophic, oligotrophic, and hypertrophic needs revision. Our findings do not support that atrophic and oligotrophic nonunion are histologically different.
Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo estimou a proporção de avascularidade histológica das extremidades das fraturas em caso de pseudoartrose de ossos longos. Métodos No total, 15 casos de pseudoartrose quiescente estabelecida foram operados de acordo com o protocolo padrão e as extremidades da fratura foram avaliadas histologicamente. Em resumo, o tecido biopsiado foi fixado em formalina e embebido em parafina (FFPE); secções de 5 mícrons foram coradas com hematoxilina e eosina de acordo com os protocolos padrões. A imunohistoquímica com anticorpo anti-CD31 (clone JC70A, DBS) foi realizada manualmente segundo protocolos padrões. Resultados Todos os casos de pseudoartrose quiescente foram incluídos; 2 eram de pseudoartrose oligotrófica e 13 eram de pseudoartrose atrófica à radiologia. Destes, 20% eram de pacientes do sexo feminino, 40% de indivíduos entre 31 e 40 anos de idade e todos os casos eram de pseudoartrose atrófica à radiologia. Todos os casos eram positivos para CD-31 à imunohistoquímica. A densidade dos vasos sanguíneos era de categoria I em 13,33% dos casos e de categoria II em 86,67%. Quatro casos apresentavam inflamação branda e dois apresentavam inflamação moderada. O número médio de vasos era de 10 por campo de alta potência na faixa etária de 20 a 30, de 31 a 40 e de 41 a 50 anos. A faixa etária de 61 a 70 anos apresentava, em média, 4 vasos por campo de alta potência. A diferença nos números de vasos em pseudoarthroses oligotróficas e atróficas não foi significativa. Não houve correlação entre a densidade de vasos e a duração da pseudoartrose. Conclusão A nomenclatura de classificação da pseudoartrose em atrófica, oligotrófica e hipertrófica precisa ser revista. Nossos achados não indicam que a pseudoartrose atrófica e oligotrófica sejam histologicamente diferentes.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Seudoartrosis , Estudios Transversales , Molécula-1 de Adhesión Celular Endotelial de Plaqueta , Fracturas Óseas/cirugía , Fracturas no ConsolidadasRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Fracture nonunion remains a devastating complication and may occur for several reasons, though the microbial contribution remains poorly estimated. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques, including 16S rRNA gene profiling, are capable of rapid bacterial detection within clinical specimens. Nonunion cases may harbor microbes that escape detection by conventional culture methods that contribute to persistence. Our aim was to investigate the application of NGS pathogen detection to nonunion diagnosis. METHODS: In this prospective multicenter study, samples were collected from 54 patients undergoing open surgical intervention for preexisting long-bone nonunion (n = 37) and control patients undergoing fixation of an acute fracture (n = 17). Intraoperative specimens were sent for dual culture and 16S rRNA gene-based microbial profiling. Patients were followed for evidence of fracture healing, whereas patients not healed at follow-up were considered persistent nonunion. Comparative analyses aimed to determine whether microbial NGS diagnostics could discriminate between nounions that healed during follow-up versus persistent nonunion. RESULTS: Positive NGS detection was significantly correlated with persistent nonunion, positive in 77% more cases than traditional culture. Nonunion cases were observed to have significantly increased diversity and altered bacterial profiles from control cases. DISCUSSION: NGS seems to be a useful adjunct in identification of organisms that may contribute to nonunion. Our findings suggest that the fracture-associated microbiome may be a significant risk factor for persistent nonunion. Ongoing work aims to determine the clinical implications of isolated organisms detected by sequencing and to identify robust microbial predictors of nonunion outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Asunto(s)
Fracturas no Consolidadas , Microbiota , Curación de Fractura , Fracturas no Consolidadas/cirugía , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Microbiota/genética , Estudios Prospectivos , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: scaphoid fractures comprise 50-80% of the fractures of the carpal bones. Ten percent of the scaphoid fractures evolve to non-union and show degenerative changes in the carpus in 75-97% at five years and in 100% at 10 years. The objective of this work was to evaluate the rate and time to union in patients with diagnosis of scaphoid non-union without fragmentation of the proximal pole after treatment with two cannulated headless screws and distal radius cancellous autograft. MATERIAL AND METHODS: case series with short-term follow-up of four patients with scaphoid non-union without fragmentation of the proximal pole treated by internal fixation using two cannulated headless screws and distal radius cancellous bone autograft. All received the same postoperative treatment and radiographic control was taken as soon as the patient experienced clinical resolution. RESULTS: the radiographic union rate was 100% with an average time to union of 11.25 ± 3.4 weeks. There were no complications and revision surgery was not necessary. CONCLUSION: the results of the use of two cannulated headless screws and distal radius cancellous bone autograft endorses the technique as an effective and safe option for the treatment of scaphoid non-union without fragmentation of the proximal pole.
INTRODUCCIÓN: las fracturas de escafoides representan 50-80% de las fracturas de los huesos del carpo. De las fracturas de escafoides 10% evolucionan a no unión con tratamiento conservador y presentan cambios degenerativos en el carpo en 75-97% a cinco años y en 100% a 10 años. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la tasa y tiempo de consolidación en pacientes con diagnóstico de no unión de fractura de escafoides, sin fragmentación del polo proximal, tras tratamiento con dos tornillos canulados sin cabeza e injerto autólogo esponjoso de radio distal. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: serie de casos de cuatro pacientes con diagnóstico de no unión de fractura de escafoides sin fragmentación del polo proximal, tratados mediante reducción abierta y fijación interna utilizando dos tornillos canulados sin cabeza y toma más aplicación de autoinjerto esponjoso de radio distal. Todos recibieron el mismo tratamiento postoperatorio y se tomó control radiográfico para evidenciar consolidación una vez que el paciente experimentó resolución clínica. RESULTADOS: la tasa de consolidación radiográfica fue de 100% con un tiempo de consolidación promedio de 11.25 ± 3.4 semanas. No presentaron complicaciones y no fue necesaria una cirugía de revisión. CONCLUSIÓN: el resultado del uso de dos tornillos canulados sin cabeza y toma más aplicación de autoinjerto óseo esponjoso de radio distal avala la técnica como una opción efectiva y segura para el tratamiento de no unión de fracturas de escafoides sin fragmentación del polo proximal.
Asunto(s)
Fracturas Óseas , Fracturas no Consolidadas , Hueso Escafoides , Humanos , Radio (Anatomía) , Hueso Escafoides/cirugía , Autoinjertos , Fracturas no Consolidadas/cirugía , Curación de Fractura , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tornillos Óseos , Fijación Interna de Fracturas/métodosRESUMEN
Abstract Objective To evaluate the role of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and ultrasonography (USG) in monitoring the progress of treatment in diaphyseal non-unions. Methods This prospective observational cohort study included adult patients with diaphyseal fractures of major long bones previously treated with internal fixation and eventually resulting in non-union. Following the definitive treatment for non-union, the patients were followed-up periodically for six months, and serial monitoring of the levels of ALP and USG were performed along with radiographs (X-rays) to ascertain the status of the union. Results After an initial rise at seven weeks, ALP levels declined to normal values in fractures which united, whereas they remained high in cases of persistent non-union. Similarly, after an elevation of the vascular resistive index (RI) at around 12 weeks in all the patients, it decreased in cases progressing to union, while it remained persistently high even at 24 weeks in fractures failing to unite. Cases of persistent non-union continued to show hypoechogenic callus at 24 weeks instead of converting into hyperechogenic callus, as observed in cases which progressed to union. Conclusion Significant changes suggestive of union appeared simultaneously on the X-rays, USG and ALP levels during the follow-up. However, a serial examination of the ALP levels and USG during the follow-up gave a hint of the direction of progress in the healing process of fracture non-union. Their role in monitoring the outcome of nonunion is more complimentary than supplementary to the X-rays.
Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o papel da concentração sérica de fosfatase alcalina (FA) e da ultrassonografia no monitoramento do progresso do tratamento da ausência de consolidação em fraturas diafisárias. Métodos Este estudo de coorte observacional prospectivo incluiu pacientes adultos com fraturas diafisárias dos principais ossos longos previamente submetidas a fixação interna sem consolidação. Após o tratamento definitivo, os pacientes foram avaliados periodicamente por seis meses, com realização seriada de ultrassonografia, determinação da concentração de FA e radiografias para verificar a presença de consolidação. Resultados Após um aumento inicial em sete semanas, os níveis de FA voltaram ao valor normal em pacientes com fraturas consolidadas, mas continuaram elevados nos casos de ausência de consolidação. Da mesma forma, após uma elevação do índice de resistência (IR) vascular em cerca de 12 semanas em todos os pacientes, o IR diminuiu nos casos que progrediram para consolidação, mas continuou alto até as 24 semanas em fraturas não consolidadas. Os casos com ausência de consolidação ainda apresentavam calo hipoecogênico às 24 semanas, que não se converteu no calo hiperecogênico observado nos casos que progrediram para consolidação. Conclusão Alterações significativas sugestivas de consolidação foram simultaneamente observadas nas radiografias, na ultrassonografia e na concentração de FA durante o período de acompanhamento. No entanto, a realização seriada de exames da concentração de FA e de ultrassonografia durante o acompanhamento indicou o progresso da consolidação da fratura. Seu papel no monitoramento da ausência de consolidação é mais complementar do que suplementar à radiografia.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Callo Óseo , Ultrasonografía , Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud , Fosfatasa Alcalina , Fracturas Óseas/terapia , Fracturas no ConsolidadasRESUMEN
PURPOSE: In recent years, plate augmentation over a retained intramedullary (IM) nail has been shown to be an effective option for managing femur fracture nonunions because it improves the biomechanical environment of the fracture site without causing additional biological damage. In the current study, we present outcome data from 22 consecutive patients treated with plate augmentation for femoral shaft nonunion leaving the nail in situ. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 2015 and 2018, 22 consecutive patients with femoral shaft aseptic nonunion after IM nailing were treated with plate augmentation over a retained nail at four different institutions. Nonunion was categorized based on its anatomical location and was classified according to the Weber and Cech classification. Cortical defects greater than 1.0 cm, the type of nailing procedure, and the number of previous interventions were recorded. Patients were assessed clinically and radiographically to measure the healing of nonunion sites. The time to fracture union and complications were recorded. Descriptive statistics were used when applicable. RESULTS: One site location was supra-isthmic, 12 were isthmic, and 9 were infra-isthmic. There were 10 cases of vascular nonunion and 12 cases of avascular nonunion. A cortical defect greater than 1.0 cm was observed in three patients. Antegrade nailing was performed in 11 patients, and retrograde nailing was performed in 11 patients. Reaming was performed in 12 patients. In eight patients, the fracture was openly reduced during the IM nailing index procedure. The average number of previous interventions before augmentation plating was 1.6 (1-4). Bone union was achieved in 19 patients after augmentation plating with an average follow-up of 23.5 months (12-51 months). Excellent and good clinical results were observed in all patients. There was no plate or screw breakage, and no patient developed infection. CONCLUSION: Augmentation plating leaving the nail in situ is an excellent option for treating femoral shaft nonunion after IM nailing, with a high union rate and few complications. We believe the technique should gradually replace exchange nailing as the standard of care for the majority of femoral shaft nonunions that occur after IM nailing.
Asunto(s)
Fracturas del Fémur , Fijación Intramedular de Fracturas , Fracturas no Consolidadas , Clavos Ortopédicos , Placas Óseas , Fracturas del Fémur/diagnóstico por imagen , Fracturas del Fémur/cirugía , Fémur , Curación de Fractura , Fracturas no Consolidadas/diagnóstico por imagen , Fracturas no Consolidadas/cirugía , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Morbid obesity is associated with various pathophysiological changes which affect the outcome of anesthesia and surgery. So it's challenging to give anesthesia to such patients. We present a 59-year-old adult morbidly obese, hypertensive, diabetic female with hypothyroidism operated for proximal humerus fracture and now presented with non-union of fracture, requiring percutaneous injection of bone marrow aspirate from the iliac crest to the site of non-union. The patient was extremely anxious and refused to undergo the procedure under local anesthesia or sedation and demanded anesthesia. Given her comorbidities general anesthesia (GA) was avoided and the procedure was accomplished using Ultrasound (USG) guided Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve (LFCN) block for the bone marrow aspirate from the iliac crest and Intercostobrachial nerve block (T2) was given to prevent pain while injecting the aspirate into the non-union site. Dexmedetomidine and ketamine were given for deep level sedation and analgesia. TAP block and LFCN block is generally used for post-op analgesia but can be also used for surgical anesthesia instead of General anesthesia in specific scenarios. Its perioperative application and its potential use instead of GA have been discussed.
Asunto(s)
Trasplante de Médula Ósea , Fracturas no Consolidadas/cirugía , Bloqueo Nervioso/métodos , Obesidad Mórbida , Fracturas del Hombro/cirugía , Ultrasonografía Intervencional , Anestesia , Femenino , Fracturas no Consolidadas/complicaciones , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad Mórbida/complicaciones , Nervios Periféricos , Fracturas del Hombro/complicacionesRESUMEN
Abstract Morbid obesity is associated with various pathophysiological changes which affect the outcome of anaesthesia and surgery. So it's challenging to give anaesthesia to such patients. We present a 59-year-old adult morbidly obese, hypertensive, diabetic female with hypothyroidism operated for proximal humerus fracture and now presented with non-union of fracture, requiring percutaneous injection of bone marrow aspirate from the iliac crest to the site of non-union. The patient was extremely anxious and refused to undergo the procedure under local anaesthesia or sedation and demanded anaesthesia. Given her comorbidities general anaesthesia (GA) was avoided and the procedure was accomplished using Ultrasound (USG) guided Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve (LFCN) block for the bone marrow aspirate from the iliac crest and Intercostobrachial nerve block (T2) was given to prevent pain while injecting the aspirate into the non-union site. Dexmedetomidine and ketamine were given for deep level sedation and analgesia. TAP block and LFCN block is generally used for post-op analgesia but can be also used for surgical anaesthesia instead of General anaesthesia in specific scenarios. Its perioperative application and its potential use instead of GA have been discussed.
Resumo A obesidade mórbida se associa a várias alterações fisiopatológicas que afetam o desfecho da anestesia e cirurgia. É, portanto, um desafio anestesiar tais pacientes. Apresentamos uma mulher adulta de 59 anos, obesa mórbida, hipertensa, diabética, com hipotiroidismo, submetida a cirurgia devido a fratura proximal do úmero e que compareceu ao serviço com fratura não consolidada, e com indicação de injeção percutânea de aspirado de medula óssea da crista ilíaca na fratura não consolidada. A paciente estava extremamente ansiosa e recusou o procedimento sob anestesia local ou sedação e exigiu anestesia. Em função de suas comorbidades, Anestesia Geral (AG) foi evitada e o procedimento foi realizado usando bloqueio do Plano Transverso Abdominal (PTA) guiado por Ultrassonografia (USG) e bloqueio do Nervo Cutâneo Femoral Lateral (NCFL) para aspiração de medula óssea da crista ilíaca. O bloqueio do nervo Intercostobraqueal (T2) foi realizado para evitar dor durante a injeção do aspirado. Dexmedetomidina e ketamina foram dadas para sedação profunda e analgesia. O Bloqueio PTA e bloqueio NCFL geralmente são usados para analgesia pós-operatória, mas também podem ser usados para anestesia cirúrgica substituindo a anestesia geral em condições clínicas específicas. O emprego desses bloqueios no perioperatório e seu uso potencial no lugar de AG têm sido discutidos.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Fracturas del Hombro/cirugía , Trasplante de Médula Ósea , Ultrasonografía Intervencional , Fracturas no Consolidadas/cirugía , Bloqueo Nervioso/métodos , Nervios Periféricos , Fracturas del Hombro/complicaciones , Obesidad Mórbida/complicaciones , Fracturas no Consolidadas/complicaciones , Anestesia , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Controversy exists regarding the use of reamed interlocking nailing in femoral shafts with extremely narrow medullary canals (diameter ≤ 9â¯mm). The aims of this study were to (1) investigate the association of age and sex on femoral canal diameter in patients with a simple femoral shaft fracture and (2) compare the outcomes and complications of interlocking nailing between wide and extremely narrow intramedullary canals. PATIENTS AND METHODS: For the purposes of this retrospective cohort study, consecutive patients with simple femoral shaft fractures were recruited between January 2009 and December 2016. The patient demographic data were analyzed. Then, fractures treated with interlocking nailing were divided into the wide group (canal diameter > 9â¯mm) and narrow group. The primary outcome was union rate, and the secondary outcomes were complications such as thermal necrosis, fat embolism syndrome, iatrogenic fracture, and implant failure. RESULTS: This study included 340 femoral shaft fractures. The average canal diameter was 9.97⯱â¯1.79â¯mm, with significantly wider canals in men than in women. Overall, 289 of the patients had undergone interlocking nail fixation, and a similar union rate and complications were noted between the wide canal and narrow canal groups, with the exception of the incidence of iatrogenic fracture. CONCLUSIONS: Femoral shaft fractures associated with extremely narrow medullary canals are more common in women than in men. There was a similar union rate found when using interlocking nailing in a femoral shaft fracture in cases with extremely narrow and wider canals. Iatrogenic fracture is the only significant risk when using interlocking nailing in femoral shafts with extremely narrow canals.
Asunto(s)
Clavos Ortopédicos/efectos adversos , Fracturas del Fémur , Fémur , Fijación Intramedular de Fracturas , Complicaciones Intraoperatorias , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/epidemiología , Adulto , Diáfisis/diagnóstico por imagen , Diáfisis/cirugía , Femenino , Fracturas del Fémur/diagnóstico , Fracturas del Fémur/cirugía , Fémur/diagnóstico por imagen , Fémur/patología , Fijación Intramedular de Fracturas/efectos adversos , Fijación Intramedular de Fracturas/instrumentación , Fijación Intramedular de Fracturas/métodos , Fracturas no Consolidadas/cirugía , Humanos , Complicaciones Intraoperatorias/diagnóstico , Complicaciones Intraoperatorias/etiología , Complicaciones Intraoperatorias/prevención & control , Masculino , Tamaño de los Órganos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Ajuste de Riesgo/métodos , Factores Sexuales , Taiwán/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the results of percutaneous injection of autologous bone marrow in the treatment of fractures presenting with delayed union or non-union after internal fixation. Methods: This prospective study was carried out at the Orthopeedics Department from June 2005 to June 2010. A total of 93 patients with delayed union and non-union (56 delayed unions and 37 non-unions) of the long bone were recruited from the Emergency and Outpatient Departments and treated with percutaneous autologous bone marrow injections. The clinical results of this study were rated on the basis of the criteria of union. All patients were followed for 24 months. Results: All the fractures (delayed union and non-union) were united within 12 weeks. Most of the patients had discomfort at the donor site for few days; none had problems of persistent pain. The results were excellent in 68.81% (64/93) of cases, good in 19.35% (18/93) of cases, and poor in 11.82% (11/93) of cases. Conclusion: Percutaneous autologous bone marrow injection is an effective and safe method for the treatment of diaphyseal non-union and delayed union. Thus, it is concluded that with an adequate amount of autologous bone marrow injection, successful union in delayed union and non-union of fractures of long bones can be achieved.
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados da injeção percutânea de medula óssea autóloga no tratamento de fraturas com retardo de consolidação ou pseudoartrose após fixação interna. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo feito no Departamento de Ortopedia de junho de 2005 a junho de 2010. Foram recrutados 93 pacientes com retardo de consolidação e pseudoartrose (56 retardos de consolidação e 37 pseudoartroses) de osso longo dos Departamentos de Emergência e Ambulatórios e tratados com injeções de medula óssea autóloga percutânea. Os resultados clínicos deste estudo foram avaliados com base em critérios de consolidação. Todos os pacientes foram seguidos durante 24 meses. Resultados: Todas as fraturas (retardo de consolidação e pseudoartrose) apresentaram consolidação dentro de 12 semanas. A maioria dos pacientes apresentava desconforto na região doadora por alguns dias; nenhum caso de dor persistente foi observado. Os resultados foram excelentes em 68,81% (64/93), bons em 19,35% (18/93) e ruins em 11,82% (11/93) dos casos. Conclusão: A injeção de medula óssea autóloga percutânea é um método efetivo e seguro para o tratamento da pseudoartrose e do retardo de consolidação diafisários. Assim, conclui-se que uma quantidade adequada de injeção autóloga de medula óssea pode levar a uma consolidação bem sucedida em casos de retardo de consolidação e pseudoartrose de fraturas de ossos longos.
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Clavos Ortopédicos , Fracturas del Fémur , Fijación Interna de Fracturas , Fracturas no ConsolidadasRESUMEN
Introducción: La transportación ósea se refiere al traslado de un fragmento de hueso a través de un defecto óseo, por distracción osteogénica. Objetivo: Describir la técnica quirúrgica con fijador externo AO, y evaluar los resultados de este tratamiento en defectos óseos diafisarios de tibia mayores de 4 cm, secundarios a fracturas expuestas graves o pseudoartrosis infectadas. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de tipo serie de casos, retrospectivo, de los 14 pacientes tratados entre abril del 2011 y abril del 2015, con las lesiones o secuelas mencionadas en diferentes centro de Montevideo. Resultados: Todos los pacientes tenían secuelas a fracturas expuestas graves con defecto segmentario de tibia mayor a 4 cm. El seguimiento promedio fue de 13 meses (entre 6 y 27). La media de edad fue de 32 años (entre 15 y 53), la perdida ósea promedio 6,7 cm (entre 4 y 11), la velocidad de distracción de 0,58 mm/día, el período de distracción promedio fue de 92 días (entre 35 y 172), y el tiempo medio de fijadores externos desde el inicio fue de 194 días. Todos los pacientes requirieron algún procedimiento quirúrgico en el sitio de acoplamiento. Se logró la consolidación en 9 pacientes, hubo 2 pseudoartrosis, 2 pacientes abandonaron el tratamiento y uno decidió la amputación. No hubo ninguna recidiva de infección. Conclusión: La técnica de transportación ósea mediante el uso de fijadores externos AO, es una alternativa válida para el tratamiento de las perdidas óseas diafisarias de tibia con o sin infección.
Introduction: Bone transport is the slow transportation of the bone fragment along a bone defect, providing distraction osteogenesis. Objective: To describe the surgical technique of bone transport using the AO external fixator and to present the result of this procedure in tibial diafisis defects of more than 4 cm long, which were the result of severe open fractures or infected no unions. Material and Methods: This is a retrospective, descriptive study of 14 patients treated in several centers in Montevideo from April 2011 to April 2015. Results: The average age of the patients was 32 years (15-32), the average bone loss 6,7 cm (4-11), the distraction speed 0,58 mm/day, the mean distraction period 92 days (35-172) and the mean time external fixation was 194 days. The mean follow up was 13 months (6-27). All patients needed an additional surgical procedure in the docking site. Bone healing was accomplished in 9 patients and there were 2 no unions. There were 2 further patients who abandoned the treatment and another patient who requested amputation. At the latest follow up there was no recurrence of infection. Conclusion: Bone transport using AO external fixator, is a valid alternative for the treatment of segmental bone loss of the diafisis of the tibia with or without infection.
Introdução: O transporte ósseo é o transporte lento do fragmento ósseo ao longo de um defeito ósseo, que proporciona distração osteogênica. Objetivo: Descrever a técnica cirúrgica de transporte de osso, utilizando o fixador externo AO e apresentar o resultado deste procedimento nos defeitos da diáfise da tíbia de mais de 4 cm de comprimento, que foram um resultado de fracturas expostas graves ou ausência de juntas infectados. Material e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e retrospectivo de 14 pacientes atendidos em diversos centros de Montevidéu no período de abril de 2011 a abril de 2015. Resultados: A idade média dos pacientes era de 32 anos (15-32), a 6,7 cm perda óssea média (4-11), a taxa de distracção 0,58 milímetros/dia, período médio de 92 dias distracção (35-172) e o tempo médio de fixação externa foi de 194 dias. O seguimento médio foi de 13 meses (6-27). Todos os pacientes precisaram de um procedimento cirúrgico adicional no local de encaixe. A cicatrização óssea foi realizada em 9 pacientes e não houve 2 articulações. Houve mais 2 pacientes que abandonaram o tratamento e outro paciente que solicitou a amputação. No último seguimento, não houve recidiva da infecção. Conclusão: O transporte ósseo utilizando o fixador externo AO é uma alternativa válida para o tratamento da perda óssea segmentar da diáfise da tíbia com ou sem infecção.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fracturas de la Tibia/cirugía , Alargamiento Óseo/métodos , Fijadores Externos , Osteogénesis por Distracción/métodos , Fijación de Fractura/métodos , Fracturas no Consolidadas/cirugía , Enfermedades Óseas Infecciosas , Epidemiología Descriptiva , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To analyze the clinical and radiological outcomes of a series of patients treated with a pedicled vascularized bone graft (VBG) of the distal radius for the treatment of recalcitrant atrophic nonunions of the distal humerus. DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study. SETTING: University-affiliated teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Fifteen patients with supracondylar humeral atrophic nonunions with at least 3 previous failed surgical interventions were included. INTERVENTION: Debridement of the distal humerus nonunion through a posterior elbow approach with provisional fixation was performed. Then, a pedicled VBG was harvested from the distal radius and tunneled back into the humeral bone defect. Iliac crest was used as needed, both for the nonunion and to stabilize the radius. Finally, definitive fixation with 2 locked plates was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Radiological results, complications, elbow range of motion, Mayo elbow performance score, and subjective pain were evaluated. RESULTS: There were 4 male and 11 female patients, with a mean age of 51 (range, 28-73) years. The mean follow-up period was 46 (range, 37-72) months with a minimum of 3 years. Radiological consolidation was achieved in all patients. Elbow range of motion was >100 degrees in 11 patients and between 50 and 100 degrees in 4 patients. Preoperative Mayo scores were poor in all patients. At final follow-up, Mayo scores were excellent in 3, good in 9, and fair in 3 patients. The mean postoperative visual analog scale score was 1.2 (range 0-3). CONCLUSIONS: Pedicled VBG of the distal radius was shown to be a reliable and effective alternative for the treatment of recalcitrant atrophic nonunions of the distal humerus, when other methods have failed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Asunto(s)
Trasplante Óseo/métodos , Fijación Interna de Fracturas/efectos adversos , Fracturas no Consolidadas/cirugía , Fracturas del Húmero/cirugía , Radio (Anatomía)/trasplante , Adulto , Anciano , Placas Óseas , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Fijación Interna de Fracturas/métodos , Curación de Fractura/fisiología , Fracturas no Consolidadas/diagnóstico por imagen , Fracturas no Consolidadas/etiología , Hospitales de Enseñanza , Humanos , Fracturas del Húmero/diagnóstico por imagen , Puntaje de Gravedad del Traumatismo , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Radio (Anatomía)/irrigación sanguínea , Recuperación de la Función , Estudios Retrospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Resultado del Tratamiento , Lesiones de CodoRESUMEN
Surgical management of lower extremity malunions and acute fractures in the setting of lower extremity deformities presents a unique challenge for orthopaedic surgeons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of using the clamshell osteotomy in patients with acute fractures involving a malunion or deformity. A retrospective review of the cases performed by various orthopaedic traumatologists at 4 different trauma centers was performed to identify cases using the clamshell osteotomy from January 2012 to January 2016. Nine clamshell osteotomy cases were identified, 4 presenting fractures in the setting of previous malunions. All osteotomies healed within 15 months (average 6.8 ± 4.4 SD). In this multicenter case series, we demonstrate that using clamshell osteotomies can result in excellent outcomes for permitting intramedullary nailing of acute fractures in patients with lower extremity deformity.
Asunto(s)
Fijación Intramedular de Fracturas/efectos adversos , Curación de Fractura/fisiología , Fracturas Abiertas/cirugía , Fracturas no Consolidadas/cirugía , Traumatismos de la Pierna/cirugía , Osteotomía/métodos , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Brasil , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Fracturas del Fémur/diagnóstico por imagen , Fracturas del Fémur/cirugía , Fijación Intramedular de Fracturas/métodos , Fracturas Abiertas/diagnóstico por imagen , Fracturas no Consolidadas/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Puntaje de Gravedad del Traumatismo , Traumatismos de la Pierna/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Posicionamiento del Paciente , Pronóstico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Fracturas de la Tibia/diagnóstico por imagen , Fracturas de la Tibia/cirugía , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Centros TraumatológicosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine factors associated with nonunion of adult tibial fractures. DESIGN: Retrospective review with data collection for logistic regression and survival analysis. SETTING: Scottish Level I trauma center, 1985-2007. PATIENTS: During this period, 1590 adult tibial fractures were treated by reamed nailing and 1003 fractures met all inclusion criteria for the chosen analysis. INTERVENTION: Reamed intramedullary nailing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Record of nonunion diagnosis and final union time with characteristics, including age, gender, closed or open injury, OTA/AO classification, Gustilo classification, fasciotomy, infection, polytrauma, smoking, and injury severity score. RESULTS: The overall nonunion rate was 12%, and median time to healing was 18 weeks. Age significantly influenced nonunion, with middle-aged patients at highest risk. Both fracture type (closed/open) and morphology (OTA/AO classification) significantly influenced nonunion risk and time to union. Among closed injuries, the highest nonunion rate was for OTA/AO type B fractures (15%). Among open injuries, the highest nonunion rate was for OTA/AO type C (61%). Both compartment syndrome and smoking did not significantly influence nonunion risk but did significantly extend time to union. CONCLUSIONS: Injury characteristics including fracture morphology and severity of soft tissue injury were strong predictors of compromised fracture healing. Age also influenced nonunion risk in an unexpected way, with highest rates in the middle decades of adulthood. Future studies should consider the possibility of similar age-related effects and clinical studies should seek to identify explanations for why this may arise, including both physiological and socio-behavioral factors. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Asunto(s)
Fijación Intramedular de Fracturas/efectos adversos , Curación de Fractura/fisiología , Fracturas no Consolidadas/cirugía , Reoperación/métodos , Fracturas de la Tibia/cirugía , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Bases de Datos Factuales , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Fijación Intramedular de Fracturas/métodos , Fracturas no Consolidadas/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Puntaje de Gravedad del Traumatismo , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Recuperación de la Función , Estudios Retrospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Fracturas de la Tibia/diagnóstico por imagen , Factores de Tiempo , Centros Traumatológicos , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results achieved after the use of lateral minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) in oligotrophic humerus nonunions resulting from failed intramedullary nailing (IM). METHOD: We evaluated nine patients with humerus nonunion after failed locked intramedullary nailing, all treated using 3.5-mm locked compression plates (LCP) placed through lateral minimally invasive approaches, between 2010 and 2016. Patient's age averaged 39.7 years. All nonunions were diaphyseal and oligotrophic. All nonunions had previous surgical treatment with static locked nails (seven antegrade and two retrograde). The IM nails were all well inserted in the humerus (none of them protruded or had rotator cuff lesions associated). Pre-operative Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score averaged 25.5 points. Pre-operative Constant's score averaged 80.2. Pre-operative visual analog scale of pain averaged 2.4 points. RESULTS: Follow-up averaged 17.7 months. Time between initial surgery and revision procedure averaged 11.7 months. Union was achieved in all cases, after an average of 4.8 months. DASH score at last follow-up averaged 5.1 points, and final Constant's score averaged 93.7 points. The analog scale of pain averaged 0.7 points. Time from definitive surgery to work return averaged 3.9 months. Long 3.5-mm LCPs were used (plate length averaged 16.9 screw holes). In two cases, a third 4-cm incision at the nonunion site was performed and cancellous autologous iliac crest bone graft was associated. CONCLUSION: In our series of nine patients, we achieved union and good objective and subjective results, with high patient satisfaction, using a lateral MIPO technique and placing long 3.5-mm LCPs in selected oligotrophic humerus nonunions after failed IM nailing.