RESUMEN
We address the targeted destruction of Karenia brevis using the algaecide calcium peroxide, in tandem with the flocculation and sinking of the species. The specific aspect of the approach is the incorporation of the algaecide within the floc to rapidly kill K. brevis, thus minimizing escape of cells from the floc and reentry to the water column. CaO2 gradually produces H2O2, which diffuses through cell membranes and induces oxidative stress, leading to cell death via excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. The effect of varying doses of calcium peroxide on K. brevis cells was measured with pulse amplitude modulated fluorometry and indicated that doses as low as 30 mg/L when integrated into flocs are effective in suppressing photosynthesis. Cell viability assays also indicate that such low levels are sufficient to cause cell death in a 3-6 hour time period. Thus, the proposed technology involving the incorporation of calcium peroxide in a cationic flocculating agent (polyaluminum chloride, PAC) leads to an inexpensive and scalable technology to mitigate harmful algal blooms of K. brevis.
Asunto(s)
Dinoflagelados , Peróxidos , Dinoflagelados/fisiología , Dinoflagelados/efectos de los fármacos , Floculación , Floraciones de Algas Nocivas , Hidróxido de Aluminio/farmacología , Hidróxido de Aluminio/química , Óxidos/farmacología , Peróxido de Hidrógeno , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Graphene oxide (GO) is a novel nanomaterial being applied in different fields, but was less used as foliar fertilizer in agriculture. We conducted a pot experiment to analyze the effects of foliar spraying GO from 0 (control), 50 (T1), 100 (T2), 150 (T3) and 200 mg·L-1 (T4) on the morphogenesis and carbon and nitrogen metabolism of kidney bean plants during the initiation of flowering to clarify the physiological effects of foliar spraying GO. The results showed that dry matter accumulation, the content of photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars of T1 to T4 treatments, were significantly increased by 40.7%-43.4%, 10.4%-80.7%, 6.4%-9.1% in kidney bean plants compared with CK treatment, respectively. T3 treatment performed the best. Meanwhile, the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase, acid converting enzyme and neutral converting enzyme of T3 and T4 treatments were increased by 25.7%-45.5%, 17.4%-28.6%, and 14.7%-20.1%, and the activities of nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthetase of T2 and T3 treatments were increased by 8.1%-15.2%, 11.5%-25.0%, and 89.7%-93.1%, respectively. In conclusion, foliar spraying of appropriate GO in early flowering stage of kidney bean could increase the content of photosynthetic pigments, improve the level of photosynthetic carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and increase dry matter accumulation. T3 treatment (150 mg·L-1) was the most effective in this study.
Asunto(s)
Carbono , Flores , Grafito , Nitrógeno , Phaseolus , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Grafito/metabolismo , Carbono/metabolismo , Phaseolus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Phaseolus/metabolismo , Phaseolus/efectos de los fármacos , Flores/metabolismo , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Flores/efectos de los fármacos , Fertilizantes , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) are a significant food crop cultivated around the world. Caffeic acid (CA) can enhance plant growth by promoting antioxidant activity and stimulating root development, contributing to overall plant health and vigor. Cobalt sulfate (CoSO4) boosts plant growth by promoting nitrogen (N) fixation, healthier root development, and chlorophyll synthesis, enhancing photosynthesis and overall plant health. Nanoparticle-coated urea (NPCU) improves nutrient uptake, promoting plant growth efficiency and reducing environmental impact. This study investigates the effects of combining CA, CoSO4, and NPCU as amendments on potatoes with and without NPCU. Four treatments, control, 20 µM CA, 0.15 mg/L CoSO4, and 20 µM CA + 0.15 mg/L CoSO4 with and without NPCU, were applied in four replications using a completely randomized design. Results demonstrate that the combination of CA + CoSO4 with NPCU led to an increase in potato stem length (~ 6%), shoot dry weight (~ 15%), root dry weight (~ 9%), and leaf dry weight (~ 49%) compared to the control in nutrient stress. There was a significant rise in chlorophyll a (~ 27%), chlorophyll b (~ 37%), and total chlorophyll (~ 28%) over the control under nutrient stress also showed the potential of CA + CoSO4 with NPCU. In conclusion, the findings suggest that applying CA + CoSO4 with NPCU is a strategy for alleviating potato nutrient stress.
Asunto(s)
Ácidos Cafeicos , Nanopartículas , Solanum tuberosum , Urea , Solanum tuberosum/efectos de los fármacos , Solanum tuberosum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ácidos Cafeicos/farmacología , Ácidos Cafeicos/química , Urea/farmacología , Nanopartículas/química , Cobalto/farmacología , Cobalto/química , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Clorofila/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Climate change-induced drought stress decreases crop productivity, but the application of ß-sitosterol (BS) and biochar (BC) boosts crop growth and yield. A pot experiment was conducted to examine the effects of the alone and combined application of BS and BC on the growth and yield of Phaseolus vulgaris under drought stress. The synergistic application of BS and BC increased plant height (46.9cm), shoot dry weight (6.9g/pot), and root dry weight (2.5g/pot) of P. vulgaris plants under drought stress. The trend of applied treatments for photosynthetic rate remained as BC (15%)Asunto(s)
Carbón Orgánico
, Sequías
, Phaseolus
, Sitoesteroles
, Sitoesteroles/farmacología
, Phaseolus/efectos de los fármacos
, Phaseolus/fisiología
, Phaseolus/crecimiento & desarrollo
, Carbón Orgánico/farmacología
, Valor Nutritivo
, Estrés Fisiológico/efectos de los fármacos
, Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos
, Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo
, Malondialdehído/metabolismo
, Resistencia a la Sequía
RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The effects of salinity memory and its interaction with genetic diversity for drought tolerance and pollination system in terms of morphological, physiological, root characteristics and spectral reflectance indices (SRIs) in tall fescue is still unknown. METHODS: Four tall fescue genotypes (two drought-sensitive and two drought-tolerant) were manually controlled to produce four selfed (S1) and four open-pollinated (OP) progeny genotypes (finally eight progeny genotypes). Then all genotypes were assessed for two years in greenhouse under five salinity treatments including control treatment (C), twice salinity stress treatment (primary mild salinity stress in two different stages and secondary at the end stage) (S1t1S2 and S1t2S2), once severe salinity stress treatment (secondary only, S2), and foliar spray of salicylic acid (SA) simultaneously with secondary salinity stress (H2S2). RESULTS: Results indicated that obligate selfing (S1) caused to inbreeding depression in RWC, plant growth, catalase activity, root length and the ratio of root/shoot (R/S). Once salinity stress treatment (S2) led to depression in most measured traits, while pre-exposure to salinity (salinity memory) (S1t1S2 and S1t2S2) improved photosynthetic pigments, proline, antioxidant enzymes and R/S. CONCLUSION: Salinity memory was more pronounced in drought-sensitive genotypes, while it was more evident in OP than S1 population. Foliar spray of salicylic acid (SA) was almost equally effective in reducing the effects of salinity stress in both populations. The efficacy of application was more pronounced in tolerant genotypes compared to sensitive ones. The possibility of modeling correlated spectral reflectance indices (SRIs) for prediction of different morphological, physiological and root characteristics will be discussed.
Asunto(s)
Festuca , Variación Genética , Polinización , Estrés Salino , Festuca/genética , Festuca/fisiología , Genotipo , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Raíces de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Sequías , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Salinidad , Estrés FisiológicoRESUMEN
Wheat is an important staple crop not only in Pakistan but all over the globe. Although the area dedicated to wheat cultivation expands annually, the quantity of wheat harvested is declining due to various biotic and abiotic factors. Global wheat production and output have suffered as a result of the drought, which is largely driven by a lack of water and environmental factors. Organic fertilizers have been shown to reduce the severity of drought. The current research was conducted in semi-arid climates to mitigate the negative effects of drought on wheat during its critical tillering (DTS), flowering (DFS), and grain filling (DGFS) stages through the application of three different abscisic acid treatments: ABA0 (0 mgL-1) control, ABA1 (100 mgL-1) and ABA2 (200 mgL-1). Wheat growth and yield characteristics were severely harmed by drought stress across all critical development stages, with the DGFS stage being particularly vulnerable and leading to a considerable loss in yield. Plant height was increased by 24.25%, the number of fertile tillers by 25.66%, spike length by 17.24%, the number of spikelets per spike by 16.68%, grain count per spike by 11.98%, thousand-grain weight by 14.34%, grain yield by 26.93% and biological yield by 14.55% when abscisic acid (ABA) was applied instead of the control treatment. Moreover, ABA2 increased the more physiological indices (water use efficiency (36.12%), stomatal conductance (44.23%), chlorophyll a (24.5%), chlorophyll b (29.8%), transpiration rate (23.03%), photosynthetic rate (24.84%), electrolyte leakage (- 38.76%) hydrogen peroxide (- 18.09%) superoxide dismutase (15.3%), catalase (20.8%), peroxidase (- 18.09%), and malondialdehyde (- 13.7%)) of drought-stressed wheat as compared to other treatments. In the case of N, P, and K contents in grain were maximally improved with the application of ABA2. Through the use of principal component analysis, we were able to correlate our results across scales and provide an explanation for the observed effects of ABA on wheat growth and production under arid conditions. Overall, ABA application at a rate of 200 mgL-1 is an effective technique to boost wheat grain output by mitigating the negative effects of drought stress.
Asunto(s)
Ácido Abscísico , Sequías , Triticum , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Triticum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Triticum/efectos de los fármacos , Triticum/metabolismo , Triticum/fisiología , Clorofila/metabolismo , Estrés Fisiológico , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a significant nutritional limitation to crop yield globally, particularly in calcareous soil environments. Tree peony of Peaonia ostii 'Fengdan' is regarded as an oil crop due to its seeds rich in alpha-linolenic acid, a beneficial compound for health promotion. However, low seed yield remains a primary challenge in attaining sufficient seed oil from tree peony. In this study, Zn fertilization was applied to soil or foliage of P. ostii 'Fengdan' in the growth period before fruit development. Our findings reveal that foliar Zn-spraying, as opposed to soil application, proves to be a more effective method for augmenting seed yield, Zn accumulation and photosynthetic capacity in 'Fengdan'. Comparative analyses of the leaf proteome of 'Fengdan' using iTRAQ profiling under foliar Zn-spraying identified 115 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 36 upregulated proteins, which likely contribute to the observed increase in seed yields of 'Fengdan' caused by foliage Zn-spraying. Specifically, Zn2+ stimulation of phosphatidylinositol signaling initiates a cascade of metabolic regulations. Firstly, ATP synthesis promotes leaf photosynthetic capacity, facilitated by improved sucrose metabolism through upregulated pullulanase and 1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme. Furthermore, lipid synthesis and transport are facilitated by upregulated lipoyl synthase and plastid lipid-associated proteins. Additionally, DEPs involved in secondary metabolism are upregulated in the production of various metabolites conducive to 'Fengdan' growth. Overall, our results demonstrate that foliage Zn-spraying enhances seed yield in P. ostii 'Fengdan' by elevating Zn content and secondary metabolite synthesis in leaves, thereby augmenting leaf photosynthetic capacity and lipid synthesis. This study provides an effective way to increase seed yield of tree peony by exogenous Zn application.
Asunto(s)
Fotosíntesis , Proteínas de Plantas , Proteoma , Semillas , Zinc , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Zinc/metabolismo , Semillas/metabolismo , Semillas/efectos de los fármacos , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteoma/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Proteómica/métodosRESUMEN
-Action potential (AP) of excitable plant cells is an important signaling event that can differentially alter physicochemical and physiological processes in various parts of the same cell. In giant cells of characean algae, the AP propagation has minor effect on photosynthetic electron transport in areas with high activity of plasmalemmal H+-pump but inhibits linear electron flow in regions featuring high passive H+/OH- conductance of the plasma membrane (PM). Uneven spatial distributions of local periplasmic and cytoplasmic pH facilitate the operation of distinct (CO2-dependent and O2-mediated) pathways of photoinduced electron flow, which presumably accounts for differential influence of AP on photosynthesis. The excitation of Chara australis cell in the presence of methyl viologen (MV), a redox mediator with the prooxidant action, provides a convenient model system to clarify the influence of voltage-dependent ion fluxes across PM on photosynthetic activity of chloroplasts. This study shows that permeation of MV to their target sites in chloroplasts is restricted by PM in resting cells, but MV easily passes through ionic channels opened during the PM depolarization. This gated permeation of MV gives rise to strong non-photochemical quenching, decrease in the effective quantum yield of linear electron flow, apparent O2 uptake, and, finally, the enhanced ROS production, as detected by the fluorescent probe dichlorofluorescein. Taken together, the results indicate that the AP generation in the presence of MV acts as trigger for instant redirection of photosynthetic linear electron flow from CO2-dependent route to the path of O2 reduction with the eventual formation of H2O2 as a dominant and most stable ROS form.
Asunto(s)
Membrana Celular , Chara , Oxígeno , Paraquat , Fotosíntesis , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Transporte de Electrón/efectos de los fármacos , Paraquat/farmacología , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Oxígeno/metabolismo , Chara/metabolismo , Chara/efectos de los fármacos , Oxidación-Reducción , Cloroplastos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Insecticides and fungicides present potential threats to non-target crops, yet our comprehension of their combined phytotoxicity to plants is limited. Silicon (Si) has been acknowledged for its ability to induce crop tolerance to xenobiotic stresses. However, the specific role of Si in alleviating the cypermethrin (CYP) and hymexazol (HML) combined stress has not been thoroughly explored. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of Si in alleviating phytotoxic effects and elucidating the associated mechanisms of CYP and/or HML in tomato seedlings. The findings demonstrated that, compared to exposure to CYP or HML alone, the simultaneous exposure of CYP and HML significantly impeded seedling growth, resulting in more pronounced phytotoxic effects in tomato seedlings. Additionally, CYP and/or HML exposures diminished the content of photosynthetic pigments and induced oxidative stress in tomato seedlings. Pesticide exposure heightened the activity of both antioxidant and detoxification enzymes, increased proline and phenolic accumulation, and reduced thiols and ascorbate content in tomato seedlings. Applying Si (1 mM) to CYP- and/or HML-stressed seedlings alleviated pigment inhibition and oxidative damage by enhancing the activity of the pesticide metabolism system and secondary metabolism enzymes. Furthermore, Si stimulated the phenylpropanoid pathway by boosting phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, as confirmed by the increased total phenolic content. Interestingly, the application of Si enhanced the thiols profile, emphasizing its crucial role in pesticide detoxification in plants. In conclusion, these results suggest that externally applying Si significantly alleviates the physio-biochemical level in tomato seedlings exposed to a combination of pesticides, introducing innovative strategies for fostering a sustainable agroecosystem.
Asunto(s)
Piretrinas , Plantones , Silicio , Solanum lycopersicum , Solanum lycopersicum/efectos de los fármacos , Solanum lycopersicum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantones/efectos de los fármacos , Plantones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Piretrinas/toxicidad , Silicio/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Insecticidas/toxicidadRESUMEN
Nutrient imbalances, such as high boron (B) stress, occur within, as well as across, agricultural systems worldwide and have become an important abiotic factor that reduces soil fertility and inhibits plant growth. Sugar beet is a B-loving crop and is better suited to be grown in high B environments, but the methods and mechanisms regarding the enhancement of high-B stress tolerance traits are not clear. The main objective of this research was to elucidate the effects of the alone and/or combined foliar spraying of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the growth parameters, tolerance, and photochemical performance of sugar beet under high-B stress. Results demonstrated that the photosynthetic performance was inhibited under high-B stress, with a reduction of 11.33% in the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and an increase of 25.30% in the tolerance index. The application of ZnSO4, MeJA, and their combination enhanced sugar beet's adaptability to high-B stress, with an increase in Pn of 9.22%, 4.49%, and 2.85%, respectively, whereas the tolerance index was elevated by 15.33%, 8.21%, and 5.19%, respectively. All three ameliorative treatments resulted in increased photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and the photosynthetic performance index (PIABS) of PSII. Additionally, they enhanced the light energy absorption (ABS/RC) and trapping capacity (DIO/RC), reduced the thermal energy dissipation (TRO/RC), and facilitated the QA to QB transfer in the electron transport chain (ETC) of PSII, which collectively improved the photochemical performance. Therefore, spraying both ZnSO4 and MeJA can better alleviate high-B stress and promote the growth of sugar beet, but the combined spraying effect of ZnSO4 and MeJA is lower than that of individual spraying. This study provides a reference basis for enhancing the ability of sugar beet and other plants to tolerate high-B stress and for sugar beet cultivation in high B areas.
Asunto(s)
Acetatos , Beta vulgaris , Boro , Ciclopentanos , Oxilipinas , Fotosíntesis , Hojas de la Planta , Zinc , Beta vulgaris/efectos de los fármacos , Beta vulgaris/crecimiento & desarrollo , Beta vulgaris/efectos de la radiación , Ciclopentanos/farmacología , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Acetatos/farmacología , Estrés FisiológicoRESUMEN
Although graphene oxide (GO) has extensive recognized application prospects in slow-release fertilizer, plant pest control, and plant growth regulation, the incorporation of GO into nano herbicides is still in its early stages of development. This study selected a pair of sweet corn sister lines, nicosulfuron (NIF)-resistant HK301 and NIF-sensitive HK320, and sprayed them both with 80 mg kg-1 of GO-NIF, with clean water as a control, to study the effect of GO-NIF on sweet corn seedling growth, photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, and antioxidant system enzyme activity. Compared to spraying water and GO alone, spraying GO-NIF was able to effectively reduce the toxic effect of NIF on sweet corn seedlings. Compared with NIF treatment, 10 days after of spraying GO-NIF, the net photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (E), photosystem II photochemical maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), and photosynthetic electron transfer rate (ETR) of GO-NIF treatment were significantly increased by 328.31%, 132.44%, 574.39%, 73.53%, 152.41%, and 140.72%, respectively, compared to HK320. Compared to the imbalance of redox reactions continuously induced by NIF in HK320, GO-NIF effectively alleviated the observed oxidative pressure. Furthermore, compared to NIF treatment alone, GO-NIF treatment effectively increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in both lines, indicating GO induced resistance to the damage caused by NIF to sweet corn seedlings. This study will provides an empirical basis for understanding the detoxification promoting effect of GO in NIF and analyzing the mechanism of GO induced allogeneic detoxification in cells.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Clorofila , Grafito , Herbicidas , Fotosíntesis , Compuestos de Sulfonilurea , Zea mays , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Clorofila/metabolismo , Zea mays/efectos de los fármacos , Zea mays/metabolismo , Zea mays/crecimiento & desarrollo , Compuestos de Sulfonilurea/farmacología , Compuestos de Sulfonilurea/toxicidad , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Grafito/toxicidad , Herbicidas/toxicidad , Herbicidas/farmacología , Piridinas/farmacología , Fluorescencia , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Plantones/efectos de los fármacos , Plantones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantones/metabolismoRESUMEN
Plant growth regulators are cost-effective and efficient methods for enhancing plant defenses under stress conditions. This study investigates the ability of two plant growth-regulating substances, thiourea (TU) and arginine (Arg), to mitigate salinity stress in wheat. The results show that both TU and Arg, particularly when used together, modify plant growth under salinity stress. Their application significantly increases the activities of antioxidant enzymes while decreasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and relative electrolyte leakage (REL) in wheat seedlings. Additionally, these treatments significantly reduce the concentrations of Na+ and Ca2+ and the Na+/K+ ratio, while significantly increasing K+ levels, thereby preserving ionic osmotic balance. Importantly, TU and Arg markedly enhance the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, and gas exchange rate in wheat seedlings under salinity stress. The use of TU and Arg, either individually or in combination, results in a 9.03-47.45% increase in dry matter accumulation, with the maximum increase observed when both are used together. Overall, this study highlights that maintaining redox homeostasis and ionic balance are crucial for enhancing plant tolerance to salinity stress. Furthermore, TU and Arg are recommended as potential plant growth regulators to boost wheat productivity under such conditions, especially when applied together.
Asunto(s)
Arginina , Homeostasis , Oxidación-Reducción , Estrés Salino , Plantones , Tiourea , Triticum , Triticum/metabolismo , Triticum/efectos de los fármacos , Triticum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Tiourea/farmacología , Tiourea/análogos & derivados , Arginina/metabolismo , Plantones/metabolismo , Plantones/efectos de los fármacos , Plantones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Clorofila/metabolismo , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Graphene oxide (GO), beyond its specialized industrial applications, is rapidly gaining prominence as a nanomaterial for modern agriculture. However, its specific effects on seed priming for salinity tolerance and yield formation in crops remain elusive. Under both pot-grown and field-grown conditions, this study combined physiological indices with transcriptomics and metabolomics to investigate how GO affects seed germination, seedling salinity tolerance, and peanut pod yield. Peanut seeds were firstly treated with 400 mg L⻹ GO (termed GO priming). At seed germination stage, GO-primed seeds exhibited higher germination rate and percentage of seeds with radicals breaking through the testa. Meanwhile, omics analyses revealed significant enrichment in pathways associated with carbon and nitrogen metabolisms in GO-primed seeds. At seedling stage, GO priming contributed to strengthening plant growth, enhancing photosynthesis, maintaining the integrity of plasma membrane, and promoting the nutrient accumulation in peanut seedlings under 200 mM NaCl stress. Moreover, GO priming increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, along with reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to salinity stress. Furthermore, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) of peanut seedlings under GO priming were mainly related to photosynthesis, phytohormones, antioxidant system, and carbon and nitrogen metabolisms in response to soil salinity. At maturity, GO priming showed an average increase in peanut pod yield by 12.91% compared with non-primed control. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that GO plays distinguish roles in enhancing seed germination, mitigating salinity stress, and boosting pod yield in peanut plants via modulating multiple physiological processes.
Asunto(s)
Arachis , Germinación , Grafito , Tolerancia a la Sal , Plantones , Semillas , Arachis/metabolismo , Arachis/efectos de los fármacos , Arachis/fisiología , Arachis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Semillas/efectos de los fármacos , Semillas/metabolismo , Germinación/efectos de los fármacos , Plantones/efectos de los fármacos , Plantones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantones/metabolismo , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Salinidad , Transcriptoma/efectos de los fármacos , Antioxidantes/metabolismoRESUMEN
Indoor farming systems enable plant production in precisely controlled environments. However, implementing stable growth conditions and the absence of stress stimulants can weaken plants' defense responses and limit the accumulation of bioactive, health-beneficial phytochemicals. A potential solution is the controlled application of stressors, such as supplemental ultraviolet (UV) light. To this end, we analyzed the efficiency of short-term pre-harvest supplementation of the red-green-blue (RGB, LED) spectrum with ultraviolet B (UV-B) or C (UV-C) light to boost phytochemical synthesis. Additionally, given the biological harm of UV radiation due to high-energy photons, we monitored plants' photosynthetic activity during treatment and their morphology as well as sensory attributes after the treatment. Our analyses showed that UV-B radiation did not negatively impact photosynthetic activity while significantly increasing the overall antioxidant potential of lettuce through enhanced levels of secondary metabolites (total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins), carotenoids, and ascorbic acid. On the contrary, UV-C radiation-induced anthocyanin accumulation in the green leaf cultivar significantly harmed the photosynthetic apparatus and limited plant growth. Taken together, we showed that short-term UV-B light supplementation is an efficient method for lettuce biofortification with healthy phytochemicals, while UV-C treatment is not recommended due to the negative impact on the quality (morphology, sensory properties) of the obtained leafy products. These results are crucial for understanding the potential of UV light supplementation for producing functional plants.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Lactuca , Fotosíntesis , Rayos Ultravioleta , Lactuca/metabolismo , Lactuca/efectos de la radiación , Lactuca/efectos de los fármacos , Lactuca/crecimiento & desarrollo , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Fotosíntesis/efectos de la radiación , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de la radiación , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Fitoquímicos/metabolismo , Carotenoides/metabolismo , Antocianinas/metabolismo , Ácido Ascórbico/metabolismo , Fenoles/metabolismoRESUMEN
The mitigation mechanisms of a kind of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer (sulfur-coated controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer, SCNF) in response to O3 stress on a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety (Nongmai-88) were studied in crop physiology and soil biology through the ozone-free-air controlled enrichment (O3-FACE) simulation platform and soil microbial metagenomics. The results showed that SCNF could not delay the O3-induced leaf senescence of winter wheat but could enhance the leaf size and photosynthetic function of flag leaves, increase the accumulation of nutrient elements, and lay the foundation for yield by regulating the release rate of nitrogen (N). By regulating the soil environment, SCNF could maintain the diversity and stability of soil bacterial and archaeal communities, but there was no obvious interaction with the soil fungal community. By alleviating the inhibition effects of O3 on N-cycling-related genes (ko00910) of soil microorganisms, SCNF improved the activities of related enzymes and might have great potential in improving soil N retention. The results demonstrated the ability of SCNF to improve leaf photosynthetic function and increase crop yield under O3-polluted conditions in the farmland ecosystem, which may become an effective nitrogen fertilizer management measure to cope with the elevated ambient O3 and achieve sustainable production.
Asunto(s)
Fertilizantes , Nitrógeno , Ozono , Fotosíntesis , Hojas de la Planta , Microbiología del Suelo , Triticum , Triticum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Triticum/metabolismo , Triticum/microbiología , Triticum/efectos de los fármacos , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Ozono/farmacología , Estrés Fisiológico , Suelo/química , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias/metabolismo , Bacterias/genéticaRESUMEN
Discharged sewage is the dominant source of urban river pollution. Macrolide antibiotics have emerged as prominent contaminants, which are frequently detected in sewage and rivers and pose a threat to aquatic microbial community. As a typical primary producer, periphyton is crucial for maintaining the biodiversity and functions of aquatic ecosystem. However, effects of antibiotic exposure time as well as the recovery process of periphyton remain undetermined. In the present study, five exposure scenarios of two typical macrolides, erythromycin (ERY) and roxithromycin (ROX) were investigated at 50 µg/L, dose to evaluate their potential detrimental effects on the structure and function of periphyton and the subsequent recovery process in 14 days. Results revealed that the composition of periphytic community returned to normal over the recovery period, except for a few sensitive species. The antibiotics-caused significant photodamage to photosystem II, leading to continuous inhibition of the photosynthetic capacity of periphyton. Furthermore, no significant difference in carbon metabolism capacity was observed after direct antibiotic exposure, while the amine carbon utilization capacity of periphyton remarkably increased during the recovery process. These results indicated that periphyton community was capable of coping with the periodic exposure of antibiotic pollutants and recovering on its own. However, the ecological functions of periphyton can be permanently disturbed due to macrolide exposure. Overall, this study sheds light on the influence of macrolide exposure on the development, structure and function of the periphytic microbial community in rivers.
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Antibacterianos , Macrólidos , Perifiton , Ríos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Ríos/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Antibacterianos/toxicidad , Macrólidos/toxicidad , Perifiton/efectos de los fármacos , Roxitromicina/toxicidad , Eritromicina/toxicidad , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
KEY MESSAGE: Cd induces photosynthetic inhibition and oxidative stress damage in H. citrina, which mobilizes the antioxidant system and regulates the expression of corresponding genes to adapt to Cd and Pb stress. Cd and Pb are heavy metals that cause severe pollution and are highly hazardous to organisms. Physiological measurements and transcriptomic analysis were combined to investigate the effect of 5 mM Cd or Pb on Hemerocallis citrina Baroni. Cd significantly inhibited H. citrina growth, while Pb had a minimal impact. Both Cd and Pb suppressed the expression levels of key chlorophyll synthesis genes, resulting in decreased chlorophyll content. At the same time, Cd accelerated chlorophyll degradation. It reduced the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem (PS) II, damaging the oxygen-evolving complex and leading to thylakoid dissociation. In contrast, no such phenomena were observed under Pb stress. Cd also inhibited the Calvin cycle by down-regulating the expression of Rubisco and SBPase genes, ultimately disrupting the photosynthetic process. Cd impacted the light reaction processes by damaging the antenna proteins, PS II and PS I activities, and electron transfer rate, while the impact of Pb was weaker. Cd significantly increased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde accumulation, and inhibited the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the expression levels of the corresponding genes. However, H. citrina adapted to Pb stress by the recruitment of antioxidant enzymes and the up-regulation of their corresponding genes. In summary, Cd and Pb inhibited chlorophyll synthesis and hindered the light capture and electron transfer processes, with Cd exerting great toxicity than Pb. These results elucidate the physiological and molecular mechanisms by which H. citrina responds to Cd and Pb stress and provide a solid basis for the potential utilization of H. citrina in the greening of heavy metal-polluted lands.
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Antioxidantes , Cadmio , Clorofila , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Plomo , Fotosíntesis , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Cadmio/toxicidad , Plomo/toxicidad , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Clorofila/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Complejo de Proteína del Fotosistema II/metabolismo , Transcriptoma/efectos de los fármacos , Amaranthaceae/efectos de los fármacos , Amaranthaceae/genética , Amaranthaceae/fisiología , Complejo de Proteína del Fotosistema I/metabolismo , Malondialdehído/metabolismoRESUMEN
This study evaluated the responses of sweet potatoes to Cadmium (Cd) stress through pot experiments to theoretically substantiate their comprehensive applications in Cd-polluted agricultural land. The experiments included a CK treatment and three Cd stress treatments with 3, 30, and 150 mg/kg concentrations, respectively. We analyzed specified indicators of sweet potato at different growth periods, such as the individual plant growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant capacity, and carbohydrate Cd accumulation distribution. On this basis, the characteristics of the plant carbon metabolism in response to Cd stress throughout the growth cycle were explored. The results showed that T2 and T3 treatments inhibited the vine growth, leaf area expansion, stem diameter elongation, and tuberous root growth of sweet potato; notably, T3 treatment significantly increased the number of sweet potato branches. Under Cd stress, the synthesis of chlorophyll in sweet potato was significantly suppressed, and the Rubisco activity experienced significant reductions. With the increasing Cd concentration, the function of PS II was also affected. The soluble sugar content underwent no significant change in low Cd concentration treatments. In contrast, it decreased significantly under high Cd concentrations. Additionally, the tuberous root starch content decreased significantly with the increase in Cd concentration. Throughout the plant growth, the activity levels of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase increased significantly in T2 and T3 treatments. By comparison, the superoxide dismutase activity in T1 treatment was significantly lower than that of CK. With the increasing application of Cd, its accumulation accordingly increased in various sweet potato organs. The the highest bioconcentration factor was detected in absorbing roots, while the tuberous roots had a lower bioconcentration factor and Cd accumulation. Moreover, the transfer factor from stem to petiole was the highest of the potato organs. These results demonstrated that sweet potatoes had a high Cd tolerance and a restoration potential for Cd-contaminated farmland.
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Cadmio , Ipomoea batatas , Fotosíntesis , Ipomoea batatas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ipomoea batatas/efectos de los fármacos , Ipomoea batatas/metabolismo , Ipomoea batatas/fisiología , Cadmio/toxicidad , Cadmio/metabolismo , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Fisiológico/efectos de los fármacos , Clorofila/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Raíces de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Contaminantes del Suelo/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismoRESUMEN
Utilizing ammonium in wastewater is a prospective way to reduce costs for bioproduction by photosynthetic organisms. A model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 takes advantage of tolerance to ammonium compared to other microalgae. However, in this study, we report that Synechocystis growth was inhibited when cultured in a medium containing ammonium. This may be due to the pH decreasing below 6 caused by consuming ammonium. Transcriptomic analysis by RNA-seq revealed that the expression of the genes for proteases, chaperones, and antioxidant-scavenging enzymes was induced, but photosynthetic components were repressed. Although these regulations are similar to the previous studies on acidic stress in nitrate-containing culture, the expression of genes such as sigD, slr0042, slr0373, slr0374, and slr1501 was different, indicating that these phenomena are not simply identical to the known responses to acidic stress. The expression of the genes for photosynthesis, gluconeogenesis, and nitrogen assimilation was repressed, and glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were induced. Despite the up-regulation of the carbon catabolism and down-regulation of nitrogen assimilation, the 2-oxoglutarate content in the ammonium-grown cells was lower than that in the nitrate-grown cells, and the contents of the major amino acids, such as Glu, Ala, Asp, and Gly were decreased, while the minor amino acids were the same or increased, especially Arg, Lys, Val, and Ile. These results demonstrated that the acidic stress induced by the consumption of ammonium ions differs from the sudden pH drop, and the Synechocystis cell manages amino acid levels to endure carbon limitation under the stress.
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Compuestos de Amonio , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica , Nitrógeno , Synechocystis , Synechocystis/genética , Synechocystis/metabolismo , Synechocystis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Synechocystis/efectos de los fármacos , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Compuestos de Amonio/metabolismo , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacos , Transcriptoma , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Medios de Cultivo/químicaRESUMEN
This study aimed to assess the ecological risks posed by sulfamethoxazole (SMX) at environmentally relevant concentrations. Specifically, its effects on the growth and biochemical components (total protein, total lipid, and total carbohydrate) of two marine microalgae species, namely Skeletonema costatum (S. costatum) and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum), were investigated. Our findings revealed that concentrations of SMX below 150â¯ng/L stimulated the growth of both microalgae. Conversely, at higher concentrations, SMX inhibited their growth while promoting the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, total protein, total lipid, and total carbohydrate (P < 0.05). Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations demonstrated significant alterations in the ultrastructure of algal cells exposed to SMX, including nuclear marginalization, increased chloroplast volume, and heightened vacuolation. In addition, when SMX was lower than 250â¯ng/L, there was no oxidative damage in two microalgae cells. However, when SMX was higher than 250â¯ng/L, the antioxidant defense system of algal cells was activated to varying degrees, and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased, indicating that algae cells were damaged by oxidation. From the molecular level, environmental concentration of SMX can induce microalgae cells to produce more energy substances, but there are almost no other adverse effects, indicating that the low level of SMX at the actual exposure level was unlikely to threaten P. tricornutum, but a higher concentration can significantly reduce its genetic products, which can affect the changes of its cell structure and damage P. tricornutum to some extent. Therefore, environmental concentration of SMX still has certain potential risks to microalgae. These outcomes improved current understanding of the potential ecological risks associated with SMX in marine environments.