RESUMEN

Monofluoroacetate (MFA) is considered one of the most toxic substances known. It is found naturally in plants, and causes sudden death syndrome in ruminants. Due to hyperacute evolution of poisoning and the absence of effective treatment, induction of resistance in animals might be the best tool to control MFA poisoning in ruminants. The objective of this study was to promote resistance in cattle against the toxic effects of MFA through its degradation by the ruminal microbiota after the administration of sodium trifluoroacetate (TFA). Ten calves were distributed into two groups: control group (n = 3) and treated group (n = 7). The calves in the treated group received 0.1 mg/kg live weight of TFA, whereas, those in the control group received water; both for 28 consecutive days. The calves were subjected to daily clinical evaluation and weekly blood biochemical determination to identify any signs of poisoning. After 28 d of administration of TFA or water, 2.0 g/kg body weight of Palicourea marcgravii leaves (containing 0.15% MFA) were administered using a stomach tube to determine the occurrence of resistance. The administration of TFA did not induce any clinical or biochemical changes in blood. The administration of P. marcgravii induced clinical changes in the calves of control group, but there was no change in the calves of the treated group. In conclusion, the administration of TFA to cattle can induce effective resistance against MFA poisoning.

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Amorimia spp. are sodium monofluoroacetate (MFA) containing plants causing sudden death in ruminants. In a previous study, Amorimia rigida caused abortion in one of the five pregnant sheep that received the plant suggesting that it may cause reproductive losses. This work aimed to study the embryotoxic and fetotoxic effects of Amorimia septentrionalis in goats in the Brazilian northeastern semi-arid region. The effects of A. septentrionalis on pregnancy were studied in 16 goats, divided into four groups according to their gestational period. In Groups 1, 2 and 3 the administration of A. septentrionalis at the daily dose of 5g of leaves per kg body weight was started on the 18th, 36th and 93th days of gestation, respectively. Goats from Group 4 did not ingest the plant. When the goats presented severe signs of poisoning the administration of the plant was suspended. Groups 1, 2 and 3 ingested the plant for 7.25±2.87, 9.25±2.21 and 12.50±0.57 days, respectively. All the goats recovered 7-12 days after the end of the administration of the plant. In Group 1, all the goats had embryonic death 6.25±3.59 days after the end of the ingestion of the plant. In Group 2, three goats aborted at 53, 54 and 78 days of gestation. Two goats from Group 3 gave birth normally and the other two aborted at 114 and 111 days of gestation. It is concluded that Amorimia septentrionalis is a sodium monofluoracetate-containing plant that causes embryonic deaths and abortions in goats that ingest non-lethal doses of the plant.(AU)

Amorimia spp. são plantas que contém monofluoroacetato de sódio (MFA), responsáveis por causar morte súbita em ruminantes. Em estudo prévio, Amorimia rigida causou aborto em uma de cinco ovelhas prenhas que receberam a planta, sugerindo que pode causar perdas reprodutivas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos embriotóxicos e fetotóxicos de Amorimia septentrionalis em caprinos na região semi-árida nordestina brasileira. Os efeitos de A. septentrionalis na prenhez foram estudados em 16 cabras, divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com seu período gestacional. Nos grupos 1, 2 e 3 a administração de A. septentrionalis foi diária, na dose de 5g de folhas por kg de peso corporal, iniciada nos dias 18, 36 e 93 da gestação, respectivamente. As cabras do grupo 4 não ingeriram a planta. Quando as cabras apresentavam sinais severos de intoxicação suspendia-se a administração da planta. Os grupos 1, 2 e 3 ingeriram a planta por 7,25±2,87, 9,25±2,21 e 12,50±0,57 dias, respectivamente. Todas as cabras se recuperaram 7-12 dias após o final da administração da planta. No grupo 1, todas as cabras apresentaram quadros de mortalidade embrionária 6,25±3,59 dias após o término da ingestão da planta. No grupo 2, três cabras abortaram aos 53, 54 e 78 dias de gestação. Duas cabras do Grupo 3 deram à luz normalmente e as outras duas abortaram aos 114 e 111 dias de gestação. Conclui-se que Amorimia septentrionalis é uma planta que contém monofluoroacetato de sódio e pode ocasionar mortes embrionárias e abortos em cabras que ingerem doses não letais da planta.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Amorimia spp. are sodium monofluoroacetate (MFA) containing plants causing sudden death in ruminants. In a previous study, Amorimia rigida caused abortion in one of the five pregnant sheep that received the plant suggesting that it may cause reproductive losses. This work aimed to study the embryotoxic and fetotoxic effects of Amorimia septentrionalis in goats in the Brazilian northeastern semi-arid region. The effects of A. septentrionalis on pregnancy were studied in 16 goats, divided into four groups according to their gestational period. In Groups 1, 2 and 3 the administration of A. septentrionalis at the daily dose of 5g of leaves per kg body weight was started on the 18th, 36th and 93th days of gestation, respectively. Goats from Group 4 did not ingest the plant. When the goats presented severe signs of poisoning the administration of the plant was suspended. Groups 1, 2 and 3 ingested the plant for 7.25±2.87, 9.25±2.21 and 12.50±0.57 days, respectively. All the goats recovered 7-12 days after the end of the administration of the plant. In Group 1, all the goats had embryonic death 6.25±3.59 days after the end of the ingestion of the plant. In Group 2, three goats aborted at 53, 54 and 78 days of gestation. Two goats from Group 3 gave birth normally and the other two aborted at 114 and 111 days of gestation. It is concluded that Amorimia septentrionalis is a sodium monofluoracetate-containing plant that causes embryonic deaths and abortions in goats that ingest non-lethal doses of the plant.(AU)

Amorimia spp. são plantas que contém monofluoroacetato de sódio (MFA), responsáveis por causar morte súbita em ruminantes. Em estudo prévio, Amorimia rigida causou aborto em uma de cinco ovelhas prenhas que receberam a planta, sugerindo que pode causar perdas reprodutivas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos embriotóxicos e fetotóxicos de Amorimia septentrionalis em caprinos na região semi-árida nordestina brasileira. Os efeitos de A. septentrionalis na prenhez foram estudados em 16 cabras, divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com seu período gestacional. Nos grupos 1, 2 e 3 a administração de A. septentrionalis foi diária, na dose de 5g de folhas por kg de peso corporal, iniciada nos dias 18, 36 e 93 da gestação, respectivamente. As cabras do grupo 4 não ingeriram a planta. Quando as cabras apresentavam sinais severos de intoxicação suspendia-se a administração da planta. Os grupos 1, 2 e 3 ingeriram a planta por 7,25±2,87, 9,25±2,21 e 12,50±0,57 dias, respectivamente. Todas as cabras se recuperaram 7-12 dias após o final da administração da planta. No grupo 1, todas as cabras apresentaram quadros de mortalidade embrionária 6,25±3,59 dias após o término da ingestão da planta. No grupo 2, três cabras abortaram aos 53, 54 e 78 dias de gestação. Duas cabras do Grupo 3 deram à luz normalmente e as outras duas abortaram aos 114 e 111 dias de gestação. Conclui-se que Amorimia septentrionalis é uma planta que contém monofluoroacetato de sódio e pode ocasionar mortes embrionárias e abortos em cabras que ingerem doses não letais da planta.(AU)

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Niedenzuella stannea é uma planta que contém monofluoracetato de sódio e é incriminada como causa de morte súbita em bovinos na Região Sul do Estado de Mato Grosso. Este estudo descreve a toxidez e achados clínicos e patológicos da intoxicação experimental por N. stannea em ovinos. Foram utilizados no experimento, frutos, folhas maduras e folhas jovens de N. stannea coletadas em propriedades as margens de afluentes das bacias hidrográficas do Rio Araguaia onde havia histórico de morte súbita em bovinos. Folhas maduras em doses entre 10 e 40g/kg e frutos na dose de 10 g/kg não causaram alterações clínicas. Alterações clínicas foram observadas em ovinos que receberam a partir de 5g/kg de folhas jovens em dose única e a morte ocorreu nos que receberam a partir de 30g/kg. A toxicidade na dose de 30g/kg se manteve após a secagem da planta. Os principais sinais clínicos foram anorexia, apatia, dispneia, arritmia e taquicardia em evolução clínica que variou de 16 às 20h. Notou-se em uma fase terminal hiperaguda, com evolução de 13 a 20 min., relutância ao movimento, micção frequente, jugular ingurgitada, pulso venoso evidente, tremor muscular, decúbito esternal e decúbito lateral e morte. Na necropsia os principais achados foram ingurgitamento de grandes veias, das aurículas do coração e edema pulmonar. Microscopicamente a principal alteração ocorreu no rim e caracterizou-se por degeneração hidrópico-vacuolar no citoplasma de epitélio de túbulos contorcidos distais. Conclui-se que N. stannea na fase de brotação é tóxica para ovinos e que a intoxicação por esta planta deve ser incluída no diagnóstico diferencial das doenças com curso clínico hiperagudo ou morte súbita em ovinos em regiões onde a planta existe.(AU)

Niedenzuella stannea a sodium monofluoroacetate-containing plant cause sudden death in cattle in southern Mato Grosso State. This investigation describes the toxicity and clinical and pathological findings of experimental poisoning by N. stannea in sheep. Fruits, mature leaves and young leaves of the plant collected in properties near the margins of the Araguaia river basins with history of sudden death in cattle were used in the experiment. No clinical signs were observed in sheep ingesting doses between 10 and 40g/kg of mature leaves and 10g/kg of fruits. The animals had shown clinical signs when received young leaves of the plant orally in a single dose of 5, 10, 20g/kg, and death occurred in sheep receiving 30g/kg. The plant at the dose of 30g/kg of fresh leaves maintained its toxicity after being dried. The main clinical signs observed were anorexia, lethargy, dyspnea, tachycardia, and arrhythmia with a clinical course ranging 16-20 hours after the onset of clinical signs. In an hyperacute terminal phase the animals showed reluctance to move, frequent urination, engorged jugular, evident venous pulse, muscle tremor, sternal recumbence, lateral decubitus, and death. At necropsy engorgement of the atrium and large veins of the heart, and pulmonary edema were observed. Microscopically, the kidney had hydropic-vacuolar degeneration in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubules. It is concluded that young leaves of N. stannea can cause intoxication in sheep and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute diseases or sudden death in sheep in regions where the plant exist.(AU)

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RESUMEN

Niedenzuella stannea é uma planta que contém monofluoracetato de sódio e é incriminada como causa de morte súbita em bovinos na Região Sul do Estado de Mato Grosso. Este estudo descreve a toxidez e achados clínicos e patológicos da intoxicação experimental por N. stannea em ovinos. Foram utilizados no experimento, frutos, folhas maduras e folhas jovens de N. stannea coletadas em propriedades as margens de afluentes das bacias hidrográficas do Rio Araguaia onde havia histórico de morte súbita em bovinos. Folhas maduras em doses entre 10 e 40g/kg e frutos na dose de 10 g/kg não causaram alterações clínicas. Alterações clínicas foram observadas em ovinos que receberam a partir de 5g/kg de folhas jovens em dose única e a morte ocorreu nos que receberam a partir de 30g/kg. A toxicidade na dose de 30g/kg se manteve após a secagem da planta. Os principais sinais clínicos foram anorexia, apatia, dispneia, arritmia e taquicardia em evolução clínica que variou de 16 às 20h. Notou-se em uma fase terminal hiperaguda, com evolução de 13 a 20 min., relutância ao movimento, micção frequente, jugular ingurgitada, pulso venoso evidente, tremor muscular, decúbito esternal e decúbito lateral e morte. Na necropsia os principais achados foram ingurgitamento de grandes veias, das aurículas do coração e edema pulmonar. Microscopicamente a principal alteração ocorreu no rim e caracterizou-se por degeneração hidrópico-vacuolar no citoplasma de epitélio de túbulos contorcidos distais. Conclui-se que N. stannea na fase de brotação é tóxica para ovinos e que a intoxicação por esta planta deve ser incluída no diagnóstico diferencial das doenças com curso clínico hiperagudo ou morte súbita em ovinos em regiões onde a planta existe.(AU)

Niedenzuella stannea a sodium monofluoroacetate-containing plant cause sudden death in cattle in southern Mato Grosso State. This investigation describes the toxicity and clinical and pathological findings of experimental poisoning by N. stannea in sheep. Fruits, mature leaves and young leaves of the plant collected in properties near the margins of the Araguaia river basins with history of sudden death in cattle were used in the experiment. No clinical signs were observed in sheep ingesting doses between 10 and 40g/kg of mature leaves and 10g/kg of fruits. The animals had shown clinical signs when received young leaves of the plant orally in a single dose of 5, 10, 20g/kg, and death occurred in sheep receiving 30g/kg. The plant at the dose of 30g/kg of fresh leaves maintained its toxicity after being dried. The main clinical signs observed were anorexia, lethargy, dyspnea, tachycardia, and arrhythmia with a clinical course ranging 16-20 hours after the onset of clinical signs. In an hyperacute terminal phase the animals showed reluctance to move, frequent urination, engorged jugular, evident venous pulse, muscle tremor, sternal recumbence, lateral decubitus, and death. At necropsy engorgement of the atrium and large veins of the heart, and pulmonary edema were observed. Microscopically, the kidney had hydropic-vacuolar degeneration in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubules. It is concluded that young leaves of N. stannea can cause intoxication in sheep and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute diseases or sudden death in sheep in regions where the plant exist.(AU)

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RESUMEN

Monofluoroacetate (MFA) is a potent toxin that occurs in over 50 plant species in Africa, Australia, and South America and is responsible for significant livestock deaths in these regions. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the analysis of MFA in plants based on the derivatization of MFA with n-propanol in the presence of sulfuric acid to form propyl fluoroacetate was developed. This method compared favorably to a currently employed high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) method for the analysis of MFA in plants. The GC-MS method was applied to the analysis of MFA in herbarium specimens of Fridericia elegans, Niedenzuella stannea, N. multiglandulosa, N. acutifolia, and Aenigmatanthera lasiandra. This is the first report of MFA being detected in F. elegans, N. multiglandulosa, N. acutifolia, and A. lasiandra, some of which have been reported to cause sudden death or that are toxic to livestock.

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Numerous plant species worldwide including Palicourea marcgravii (Rubiaceae) and Tanaecium bilabiatum (Bignoniaceae) in Brazil cause acute cardiac failure (sudden death) and are known to contain monofluoroacetate (MFA). Other Bignoniaceae species including Fridericia japurensis (Arrabidaea japurensis) are reported to cause sudden death in livestock in the Brazilian state of Roraima and are suspected to contain MFA due to the similarity of clinical signs. In this study herbarium specimens of Fridericia japurensis and field collections suspected to be F. japurensis were analyzed for MFA, and plant material from the field collections was dosed to rabbits. No MFA was detected in the herbarium specimens authoritatively identified as F. japurensis; however, MFA was detected in the field collections, which were identified as T. bilabiatum. Rabbits dosed orally with T. bilabiatum died acutely. Voucher toxic specimens initially described as F. japurensis were incorrectly identified, and the correct botanical name for this plant is T. bilabiatum (Arrabidaea bilabiata). Based on this study we conclude that there are no data to support the toxicity of F. japurensis and that the plant previously reported under this name as causing acute cardiac failure in cattle in Roraima is T. bilabiatum. This research highlights the importance of voucher specimens as part of any toxic plant investigation and corrects the literature regarding these toxic plants.

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Numerous monofluoroacetate (MFA)-containing plants in Brazil cause sudden death syndrome precipitated by exercise in livestock, which is characterized by loss of balance, ataxia, labored breathing, muscle tremors, and recumbence leading to death. Four species of Palicourea collected at six farms were tested for the presence of MFA and their toxicity to rabbits. Palicourea longiflora and Palicourea barraensis contained MFA and caused sudden death in the rabbits. Palicourea croceoides and Palicourea nitidella did not contain MFA and were not toxic to rabbits. P. longiflora and P. barraensis were collected at three farms with a history of sudden death in their cattle. This is the first report of toxicity in regard to these two species.

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Amorimia septentrionalis is a sodium monofluoroacetate (MFA) - containing plant that causes sudden death in ruminants. The aim of this study was to determine whether the resistance to A. septentrionalis poisoning in goats conferred by the intra-ruminal inoculation with the MFA-degrading bacteria Ancylobacter dichloromethanicus and Pigmentiphaga kullae can be transferred to susceptible goats by the transfaunation of rumen content. Two groups of 8 goats and 2 goats resistant to A. septentrionalis poisoning were used. Goats in Group 1 received four daily doses of 160ml of rumen content from resistant goats and subsequently ingested 8 daily doses of 5g kg-1 of A. septentrionalis. Goats from Group 2 (control) received only the plant. In Group 1, only 2 goats showed mild tachycardia and mild jugular vein engorgement on the 4th and 5th day, but they subsequently returned to normal, even with the continuation of plant administration. All control goats showed severe signs of intoxication and the plant administration was suspended between the 3rd and 7th day. So, the transfer of ruminal fluid from goats previously inoculated with MFA-degrading bacteria induces resistance to poisoning by A. septentrionalis in susceptible goats.(AU)

Amorimia septentrionalis é uma planta que contém monofluoracetato de sódio (MFA) e causa morte súbita em ruminantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar se a resistência à intoxicação conferida por A. septentrionalis em caprinos inoculados com as bactérias degradadoras de MFA, Ancylobacter dichloromethanicus e Pigmentiphaga kullae, pode ser transferida, por transfaunação ruminal, para outros caprinos suscetíveis. Para tanto, foram utilizados dois caprinos previamente inoculados com bactérias degradadoras de MFA e dois grupos de oito caprinos para o experimento de transfaunação, denominados Grupo 1 e Grupo 2. Os caprinos do Grupo 1 receberam 4 doses diárias de 160ml de conteúdo ruminal dos caprinos resistentes e, posteriormente, ingeriram 8 doses diárias de 5g kg-1 da planta. Os caprinos do Grupo 2 (controle) receberam apenas a planta. Dos caprinos do Grupo 1, apenas 2 animais apresentaram discreta taquicardia e leve ingurgitamento da veia jugular no 4o e 5o dia do experimento, no entanto, estes voltaram ao normal, mesmo com a continuação da administração da planta. Todos os animais do grupo controle apresentaram sinais graves de intoxicação e a administração da planta foi suspensa entre e o 3o e o 7o dia. Conclui-se que a transfaunação de líquido ruminal de caprinos previamente inoculados com bactérias degradadoras de MFA induz resistência à intoxicação por A. septentrionalis em outros caprinos susceptíveis.(AU)

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No Brasil, estima-se que as intoxicações por plantas tóxicas que contém monofluoroacetato de sódio (MFA) causam a morte de aproximadamente 500.000 bovinosao ano. A inoculação ruminal de bactérias que degradam MFA tem sido proposta como uma forma de prevenir a intoxicação. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, em caprinos, a resistência ao MFA presente em Amorimia septentrionalis, induzida por inoculação ruminal das bactérias Pigmentiphaga kullae e Ancylobacter dichloromethanicus. Doze caprinos, que nunca tiveram contato prévio com plantas que contêm MFA, foram divididos em dois grupos, com seis animais cada. No grupo 1, 60 mL de uma mistura das duas bactérias foi inoculada, diariamente, durante 10 dias em cada caprino. No grupo 2, os caprinos não receberam as bactérias. A partir do 10º dia de inoculação, A. septentrionalis foi administrada, diariamente, na dose de 5g/kg de peso vivo, sendo interrompida em cada animal após a observação dos primeiros sinais clínicos da intoxicação. Os caprinos do grupo 1 apresentaram sinais clínicos 5,83±2,56 dias após a administração da planta o que diferiu significativamente (p=0,037) dos caprinos do grupo 2, que apresentaram sinais clínicos aos 2,67±0,52 dias. A quantidade de planta ingerida pelos caprinos inoculados (28,83±12,97g/kg) e os não inoculados (12,03±3,65g/kg) para desencadear os sinais clínicos foi, também, estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos (p=0,025). Conclui-se que a administração intraruminal de Pigmentiphaga kullae e Ancylobacter dichloromethanicus induz resistência à intoxicação por plantas que contêm MFA.(AU)

In Brazil is estimated that poisoning of livestock by sodium monofluoroacetate (MFA) containing plants causes the death of about 500.000 cattle per year. The ruminal inoculation of bacteria that degrade MFA has been proposed as a way to prevent the poisoning. This study aimed to evaluate in goats resistance to the MFA-containing plant Amorimia septentrionalis induced by ruminal inoculation of the bacteria Pigmentiphaga kullae and Ancylobacter dichloromethanicus. Twelve goats, without previous contact with MFA-containing plants, were divided into two groups of six animals each. In group 1, 60ml of a mixture of the two bacteria was inoculated every day for 10 days into each goat. In group 2, the goats did not receive the bacteria. At the 10th day of inoculation, A. septentrionalis began to be administered daily at a dose of 5g/kg body weight to both groups. The administration was interrupted in each goat after first clinical signs of poisoning were observed.. The goats of group 1 showed clinical signs 5.83±2.56 days after the administration of the plant, what differed significantly (p=0.037) from goats of group 2, that showed clinical signs 2.67±0 52 days after the beginning of ingestion. The amount of A. septentrionalis ingested by inoculated goats (28.83±12.97g/kg) to cause clinical sings was significantly greater (p=0.025) than the amount ingested by the non-inoculated (12.03±3.65) goats to cause clinical signs and was also statistically different between the groups. We concluded that the intraruminal administration of Pigmentiphaga kullae and Ancylobacter dichloromethanicus increases the resistance to poisoning by MFA-containing plants.(AU)

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RESUMEN

No Brasil, estima-se que as intoxicações por plantas tóxicas que contém monofluoroacetato de sódio (MFA) causam a morte de aproximadamente 500.000 bovinosao ano. A inoculação ruminal de bactérias que degradam MFA tem sido proposta como uma forma de prevenir a intoxicação. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, em caprinos, a resistência ao MFA presente em Amorimia septentrionalis, induzida por inoculação ruminal das bactérias Pigmentiphaga kullae e Ancylobacter dichloromethanicus. Doze caprinos, que nunca tiveram contato prévio com plantas que contêm MFA, foram divididos em dois grupos, com seis animais cada. No grupo 1, 60 mL de uma mistura das duas bactérias foi inoculada, diariamente, durante 10 dias em cada caprino. No grupo 2, os caprinos não receberam as bactérias. A partir do 10º dia de inoculação, A. septentrionalis foi administrada, diariamente, na dose de 5g/kg de peso vivo, sendo interrompida em cada animal após a observação dos primeiros sinais clínicos da intoxicação. Os caprinos do grupo 1 apresentaram sinais clínicos 5,83±2,56 dias após a administração da planta o que diferiu significativamente (p=0,037) dos caprinos do grupo 2, que apresentaram sinais clínicos aos 2,67±0,52 dias. A quantidade de planta ingerida pelos caprinos inoculados (28,83±12,97g/kg) e os não inoculados (12,03±3,65g/kg) para desencadear os sinais clínicos foi, também, estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos (p=0,025). Conclui-se que a administração intraruminal de Pigmentiphaga kullae e Ancylobacter dichloromethanicus induz resistência à intoxicação por plantas que contêm MFA.

In Brazil is estimated that poisoning of livestock by sodium monofluoroacetate (MFA) containing plants causes the death of about 500.000 cattle per year. The ruminal inoculation of bacteria that degrade MFA has been proposed as a way to prevent the poisoning. This study aimed to evaluate in goats resistance to the MFA-containing plant Amorimia septentrionalis induced by ruminal inoculation of the bacteria Pigmentiphaga kullae and Ancylobacter dichloromethanicus. Twelve goats, without previous contact with MFA-containing plants, were divided into two groups of six animals each. In group 1, 60ml of a mixture of the two bacteria was inoculated every day for 10 days into each goat. In group 2, the goats did not receive the bacteria. At the 10th day of inoculation, A. septentrionalis began to be administered daily at a dose of 5g/kg body weight to both groups. The administration was interrupted in each goat after first clinical signs of poisoning were observed.. The goats of group 1 showed clinical signs 5.83±2.56 days after the administration of the plant, what differed significantly (p=0.037) from goats of group 2, that showed clinical signs 2.67±0 52 days after the beginning of ingestion. The amount of A. septentrionalis ingested by inoculated goats (28.83±12.97g/kg) to cause clinical sings was significantly greater (p=0.025) than the amount ingested by the non-inoculated (12.03±3.65) goats to cause clinical signs and was also statistically different between the groups. We concluded that the intraruminal administration of Pigmentiphaga kullae and Ancylobacter dichloromethanicus increases the resistance to poisoning by MFA-containing plants.

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RESUMEN

Amorimia septentrionalis contém monofluoracetato de sódio e quando consumida por ruminantes provoca morte súbita. Este estudo teve o objetivo de relatar a epidemiologia, os sinais clínicos e patológicos de surtos de morte súbita em bovinos provocadas por Amorimia septentrionalis nos Estados de Pernambuco e Paraíba. Para isso, realizaram-se visitas técnicas em diversas propriedades nas Microrregiões do Médio Capibaribe/PE e Itabaiana/PB. Oito bovinos foram necropsiados. Coletaram-se tecidos das cavidades abdominal e torácica, além do encéfalo e medula espinhal. As alterações clínicas consistiram em lentidão, decúbito esternal prolongado, relutância em se movimentar quando em estação, cansaço, taquipneia, taquicardia e pulso venoso positivo. Os bovinos que foram forçados a se movimentar apresentaram instabilidade, tremores musculares e queda repentina seguida de vocalizações, movimentos de pedalagem e morte súbita em cerca de 5 a 7 minutos. As principais alterações macroscópicas consistiram em edema pulmonar, coração com aspecto globular com áreas esbranquiçadas, petéquias e equimoses no epicárdio, miocárdio e músculos papilares. À microscopia observou-se aumento da eosinofilia do citoplasma dos cardiomiócitos, núcleos picnóticos, cariorrexia, cariólise, perda das estriações, edema intersticial, infiltrado inflamatório intersticial mononuclear e áreas multifocais de fibrose cardíaca. Nos rins, constatou-se degeneração hidrópico vacuolar e necrose das células epiteliais em túbulos contorcidos. Os sinais clínicos foram semelhantes aos sinais clínicos já descritos em bovinos por plantas que contém MFA. As lesões macro e microscópicas descritas no coração e rins são de grande valor diagnóstico. A. septentrionalis é a principal planta tóxica de interesse pecuário nas microrregiões do Médio Capibaribe e Itabaiana devido às perdas econômicas diretas e indiretas que provoca na pecuária dessas regiões.

Amorimia (Mascagnia) septentrionalis contains sodium monofluoracetate and when consumed by ruminants cause outbreaks of sudden death. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology, clinical and pathological signs of outbreaks of sudden deaths in cattle caused by A. septentrionalis in the states of Pernambuco and Paraíba. For this, technical visits where made on various properties in the regions of Médio Capibaribe/PE and Itabaiana/PB. Eight cattle were necropsied. Tissues were collected from abdominal and thoracic cavities, besides brain and spinal cord. The clinical changes consisted in apathy, prolonged sternal recumbency, reluctance to move, fatigue, tachypnea, tachycardia and positive venous pulse. The animals that were forced to move showed instability, muscular tremors and then a single fall followed by vocalizations, paddling and death in 5-7 minutes. Macroscopic changes consisted in pulmonary edema, globular heart with whitish areas, petechiae and ecchymosis in the epicardium, myocardium and papillary muscles. Microscopically there was an increase of eosinophilia of cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes, picnosis, cariorrexia, karyolysis, loss of striations and multifocal areas of cardiac fibrosis. In the kidney, there was hydropic vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of epithelial cells in convoluted tubules. The clinical signs presented by the cattle poisoned were similar to those previously described by plants containing MFA. The macroscopic and microscopic lesions described in the heart and kidneys are of great diagnostic value. A septentrionalis is the main toxic plant of livestock interests in the studied regions due to direct and indirect economic losses in livestock that causes.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Amorimia septentrionalis contém monofluoracetato de sódio e quando consumida por ruminantes provoca morte súbita. Este estudo teve o objetivo de relatar a epidemiologia, os sinais clínicos e patológicos de surtos de morte súbita em bovinos provocadas por Amorimia septentrionalis nos Estados de Pernambuco e Paraíba. Para isso, realizaram-se visitas técnicas em diversas propriedades nas Microrregiões do Médio Capibaribe/PE e Itabaiana/PB. Oito bovinos foram necropsiados. Coletaram-se tecidos das cavidades abdominal e torácica, além do encéfalo e medula espinhal. As alterações clínicas consistiram em lentidão, decúbito esternal prolongado, relutância em se movimentar quando em estação, cansaço, taquipneia, taquicardia e pulso venoso positivo. Os bovinos que foram forçados a se movimentar apresentaram instabilidade, tremores musculares e queda repentina seguida de vocalizações, movimentos de pedalagem e morte súbita em cerca de 5 a 7 minutos. As principais alterações macroscópicas consistiram em edema pulmonar, coração com aspecto globular com áreas esbranquiçadas, petéquias e equimoses no epicárdio, miocárdio e músculos papilares. À microscopia observou-se aumento da eosinofilia do citoplasma dos cardiomiócitos, núcleos picnóticos, cariorrexia, cariólise, perda das estriações, edema intersticial, infiltrado inflamatório intersticial mononuclear e áreas multifocais de fibrose cardíaca. Nos rins, constatou-se degeneração hidrópico vacuolar e necrose das células epiteliais em túbulos contorcidos. Os sinais clínicos foram semelhantes aos sinais clínicos já descritos em bovinos por plantas que contém MFA. As lesões macro e microscópicas descritas no coração e rins são de grande valor diagnóstico. A. septentrionalis é a principal planta tóxica de interesse pecuário nas microrregiões do Médio Capibaribe e Itabaiana devido às perdas econômicas diretas e indiretas que provoca na pecuária dessas regiões.(AU)

Amorimia (Mascagnia) septentrionalis contains sodium monofluoracetate and when consumed by ruminants cause outbreaks of sudden death. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology, clinical and pathological signs of outbreaks of sudden deaths in cattle caused by A. septentrionalis in the states of Pernambuco and Paraíba. For this, technical visits where made on various properties in the regions of Médio Capibaribe/PE and Itabaiana/PB. Eight cattle were necropsied. Tissues were collected from abdominal and thoracic cavities, besides brain and spinal cord. The clinical changes consisted in apathy, prolonged sternal recumbency, reluctance to move, fatigue, tachypnea, tachycardia and positive venous pulse. The animals that were forced to move showed instability, muscular tremors and then a single fall followed by vocalizations, paddling and death in 5-7 minutes. Macroscopic changes consisted in pulmonary edema, globular heart with whitish areas, petechiae and ecchymosis in the epicardium, myocardium and papillary muscles. Microscopically there was an increase of eosinophilia of cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes, picnosis, cariorrexia, karyolysis, loss of striations and multifocal areas of cardiac fibrosis. In the kidney, there was hydropic vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of epithelial cells in convoluted tubules. The clinical signs presented by the cattle poisoned were similar to those previously described by plants containing MFA. The macroscopic and microscopic lesions described in the heart and kidneys are of great diagnostic value. A. septentrionalis is the main toxic plant of livestock interests in the studied regions due to direct and indirect economic losses in livestock that causes.(AU)

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Numerous plant species worldwide including some Palicourea (Rubiaceae), Tanaecium (Bignoniaceae), and Amorimia (Malpighiaceae) species in Brazil cause sudden death and are known to contain monofluoroacetate (MFA). Two species of Palicourea, Palicourea aenofusca and Palicourea marcgravii, cause sudden death and are reported to contain MFA while other Palicourea species are reported to cause sudden death in livestock and are suspected to contain MFA due to the similarity in clinical signs. Using an HPLC-APCI-MS method to detect MFA, herbarium specimens representing 46 Palicourea taxa were screened for the presence of MFA. Additionally we screened five Psychotria taxa that are closely related to Palicourea species. Ten species of Palicourea were identified that contained MFA, two previously reported and eight newly reported here; these are closely related to each other, though some other related species did not contain MFA.

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Amorimia septentrionalis contains sodium monofluoroactetate (MFA) and can cause acute heart failure in ruminants when ingested in toxic doses. In this study, we demonstrate that resistance to poisoning by A. septentrionalis can be improved in goats by the repeated administration of non-toxic doses of A. septentrionalis. We also show that increased resistance to poisoning by A. septentrionalis can also be achieved by the transfaunation of ruminal content from goats previously conditioned to be resistant to naïve goats. These methods of improving resistance require further study, but appear to provide potential management solutions to mitigate toxicity problems from A. septentrionalis, and perhaps other plant species containing MFA.

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El fluoroacetato de sodio, es un raticida prohibido en algunos países y permitido en otros, que causa severas intoxicaciones humanas y animales. Actúa por inhibición del ciclo de Krebs e interfiere con la producción de energía, lo cual conduce a disfunción celular irreversible, especialmente en sistema nervioso central y corazón. El alcohol etílico, debido a su oxidación a acido acético y a su amplia disponibilidad, es uno de los fármacos usados en esta intoxicación, lo que podría causar controversias éticas y legales. La biotransformación del hidrato de cloral a tricloroetanol y a ácido tricloroacético, el efecto anticonvulsivante y su amplio uso en Pediatría, fueron las razones para su evaluación en la intoxicación por fluoroacetato. Se realizó un estudio experimental, para comparar los efectos de hidrato de cloral y alcohol en ratas intoxicadas con fluoroacetato de sodio. El análisis estadístico aplicado fue la prueba de chi cuadrado. Los resultados mostraron que el hidrato de cloral a dosis bajas, permite la sobrevivencia en 100% de los animales expuestos. Se confirmó igualmente la efectividad del alcohol etílico a dosis altas. Este resultado sugiere que el hidrato de cloral puede ser una opción tan útil como el etanol y que podría ser el fármaco de elección en aquellos pacientes que no puedan recibir monoacetin o etanol o porque haya mayor accesibilidad al hidrato de cloral.

Sodium fluoroacetate is a banned rodenticide in some countries and allowed in others, which causes severe human and animal poisonings. It acts for inhibition of Krebs's cycle and interferes with energy production leading to irreversible cellular dysfunction, specially in nervous central system and heart. Ethyl alcohol, because oxidation to acetic acid and to its wide availability, is one of the drugs used in this poisoning, which should can cause ethical and legal controversies. Biotransformation of chloral hydrate to trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid, the anticonvulsant effect and its widespread use in Pediatrics, were the reasons for its evaluation in fluoroacetate poisoning. An experimental study was conducted, to compare effects of chloral hydrate and ethanol in poisoned rats with sodium fluoroacetate. The statistical analysis applied was the chi square test. The results showed that chloral hydrate in low doses allows survival in 100 % of the exposed animals. It also confirms the effectiveness of ethyl alcohol at high doses. This result suggests that chIoral hydrate may be an option as useful as ethanol and could be the choice drug in those patients who could not receive monoacetin or ethanol or because there is greater accessibility to chloral hydrate.

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Sodium fluoroacetate (SFAC) is a potent rodenticide, largely used for rodent and domestic pest control. The toxic effects of SFAC are caused by fluoroacetate, a toxic metabolite, whose toxic action blocks the Krebs cycle and also induces the accumulation of citrate in the body, which is a serum calcium chelator. The most common clinical signs of this intoxication are the cardiac and neurological effects. However, the hematological, biochemical and histopathological findings occurring in intoxication are still unknown in different species. In the present study, 16 domestic cats were experimentally intoxicated with oral doses of fluoroacetate (0.45 mg/kg). The hematological and biochemical profiles and histopathological findings were made to look for auxiliary diagnosis methods in SFAC intoxications. The hematological profile showed transitory leucopenia and thrombocytopenia; in the biochemical profiles were detected hyperglycemia, increase of creatinequinase enzyme (CK) and creatinequinase cardiac isoenzyme (CK-MB), hypokalemia and hypophosfatemia. In the macroscopic and histopathological findings were observed lesions characteristic of degenerative and ischemic processes in heart, kidneys, liver, brain and lungs. These changes may be auxiliary to the diagnosis of intoxication by SFAC in cats, when associated with clinical signs described for the species. Thus, the complete blood count with platelet count, serum glucose, enzymes CK and CK-MB isoenzyme, as well as the electrolytes potassium and phosphorus, can facilitate the laboratory diagnosis during intoxication by SFAC, associated with the pathological findings in the case of death of the intoxicated animal.

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Sodium fluoroacetate (SFAC) or Compound 1080 is a potent rodenticide, largely used after 1946 for rodent and home pest control. The toxic effects of SFAC are caused by fluorocitrate action, a toxic metabolite, which has a competitive action with aconitase enzyme, leading to citrate accumulation and resulting in interference in energy production by Krebs cycle blockade. In the present study, domestic cats were intoxicated with oral doses of fluoroacetate (0.45 mg/kg). The intoxicated animals presented emesis, diarrhea with abdominal pain posture and an abdominal palpation, tachypnea, bilateral midriasis, hypothermia, hyperexcitability and convulsions. Blood gas analysis indicated decreased pH and bicarbonate levels. Serum ionized calcium was also decreased. ECG showed non-specific changes in ventricular repolarization and ventricular arrhythmias. The survival rate was 75% in the treated group with calcium gluconate and sodium succinate and 37.5% in the nontreated group.

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O fluoroacetato de sódio (FAS) ou composto 1080 é um potente rodenticida utilizado no controle de roedores e predadores manúferos. Sua utilização está proibida por lei em diversos países devido à sua alta toxicidade, mas no Brasil há evidências do uso ilegal e sem critérios causando intoxicações, principalmente em crianças e animais domésticos. O FAS age por meio do seu metabólito tóxico, o fluorocitrato, no bloqueio do ciclo de Krebs com consequente diminuição da produção de energia do organismo, provocando principalmente manifestações clínicas neurológicas e cardíacas. No presente estudo compararam quatro doses orais tóxicas do fluoroacetato de sódio, descritas em gatos, na literatura, observando-se o aparecimento dos sinais clínicos predominantes da intoxicação, as diferenças entre as doses quanto a variabilidade clínica em relação ao período de latência para o aparecimento dos sinais clínicos e sua respectiva intensidade. A dose oral tóxica que melhor caracterizou o quadro clínico da intoxicação por FAS em gatos, sem causar a letalidade aguda, foi de 0,4Smg/kg. As diferenças entre as manifestações clínicas foram dose-dependentes e em ordem crescente de intensidade, caracterizando-se como sinais leves (dose 1: 0,3mg/kg), leves a moderados (dose 2: 0,4mg/kg), moderados a graves (dose 3: 0,45mg/ kg) e graves (dose 4: 0,5mg/kg). Houve também variabilidade clínica individual entre animais intoxicados com a mesma dosagem do tóxico.

The sodium monofluoroacetate (FAC) or compound 1080 is a potent rodenticide used for a rodents and vertebrate pest control. lt was prohibited in many countties because of its high toxicity, but in Brazil exist evidences of ilegal use causing the intoxication in children and domestic animals. The fluoroacetate metabolite, fluorocitric acid, blocks body energy production by inhibit the Krebs cycle, resulting in neurological and cardiacs signs. ln the present study, four group of oral toxic dosis of the FAC were compared in cats. The best oral toxic dose for clinical signs presentation, without cause acute lethality, was 0,45mg/kg. The clinical variability was dosis dependent and its intensity , in crescent order, was: light signs (dose 1: 0,3mg/kg), light to moderate (dose 2: 0,4mg/kg), moderate to severe (dose 3: 0,45mg/ kg) and severe (dose 4: 0,5mg/kg). There was individual clinical variability between animals that received the same oral toxic dose.

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O fluoroacetato de sódio (FAS) ou composto 1080 é um potente rodenticida utilizado no controle de roedores e predadores manúferos. Sua utilização está proibida por lei em diversos países devido à sua alta toxicidade, mas no Brasil há evidências do uso ilegal e sem critérios causando intoxicações, principalmente em crianças e animais domésticos. O FAS age por meio do seu metabólito tóxico, o fluorocitrato, no bloqueio do ciclo de Krebs com consequente diminuição da produção de energia do organismo, provocando principalmente manifestações clínicas neurológicas e cardíacas. No presente estudo compararam quatro doses orais tóxicas do fluoroacetato de sódio, descritas em gatos, na literatura, observando-se o aparecimento dos sinais clínicos predominantes da intoxicação, as diferenças entre as doses quanto a variabilidade clínica em relação ao período de latência para o aparecimento dos sinais clínicos e sua respectiva intensidade. A dose oral tóxica que melhor caracterizou o quadro clínico da intoxicação por FAS em gatos, sem causar a letalidade aguda, foi de 0,4Smg/kg. As diferenças entre as manifestações clínicas foram dose-dependentes e em ordem crescente de intensidade, caracterizando-se como sinais leves (dose 1: 0,3mg/kg), leves a moderados (dose 2: 0,4mg/kg), moderados a graves (dose 3: 0,45mg/ kg) e graves (dose 4: 0,5mg/kg). Houve também variabilidade clínica individual entre animais intoxicados com a mesma dosagem do tóxico.(AU)

The sodium monofluoroacetate (FAC) or compound 1080 is a potent rodenticide used for a rodents and vertebrate pest control. lt was prohibited in many countties because of its high toxicity, but in Brazil exist evidences of ilegal use causing the intoxication in children and domestic animals. The fluoroacetate metabolite, fluorocitric acid, blocks body energy production by inhibit the Krebs cycle, resulting in neurological and cardiacs signs. ln the present study, four group of oral toxic dosis of the FAC were compared in cats. The best oral toxic dose for clinical signs presentation, without cause acute lethality, was 0,45mg/kg. The clinical variability was dosis dependent and its intensity , in crescent order, was: light signs (dose 1: 0,3mg/kg), light to moderate (dose 2: 0,4mg/kg), moderate to severe (dose 3: 0,45mg/ kg) and severe (dose 4: 0,5mg/kg). There was individual clinical variability between animals that received the same oral toxic dose.(AU)

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