RESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Panax notoginseng flowers, which are the buds of the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Sanqi, are widely used in China for their cough-ameliorating properties, with demonstrated therapeutic effects in the treatment of both acute and chronic coughs. However, both the antitussive mechanism and active compound basis of P. notoginseng flowers remain poorly understood. AIM OF THE STUDY: We investigated the antitussive effects of P. notoginseng flowers, identified the bioactive constituents responsible for alleviating cough symptoms, and elucidated the underlying pharmacological mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the major chemical constituents of aqueous extracts of P. notoginseng flowers using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantitatively analyzed the key component, 20S-ginsenoside Rh2, using high-performance liquid chromatography. Using a cough reflex model in healthy mice and an ovalbumin-induced, highly sensitive guinea pig cough model, we verified the suppressive effects of P. notoginseng flowers and their saponin constituents on coughing. Furthermore, we explored the mechanisms of action of the key ion channels, NaV1.7 and TRPV1, using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques and molecular docking. Finally, the therapeutic mechanisms of P. notoginseng flowers on pathological cough were revealed using hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. RESULTS: The active components of P. notoginseng flowers were primarily protopanaxadiol-type saponins, among which 20S-ginsenoside Rh2 had the highest content (51.46 mg/g). In the mouse model, P. notoginseng flowers exhibited antitussive effects comparable to those of pentoxyverine citrate. Although its main saponin component, 20S-ginsenoside Rh2, showed slightly weaker effects, it still demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of channel activity. The whole-cell patch-clamp technique and virtual molecular docking showed that Rh2 might exert its effects by directly binding to the NaV1.7 and TRPV1 channels. In the guinea pig model, P. notoginseng flowers and their saponin components not only reduced cough frequency and prolonged the latency period before cough onset, but also significantly inhibited tracheal and pulmonary inflammation and the overexpression of TRPV1. CONCLUSIONS: 20S-Ginsenoside Rh2, the major bioactive saponin in P. notoginseng flowers, exhibits potent antitussive effects. The potential mechanism of action of 20S-Ginsenoside Rh2 in the treatment of cough may involve inhibiting NaV1.7 and TRPV1 channel currents through direct binding to core protein active sites and downregulating TRPV1 expression.
Asunto(s)
Antitusígenos , Tos , Regulación hacia Abajo , Flores , Ginsenósidos , Canal de Sodio Activado por Voltaje NAV1.7 , Panax notoginseng , Canales Catiónicos TRPV , Animales , Canales Catiónicos TRPV/metabolismo , Cobayas , Flores/química , Tos/tratamiento farmacológico , Ginsenósidos/farmacología , Antitusígenos/farmacología , Masculino , Ratones , Panax notoginseng/química , Regulación hacia Abajo/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Canal de Sodio Activado por Voltaje NAV1.7/metabolismo , Canal de Sodio Activado por Voltaje NAV1.7/efectos de los fármacos , Células HEK293 , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Cricetulus , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Células CHO , Saponinas/farmacología , OvalbúminaRESUMEN
Australian honey samples from four botanical genera (Lophostemon, Eucalyptus, Macadamia and Corymbia) were investigated for their phenolic content. An improved phenolic extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) analysis method allowed for the rapid and reliable identification of phenolic compounds. A concentrated liquid-liquid extraction method with an acidified aqueous solution and acetonitrile was optimised to isolate phenolic compounds from the honey matrix. The concentrated extraction method improved sensitivity and permitted the identification of phenolics present at low concentrations (LOD: 0.012-0.25 mg/kg and LOQ: 0.040-2.99 mg/kg). The optimised HPLC-DAD chromatographic conditions gave stable retention times, improved peak separation and allowed for the inexpensive detection of each of the 109 phenolic compounds at their maximum absorbance wavelength. Out of the 109 phenolic compounds included in this study, 49 were identified in the Australian honeys tested. Furthermore, 25 of the 49 compounds were determined to be markers specific to honey floral origin.
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Eucalyptus , Miel , Fenoles , Miel/análisis , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Fenoles/análisis , Fenoles/química , Eucalyptus/química , Australia , Flores/químicaRESUMEN
Flowers of Crocus sativus L. are immensely important not only for arrangement of floral whorls but more because each floral organ is dominated by a different class of specialized compounds. Dried stigmas of C. sativus flowers form commercial saffron, and are known to accumulate unique apocarotenoids like crocin, picrocrocin and safranal. Inspite of being a high value crop, the molecular mechanism regulating flower development in Crocus remains largely unknown. Moreover, it would be very interesting to explore any co-regulatory mechanism which controls floral architecture and secondary metabolic pathways which exist in specific floral organs. Here we report transcriptome wide identification of MADS box genes in Crocus. A total of 39 full length MADS box genes were identified among which three belonged to type I and 36 to type II class. Phylogeny classified them into 11 sub-clusters. Expression pattern revealed some stigma up-regulated genes among which CstMADS19 encoding an AGAMOUS gene showed high expression. Transient over-expression of CstMADS19 in stigmas of Crocus resulted in increased crocin by enhancing expression of pathway genes. Yeast one hybrid assay demonstrated that CstMADS19 binds to promoters of phytoene synthase and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2 genes. Yeast two hybrid and BiFC assays confirmed interaction of CstMADS19 with CstMADS26 which codes for a SEPALATA gene. Co-overexpression of CstMADS19 and CstMADS26 in Crocus stigmas enhanced crocin content more than was observed when genes were expressed individually. Collectively, these findings indicate that CstMADS19 functions as a positive regulator of stigma based apocarotenoid biosynthesis in Crocus.
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Carotenoides , Crocus , Flores , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Proteínas de Dominio MADS , Proteínas de Plantas , Crocus/genética , Crocus/metabolismo , Carotenoides/metabolismo , Flores/genética , Flores/metabolismo , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Dominio MADS/genética , Proteínas de Dominio MADS/metabolismo , Filogenia , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica/métodos , Ciclohexenos/metabolismo , Transcriptoma , Terpenos/metabolismo , Glucósidos/metabolismo , Glucósidos/biosíntesisRESUMEN
Graphene oxide (GO) is a novel nanomaterial being applied in different fields, but was less used as foliar fertilizer in agriculture. We conducted a pot experiment to analyze the effects of foliar spraying GO from 0 (control), 50 (T1), 100 (T2), 150 (T3) and 200 mg·L-1 (T4) on the morphogenesis and carbon and nitrogen metabolism of kidney bean plants during the initiation of flowering to clarify the physiological effects of foliar spraying GO. The results showed that dry matter accumulation, the content of photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars of T1 to T4 treatments, were significantly increased by 40.7%-43.4%, 10.4%-80.7%, 6.4%-9.1% in kidney bean plants compared with CK treatment, respectively. T3 treatment performed the best. Meanwhile, the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase, acid converting enzyme and neutral converting enzyme of T3 and T4 treatments were increased by 25.7%-45.5%, 17.4%-28.6%, and 14.7%-20.1%, and the activities of nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthetase of T2 and T3 treatments were increased by 8.1%-15.2%, 11.5%-25.0%, and 89.7%-93.1%, respectively. In conclusion, foliar spraying of appropriate GO in early flowering stage of kidney bean could increase the content of photosynthetic pigments, improve the level of photosynthetic carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and increase dry matter accumulation. T3 treatment (150 mg·L-1) was the most effective in this study.
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Carbono , Flores , Grafito , Nitrógeno , Phaseolus , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Grafito/metabolismo , Carbono/metabolismo , Phaseolus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Phaseolus/metabolismo , Phaseolus/efectos de los fármacos , Flores/metabolismo , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Flores/efectos de los fármacos , Fertilizantes , Fotosíntesis/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Pollination is one of the important ecosystem services related to sustainable development of human society. However, the population diversity and abundance of wild bees, important pollinators, have been significantly reduced by climate change, agricultural intensification, and landscape transformation. Re-establishment of pollinator habitat by planting nectar-producing plants is an important way to maintain pollination service. In this study, we investigated the status of wild bees and the traits of flowering plants in 22 apple orchards during flowering stage in Changping District, Beijing in 2019. We analyzed the response of wild bee diversity to the flowering plant richness, flower color richness, inflorescence type richness, flowering plant coverage, herbaceous layer coverage and different flower color coverage in apple orchards, aiming to provide guidance for the selection of nectar-producing plants to establish the habitat of wild bees. A total of 3517 wild bees were captured during the apple flowering season, representing 49 species, 13 genera, and 5 families. We identified 21 flowering plants species that shared a similar flo-wering period with apple, exhibiting a range of 5 colors and 9 inflorescence types. The Shannon diversity index, evenness index, and social bee richness of wild bee community were positively correlated with flowering plant richness. The total wild bee community richness, social bee richness, underground nesting bee richness were positively correlated with the richness of flowering plant color, but Halictidae bee abundance was negatively correlated with the richness of flowering plant color. The Shannon diversity index and evenness index of wild bee community were positively correlated with the richness of inflorescence types. Megachilidae bee richness was negative correlated with the white flower coverage. Megachilidae bee richness, social bee abundance, and ground nesting bee richness were positively correlated with the purple flower coverage. There was no significant correlation between wild bees and flowering plant richness, flower color richness, inflorescence type richness, flowering plant coverage, herbaceous layer coverage and different flower color coverage in other communities of different families, lifestyles and nesting types. Maintaining diverse ground flowering plants with various traits in orchards is important to improve the diversity of wild bees. In particular, increasing the coverage of purple flower during apple flowering period is helpful to promote the diversity of Megachilidae bee, social bees, and ground nesting bees.
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Biodiversidad , Flores , Malus , Polinización , Abejas/fisiología , Abejas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Abejas/clasificación , Malus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Malus/clasificación , Animales , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ecosistema , ChinaRESUMEN
Rosa damascena Mill., commonly known as the King Flower, is a fragrant and important species of the Rosaceae family. It is widely used in the perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. The scent and color of the flowers are significant characteristics of this ornamental plant. This study aimed to investigate the relative expression of MYB1, CCD1, FLS, PAL, CER1, GT1, ANS and PAR genes under two growth stages (S1 and S2) in two morphs. The CCD1 gene pathway is highly correlated with the biosynthesis of volatile compounds. The results showed that the overexpression of MYB1, one of the important transcription factors in the production of fragrance and color, in the Hot pink morph of sample S2 increased the expression of PAR, PAL, FLS, RhGT1, CCD1, ANS, CER1, and GGPPS. The methyl jasmonate (MeJA) stimulant had a positive and cumulative effect on gene expression in most genes, such as FLS in ACC.26 of the S2 sample, RhGT1, MYB1, CCD1, PAR, ANS, CER1, and PAL in ACC.1. To further study, a comprehensive analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between the principal volatile compounds and colors. Our data suggest that the rose with pink flowers had a higher accumulation content of flavonoids and anthocyanin. To separate essential oil compounds, GC/MS analysis identified 26 compounds in four samples. The highest amount of geraniol, one of the main components of damask rose, was found in the Hot pink flower, 23.54%, under the influence of the MeJA hormone.
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Flores , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Odorantes , Rosa , Rosa/genética , Rosa/metabolismo , Flores/genética , Flores/metabolismo , Odorantes/análisis , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Oxilipinas/farmacología , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/metabolismo , Genes de Plantas , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Ciclopentanos/farmacología , Pigmentación/genética , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Acetatos/farmacología , Acetatos/metabolismo , ColorRESUMEN
The Arabidopsis SUPERMAN (SUP) gene and its orthologs in eudicots are crucial in regulating the number of reproductive floral organs. In Medicago truncatula, in addition to this function, a novel role in controlling meristem activity during compound inflorescence development was assigned to the SUP-ortholog (MtSUP). These findings led us to investigate whether the role of SUP genes in inflorescence development was legume-specific or could be extended to other eudicots. To assess that, we used Solanum lycopersicum as a model system with a cymose complex inflorescence and Arabidopsis thaliana as the best-known example of simple inflorescence. We conducted a detailed comparative expression analysis of SlSUP and SUP from vegetative stages to flower transition. In addition, we performed an exhaustive phenotypic characterisation of two different slsup and sup mutants during the plant life cycle. Our findings reveal that SlSUP is required for precise regulation of the meristems that control shoot and inflorescence architecture in tomato. In contrast, in Arabidopsis, SUP performs no meristematic function, but we found a role of SUP in floral transition. Our findings suggest that the functional divergence of SUP-like genes contributed to the modification of inflorescence architecture during angiosperm evolution.
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Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Inflorescencia , Meristema , Solanum lycopersicum , Inflorescencia/genética , Inflorescencia/crecimiento & desarrollo , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Arabidopsis/fisiología , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Solanum lycopersicum/fisiología , Meristema/genética , Meristema/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Flores/genética , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Flores/fisiología , Mutación/genética , Fenotipo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Flowering, the change from vegetative development to the reproductive phase, represents a crucial and intricate stage in the life cycle of plants, which is tightly controlled by both internal and external factors. In this study, we investigated the effect of Ascophyllum nodosum extract (ANE) on the flowering time of Arabidopsis. We found that a 0.1% concentration of ANE induced flowering in Arabidopsis, accompanied by the upregulation of key flowering time genes: FT (FLOWERING LOCUS T), SOC1 (SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1), and LFY (LEAFY). Further investigation showed that ANE specifically promotes flowering through the MIR156-mediated age pathway. ANE treatment resulted in the repression of negative regulator genes, MIR156, while simultaneously enhancing the expression of positive regulator genes, including SPLs and MIR172. This, in turn, led to the downregulation of AP2-like genes, which are known as floral repressors. It is worth noting that ANE did not alleviate the late flowering phenotype of MIR156-overexpressing plants and spl mutants. Furthermore, ANE-derived fucoidan mimics the function of sugars in regulating MIR156, closely mirroring the effects induced by ANE treatments. It suppresses the transcript levels of MIR156 and AP2-like genes while inducing those of SPLs and MIR172, thereby reinforcing the involvement of fucoidan in the control of flowering by ANE. In summary, our results demonstrate that ANE induces flowering by modulating the MIR156-SPL module within the age pathway, and this effect is mediated by fucoidan.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Ascophyllum , Flores , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , MicroARNs , MicroARNs/genética , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/efectos de los fármacos , Arabidopsis/fisiología , Flores/efectos de los fármacos , Flores/genética , Flores/fisiología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Microspore embryogenesis is a process that produces doubled haploids in tissue culture environments and is widely used in cereal plants. The efficient production of green regenerants requires stresses that could be sensed at the level of glycolysis, followed by the Krebs cycle and electron transfer chain. The latter can be affected by Cu(II) ion concentration in the induction media acting as cofactors of biochemical reactions, indirectly influencing the production of glutathione (GSH) and S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) and thereby affecting epigenetic mechanisms involving DNA methylation (demethylation-DM, de novo methylation-DNM). The conclusions mentioned were acquired from research on triticale regenerants, but there is no similar research on barley. In this way, the study looks at how DNM, DM, Cu(II), SAM, GSH, and ß-glucan affect the ability of green plant regeneration efficiency (GPRE). RESULTS: The experiment involved spring barley regenerants obtained through anther culture. Nine variants (trials) of induction media were created by adding copper (CuSO4: 0.1; 5; 10 µM) and silver salts (AgNO3: 0; 10; 60 µM), with varying incubation times for the anthers (21, 28, and 35 days). Changes in DNA methylation were estimated using the DArTseqMet molecular marker method, which also detects cytosine methylation. Phenotype variability in ß-glucans, SAM and GSH induced by the nutrient treatments was assessed using tentative assignments based on the Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The effectiveness of green plant regeneration ranged from 0.1 to 2.91 plants per 100 plated anthers. The level of demethylation ranged from 7.61 to 32.29, while de novo methylation reached values ranging from 6.83 to 32.27. The paper demonstrates that the samples from specific in vitro conditions (trials) formed tight groups linked to the factors contributing to the two main components responsible for 55.05% of the variance (to the first component DNM, DM, to the second component GSH, ß-glucans, Cu(II), GPRE). CONCLUSIONS: We can conclude that in vitro tissue culture conditions affect biochemical levels, DNA methylation changes, and GPRE. Increasing Cu(II) concentration in the IM impacts the metabolism and DNA methylation, elevating GPRE. Thus, changing Cu(II) concentration in the IM is fair to expect to boost GPRE.
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Metilación de ADN , Glutatión , Hordeum , S-Adenosilmetionina , Técnicas de Cultivo de Tejidos , beta-Glucanos , Hordeum/genética , Hordeum/metabolismo , Hordeum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hordeum/efectos de los fármacos , Metilación de ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Glutatión/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cultivo de Tejidos/métodos , beta-Glucanos/metabolismo , S-Adenosilmetionina/metabolismo , Flores/genética , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Regeneración/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. (F. mandshurica) is a dioecious tree species with important ecological and application values. To delve deeper into the regulatory pathways and genes responsible for male and female flowers in F. mandshurica, we conducted transcriptome sequencing on male and female flowers at four distinct stages. The analysis revealed that the female database generated 38,319,967 reads while the male database generated 43,320,907 reads, resulting in 2930 differentially expressed genes with 1441 were up-regulated and 1489 down-regulated in males compared to females. Following an analysis of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), four distinct pathways (hormone signal transduction, energy metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, and photoperiod) linked to female and male flowers were identified. Subsequently, qRT-PCR verification revealed that FmAUX/IAA, FmEIN3, and FmA-ARR genes in hormone signal transduction pathway are related to female flower development. Meanwhile, FmABF genes in hormone signal transduction pathway, FmGS and FmGDH genes in energy metabolism pathway, FmFLS genes in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, and FmCaM, FmCRY, and FmPKA genes in photoperiod pathway are related to male flower development. This study was the first to analyze the transcriptome of male and female flowers of F. mandshurica, providing a reference for the developmental pathways and gene expression levels of male and female plants.
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Flores , Fraxinus , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Transcriptoma , Flores/genética , Flores/metabolismo , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Fraxinus/genética , Transducción de Señal/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Ontología de Genes , Genes de PlantasRESUMEN
Increasing crop diversity is a way for agriculture to transition towards a more sustainable and biodiversity-friendly system. Growing buckwheat intercropped with paulownia can contribute not only to mitigating climate change but can also enrich the environment with species of agricultural importance, without causing a decline in pollinators, since buckwheat is pollinated mainly by the honeybee. In a field experiment comparing growing buckwheat with paulownia against a monoculture crop, we investigated differences in flower visitation and beekeeping value, as well as the associated impact on crop yields. We analysed the effect of intercropping on the beekeeping value of buckwheat in terms of bee population size and the sugar mass in buckwheat flowers, nectar mass in buckwheat flowers, the quality of the delivered raw sugar and biometric characteristics. We found significant differences in the number of branches on the main shoot and the total number of branches. Significantly higher parameters were obtained in sites with buckwheat monoculture. The cultivation method variant did not cause differentiation in either the structure elements or the yield itself. Yields ranged from 0.39 (2021) to 1.59 (2023) t·ha-1. The average yield in intercropping was slightly lower (0.02 t·ha-1) than in the monoculture system of buckwheat (0.93 t·ha-1). More flowers per plant per day of observation and more flowers in millions of flowers per hectare per day of observation were observed in the intercropping of buckwheat with paulownia. Based on our experiment, we concluded that growing buckwheat in monoculture significantly increased the number of flowers, resulting in an increase in pollinator density and an increased number of pollinators per unit area.
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Apicultura , Fagopyrum , Flores , Polinización , Fagopyrum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Abejas/fisiología , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Apicultura/métodos , Productos Agrícolas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Agricultura/métodosRESUMEN
The flowers and stems of Rhubarb (Rheum ribes L.) are known to contain effective antioxidant compounds that have potential antidiarrheal properties in traditional medicine. This study was conducted to screen various genotypes of Rhubarb for their phytochemical and antioxidant activity and optimize the extraction parameters using the response surface methodology (RSM). The study found high diversity among the different genotypes (G1-G13) in terms of their flowers and stems. The total phenolic content (TPC) in the flowers of R. ribes varied significantly, showing values between 9.80 and 81.53 mg GAE g-1 DW. In the stems, TPC ranged from 2.87 to 16.33 mg GAE g-1 DW. Similarly, the total flavonoid content (TFC) in the flowers ranged from 0.33 to 1.32 mg Qu g-1 DW, while in the stems, it was between 0.05 and 0.38 mg Qu g-1 DW. The antioxidant activity, indicated as µmol Fe2+ g-1 DW, varied from 7.42 to 59.87 in the flowers and from 0.14 to 15.99 in the stems. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) identified five distinct clusters among the collected genotypes. Subsequent analysis of variance and principal components analysis (PCA) revealed that the flowers of G8 (G8F) from Tehran to Lavasan exhibited the highest total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (FRAP). Given these findings, G8F was chosen for further optimization in the study. The RSM was designed based on a Box-Behnken design (BBD) to determine the optimal extraction conditions, including extraction temperature (30-80 °C), extraction time (5-15 min), and ethanol concentration (25-75%, ethanol to water, v/v). The responses measured were total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, and Ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The optimal extraction conditions for all responses or desirability indices were X1: 80 °C, X2: 15 min, and X3: 53.14%, which resulted in TPC (99.32 mg GAE.g-1 DW), TFC (3.00 mg Qu.g-1 DW), TAC (1.12 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy-g) g-1 DW), FRAP (110.22 µmol Fe+2/g DW), and DPPHsc (88.20%). The R2 values (0.91-0.99) indicated that the RSM models were acceptable.
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Antioxidantes , Genotipo , Fenoles , Extractos Vegetales , Rheum , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/análisis , Rheum/química , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/química , Flavonoides/análisis , Flavonoides/química , Flores/química , Tallos de la Planta/químicaRESUMEN
Butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) may serve as an alternative anti-dandruff treatment; however, its effects on Malassezia spp. remain unexplored. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of C. ternatea as an herbal-based anti-dandruff treatment on Malassezia spp. DNA expression, plakoglobin levels, IL-8 levels, sebum levels, dandruff severity scores, adverse effects, and patient satisfaction. An experimental study with a pretest-posttest control design was conducted at the Outpatient Clinic of Dermatology and Venereology, Arifin Achmad Hospital, Pekanbaru, Indonesia, from November 2023 to January 2024. The flower of C. ternatea was used to formulate the shampoo. The study involved 70 female patients aged 18-25 with dandruff, who were divided into two groups: (a) experimental group using 20% C. ternatea shampoo and (b) control group using 2% ketoconazole shampoo. The present study found that 2% ketoconazole shampoo significantly reduced Malassezia spp. DNA expression compared to 20% C. ternatea shampooo (Clitoria ternatea: ΔCq=1.76±3.18; ketoconazole: ΔCq=3.77±2.90; p=0.008). No significant difference was observed in plakoglobin levels (C. ternatea: ΔCq=1.98±3.63; ketoconazole: ΔCq=2.50±2.36; p=0.427) or IL-8 levels (C. ternatea: ΔCq=3.46±4.00; ketoconazole: ΔCq=4.16 ± 3.62; p=0.459). C. ternatea significantly reduced sebum levels more than ketoconazole (C. ternatea: 1.16±0.98%; ketoconazole: 0.22±0.38%; p<0.001). Dandruff scores and patient satisfaction were similar for both shampoos (p=0.115 and p=0.336, respectively). Adverse effects were more common in the 2% ketoconazole shampoo group, affecting 21.2% of the patients. In conclusion, 2% ketoconazole shampoo is more effective in reducing Malassezia spp. DNA expression, while 20% C. ternatea shampoo offers better sebum control. Both shampoos are similarly effective in ameliorating dandruff severity and are well-tolerated, with fewer adverse effects reported for C. ternatea.
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Caspa , Malassezia , Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Caspa/tratamiento farmacológico , Caspa/microbiología , Malassezia/efectos de los fármacos , Preparaciones para el Cabello/farmacología , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Cetoconazol/farmacología , Indonesia , Flores , Clitoria/química , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Satisfacción del PacienteRESUMEN
Uncertainty in ecosystem restoration can be mitigated by information on drivers of variability in restoration outcomes, especially through experimental study. In southeastern USA pine savannas, efforts to restore the perennial bunchgrass wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana) often achieve variable outcomes in the first year. Although ecotypic differentiation and competition with other native vegetation are known to influence wiregrass seedling establishment and growth, to our knowledge, no studies have examined interactions between these drivers. We experimentally quantified individual and interactive effects of competition, seed source, and soil type on wiregrass density, size, and flowering culm production in the field. We sowed seeds from dry and wet sites reciprocally into dry and wet soils and weeded half of the plots. We found that competition removal resulted in significantly larger plants and a greater proportion of flowering plants with more culms on average, regardless of seed source or soil type. Seeds sourced from a wet site resulted in more plants per plot than seeds from a dry site, which might have been influenced by the greater number of filled seeds from the wet site. After seedlings become established, competition contributes to variation in growth and reproduction. Although competition removal could help start wiregrass populations, the necessity of mitigation depends on fire management needs.
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Flores , Plantones , Suelo , Suelo/química , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ecosistema , Poaceae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Poaceae/fisiología , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In alfalfa (Medicago sativa), the coexistence of interfertile subspecies (i.e. sativa, falcata and coerulea) characterized by different ploidy levels (diploidy and tetraploidy) and the occurrence of meiotic mutants capable of producing unreduced (2n) gametes, have been efficiently combined for the establishment of new polyploids. The wealth of agronomic data concerning forage quality and yield provides a thorough insight into the practical benefits of polyploidization. However, many of the underlying molecular mechanisms regarding gene expression and regulation remained completely unexplored. In this study, we aimed to address this gap by examining the transcriptome profiles of leaves and reproductive tissues, corresponding to anthers and pistils, sampled at different time points from diploid and tetraploid Medicago sativa individuals belonging to progenies produced by bilateral sexual polyploidization (dBSP and tBSP, respectively) and tetraploid individuals stemmed from unilateral sexual polyploidization (tUSP). RESULTS: Considering the crucial role played by anthers and pistils in the reduced and unreduced gametes formation, we firstly analyzed the transcriptional profiles of the reproductive tissues at different stages, regardless of the ploidy level and the origin of the samples. By using and combining three different analytical methodologies, namely weighted-gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), tau (τ) analysis, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis, we identified a robust set of genes and transcription factors potentially involved in both male sporogenesis and gametogenesis processes, particularly in crossing-over, callose synthesis, and exine formation. Subsequently, we assessed at the same floral stage, the differences attributable to the ploidy level (tBSP vs. dBSP) or the origin (tBSP vs. tUSP) of the samples, leading to the identification of ploidy and parent-specific genes. In this way, we identified, for example, genes that are specifically upregulated and downregulated in flower buds in the comparison between tBSP and dBSP, which could explain the reduced fertility of the former compared to the latter materials. CONCLUSIONS: While this study primarily functions as an extensive investigation at the transcriptomic level, the data provided could represent not only a valuable original asset for the scientific community but also a fully exploitable genomic resource for functional analyses in alfalfa.
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Medicago sativa , RNA-Seq , Medicago sativa/genética , Transcriptoma , Ploidias , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Genes de Plantas , Reproducción/genética , Flores/genética , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Perfilación de la Expresión GénicaRESUMEN
Planting floral resources is a common strategy for increasing the abundance and diversity of beneficial flower-visiting insects in human-modified systems. However, the context of the local area and surrounding landscape may affect the attractiveness of these floral resource provisioning plots. We compared the relative effects of local floral resources and surrounding urban land-use on the abundance of bees on flowering plants in common gardens in eastern Tennessee, USA. We planted four types of common garden plots at each of five different landscapes representing a variety of surrounding land use: 1) Urban Garden, 2) Forage Grassland, 3) Mixed Agriculture, 4) Forest, and 5) Organic Farm. Each common garden plot type had a fixed plant community representing one of three plant families (Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae) or a mix of all three, and all four common gardens were replicated at all the sites. We concurrently sampled bees in the garden plots and in a 50 m radius (local area) around the garden plots. We found that the size of the floral display (i.e. the visual display size of flowers) and diversity of flowers in the local area did not affect bee abundance or species richness in the garden plots. Although there was a significant positive association between developed land use in a 2 km radius and bee abundance in the gardens, the effect was small, and there was no relationship between land use and bee abundance or species richness in the local area. There were significant differences in the composition of the bee community between the local area and garden plots, but the largest determinants of bee community composition and species richness in the gardens were floral display size and variation in the garden plant species in bloom. This finding is promising for anyone wishing to promote pollinator populations by providing more floral resources.
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Flores , Abejas/fisiología , Animales , Jardines , Polinización , Biodiversidad , Tennessee , Ecosistema , Agricultura/métodosRESUMEN
The objective was to evaluate the biosolids as an alternative source of nutrients in the production of chrysanthemums by adding increasing doses to the cultivation substrate. The experimental design was in blocks with 6 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments consisted of the mixture (commercial substrate + biosolid) at the concentrations: 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of biosolid + two controls (100% of biosolid and 100% of substrate). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse for 90 days. Physiological parameters, number of flower buds, dry biomass and nutrient accumulation were evaluated. Physiological parameters were evaluated using the Infrared Gas Analyzer. The number of flower buds was evaluated by counting. Biomass was determined after drying the structures and then calculated the accumulation of nutrients. A total of 90 plants were evaluated. Concentrations of up to 40% of biosolid promoted a greater number of flower buds, dry biomass and nutrient accumulation. Concentrations above 60% lower number of buds, biomass increment and nutrient accumulation. It is concluded that the biosolid has potential as an alternative source of nutrients in the cultivation of chrysanthemums, indicating concentrations of up to 40% and the nutrient content of each batch generated must be verified.
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Biomasa , Chrysanthemum , Flores , Nutrientes , Chrysanthemum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Chrysanthemum/metabolismo , Nutrientes/metabolismo , Nutrientes/análisis , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Flores/metabolismoRESUMEN
Although the petals of Rosa rugosa are rich in flavonoids and their bioactivity has a significant impact on human health, the flavonoid content decreases during flower development. In this study, R. rugosa 'Feng hua' was used to investigate the effects of the melatonin foliar spray on enhancing the quality of rose by focusing on major flavonoids. The results showed that the contents of total flavonoids in rose petals at the full bloom stage induced by melatonin obeyed a bell-shaped curve, with a maximum at 0.3 mM, indicating the concentration-dependent up-regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. In the treatment with 0.3 mM melatonin, metabolomic analyses showed that the concentrations of ten main flavonoids were identified to be increased by melatonin induction, with high levels and increases observed in three flavonols and two anthocyanins. KEGG enrichment of transcriptomic analysis revealed a remarkable enrichment of DEGs in flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis, such as Rr4CL, RrF3H, and RrANS. Furthermore, functional validation using virus-induced gene silencing technology demonstrated that Rr4CL3 is the crucial gene regulating flavonoid biosynthesis in response to the stimulant of melatonin. This study provides insights into the exogenous melatonin regulation mechanism of biosynthesis of flavonoids, thereby offering potential industrial applications.
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Flavonoides , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Melatonina , Rosa , Rosa/genética , Rosa/metabolismo , Rosa/efectos de los fármacos , Melatonina/farmacología , Flavonoides/biosíntesis , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica/métodos , Flores/genética , Flores/metabolismo , Flores/efectos de los fármacos , Transcriptoma , Metaboloma/efectos de los fármacos , Metabolómica/métodos , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Tomato plants favor warmth, making them particularly susceptible to cold conditions, especially their reproductive development. Therefore, understanding how pollen reacts to cold stress is vital for selecting and improving cold-resistant tomato varieties. The programmed cell death (PCD) in the tapetum is particularly susceptible to cold temperatures which could hinder the degradation of the tapetal layer in the anthers, thus affecting pollen development. However, it is not clear yet how genes integral to tapetal degradation respond to cold stress. Here, we report that SlHB8, working upstream of the conserved genetic module DYT1-TDF1-AMS-MYB80, is crucial for regulating cold tolerance in tomato anthers. SlHB8 expression increases in the tapetum when exposed to low temperatures. CRISPR/Cas9-generated SlHB8-knockout mutants exhibit improved pollen cold tolerance due to the reduced temperature sensitivity of the tapetum. SlHB8 directly upregulates SlDYT1 and SlMYB80 by binding to their promoters. In normal anthers, cold treatment boosts SlHB8 levels, which then elevates the expression of genes like SlDYT1, SlTDF1, SlAMS, and SlMYB80; however, slhb8 mutants do not show this gene activation during cold stress, leading to a complete blockage of delayed tapetal programmed cell death (PCD). Furthermore, we found that SlHB8 can interact with both SlTDF1 and SlMYB80, suggesting the possibility that SlHB8 might regulate tapetal PCD at the protein level. This study sheds light on molecular mechanisms of anther adaptation to temperature fluctuations.
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Frío , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas , Solanum lycopersicum , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolismo , Solanum lycopersicum/fisiología , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Respuesta al Choque por Frío/genética , Muerte Celular/genética , Flores/genética , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Flores/fisiología , Polen/genética , Polen/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismoRESUMEN
Land plants grow throughout their life cycle via the continuous activity of stem cell reservoirs contained within their apical meristems. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) of Arabidopsis and other land plants responds to a variety of environmental cues, yet little is known about the response of meristems to seasonal changes in day length, or photoperiod. Here, the vegetative and reproductive growth of Arabidopsis wild-type and clavata3 (clv3) plants in different photoperiod conditions was analyzed. It was found that SAM size in wild-type Arabidopsis plants grown in long-day (LD) conditions gradually increased from embryonic to reproductive development. clv3 plants produced significantly more leaves as well as larger inflorescence meristems and more floral buds than wild-type plants in LD and short-day (SD) conditions, demonstrating that CLV3 signaling limits vegetative and inflorescence meristem activity in both photoperiods. The clv3 phenotypes were more severe in SDs, indicating a greater requirement for CLV3 restriction of SAM function when the days are short. In contrast, clv3 floral meristem size and carpel number were unchanged between LD and SD conditions, which shows that the photoperiod does not affect the regulation of floral meristem activity through the CLV3 pathway. This study reveals that CLV3 signaling specifically restricts vegetative and inflorescence meristem activity in both LD and SD photoperiods but plays a more prominent role during short days.