RESUMEN
Grape processing generates large amounts of by-products, including seeds rich in hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that subjecting grape seeds to a single ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with aqueous ethanolic solutions yields both flavan-3-ols and tocochromanols in the final extract. Notably, the water content in ethanol significantly influences the extractability of tocochromanols more than flavan-3-ols. Solid-to-solvent ratios of 1:50 to 1:2 were tested for both analytical and industrial applications. A sustainable analytical approach for recovering flavan-3-ols and tocochromanols using 60% and 96.4% ethanol extractions was validated and employed to profile nineteen genotypes of lesser-studied interspecific grape crosses (Vitis spp.). Different genotypes showed a wide range of concentrations of tocopherols (1.6-6.3 mg/100 g), tocotrienols (1.0-17.4 mg/100 g), and flavan-3-ols (861-9994 mg/100 g). This indicated that the genetic background and maturity of the plant material are crucial factors from an industrial perspective due to the initial concentration of bioactive compounds. Finally, the study also discussed the fundamental aspects of hydrophobic antioxidant extractability from the lipid matrix with aqueous ethanol solutions and the limitations of the workflow, such as the non-extractable tocochromanols and their esters and the losses of these lipophilic antioxidants during extraction.
Asunto(s)
Flavonoides , Semillas , Vitis , Vitis/química , Semillas/química , Flavonoides/aislamiento & purificación , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/análisis , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Tocoferoles/aislamiento & purificación , Tocoferoles/química , Tocoferoles/análisis , Tocotrienoles/análisis , Tocotrienoles/aislamiento & purificación , Tocotrienoles/químicaRESUMEN
A rapid method was developed for determining the total flavonoid and protein content in Tartary buckwheat by employing near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and various machine learning algorithms, including partial least squares regression (PLSR), support vector regression (SVR), and backpropagation neural network (BPNN). The RAW-SPA-CV-SVR model exhibited superior predictive accuracy for both Tartary and common buckwheat, with a high coefficient of determination (R2p = 0.9811) and a root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP = 0.1071) for flavonoids, outperforming both PLSR and BPNN models. Additionally, the MMN-SPA-PSO-SVR model demonstrated exceptional performance in predicting protein content (R2p = 0.9247, RMSEP = 0.3906), enhancing the effectiveness of the MMN preprocessing technique for preserving the original data distribution. These findings indicate that the proposed methodology could efficiently assess buckwheat adulteration analysis. It can also provide new insights for the development of a promising method for quantifying food adulteration and controlling food quality.
Asunto(s)
Fagopyrum , Flavonoides , Proteínas de Plantas , Espectroscopía Infrarroja Corta , Fagopyrum/química , Espectroscopía Infrarroja Corta/métodos , Flavonoides/análisis , Flavonoides/química , Proteínas de Plantas/análisis , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Quimiometría/métodos , Análisis de los Mínimos Cuadrados , Redes Neurales de la ComputaciónRESUMEN
Dried citrus peel (DCP), also called "Chen Pi", has edible and medicinal value. However, the specific differences among various sources remain unknown. Herein, we collected six DCP species, namely, one Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' (CZG) and five Citrus reticulata Blanco (CRB). Targeted high-performance liquid chromatography and untargeted ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were employed to comprehensively compare the phenolic compounds and metabolites in DCP. Interestingly, 13 different phenolic compounds were noted in DCP. The total phenolic compound content in all CRB samples (58.86-127.65 mg/g) was higher than that of CZG (39.47 mg/g). Untargeted metabolomic revealed 1495 compounds, with 115 differentially expressed metabolites for CRBs and CZG, particularly flavonoids (38), terpenoids (15), and phenolic acids and derivatives (9). Lastly, antioxidant assays revealed that all CRB samples exhibited higher antioxidant activities compared with CZG. Therefore, our study results provide a theoretical basis for the high-value utilization of citrus peels and their metabolites.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Citrus , Frutas , Metabolómica , Extractos Vegetales , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Citrus/química , Citrus/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/análisis , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Frutas/química , Frutas/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/metabolismo , Fenoles/metabolismo , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/análisis , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/análisisRESUMEN
This study aimed to assess the response of four red grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties to elevated temperature, drought and their combination, focusing on the concentration and profile of grape flavonoids. Fruit-bearing cuttings of Tempranillo, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Grenache grew in greenhouses under, either ambient temperature (T) or ambient temperature + 4 °C (T+4). Plants also received either full irrigation (FI, substrate field capacity) or deficit irrigation (DI, 50 % substrate field capacity). In general, T+4 decreased the concentration of anthocyanins, but DI mitigated this effect. T+4 and DI increased the abundance of methylated anthocyanins and flavonols with additive effects. Grapes under T+4 had higher abundance of acylated anthocyanins, while DI increased the proportion of tri-hydroxylated anthocyanins and flavonols. The impact of interacting elevated temperature and drought on grape composition was genotype dependent. In terms of anthocyanin concentration and profile, Tempranillo was the most affected variety, whereas Grenache was less sensitive.
Asunto(s)
Riego Agrícola , Antocianinas , Sequías , Flavonoides , Frutas , Vitis , Vitis/química , Antocianinas/análisis , Flavonoides/análisis , Riego Agrícola/métodos , Frutas/química , Calor , Genotipo , Flavonoles/análisisRESUMEN
To investgate the effects of potassium (K) application on the agronomic traits and fruit quality of Lycium barbarum L. (Goji), three levels of K fertilizer, namely LK (25 g/plant), CK (50 g/plant), and HK (75 g/plant), were applied to plants in phytotron for observing and measuring relevant indicators. The investigation involved seven agronomic traits: plant height, plant stem diameter, new branch increment, yield of fresh fruits per plant, dry fruit quantity within 50 g, ratio of different grade fruits, and ratio of longitudinal diameter to transverse diameter of Goji fruits. The results showed that K application level had significant effect on ratio of the longitudinal diameter to the transverse diameter of fresh Goji fruits, and that the influence on other agronomic traits was slight. In the meanwhile, the concentrations of amino acids, betaine, polysaccharides and flavonoids of Goji fruits in different levels of K fertilizer were tested. The K treatment increased the content of glutamic acid, and decreased that of flavonoids (P < 0.05), whereas the content of other amino acids, polysaccharides and betaine were unaffected. A total of 132 flavonoid metabolites was identified. Among them, K treatment up-regulated 36 metabolites and down-regulated 30 metabolites (P < 0.05). The results provided a basis for balanced K supply to regulate the agronomic traits and nutrients of Goji fruits.
Asunto(s)
Fertilizantes , Frutas , Lycium , Potasio , Lycium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Lycium/metabolismo , Potasio/metabolismo , Potasio/análisis , Frutas/metabolismo , Frutas/efectos de los fármacos , Fertilizantes/análisis , Flavonoides/análisis , Flavonoides/metabolismoRESUMEN
The flowers and stems of Rhubarb (Rheum ribes L.) are known to contain effective antioxidant compounds that have potential antidiarrheal properties in traditional medicine. This study was conducted to screen various genotypes of Rhubarb for their phytochemical and antioxidant activity and optimize the extraction parameters using the response surface methodology (RSM). The study found high diversity among the different genotypes (G1-G13) in terms of their flowers and stems. The total phenolic content (TPC) in the flowers of R. ribes varied significantly, showing values between 9.80 and 81.53 mg GAE g-1 DW. In the stems, TPC ranged from 2.87 to 16.33 mg GAE g-1 DW. Similarly, the total flavonoid content (TFC) in the flowers ranged from 0.33 to 1.32 mg Qu g-1 DW, while in the stems, it was between 0.05 and 0.38 mg Qu g-1 DW. The antioxidant activity, indicated as µmol Fe2+ g-1 DW, varied from 7.42 to 59.87 in the flowers and from 0.14 to 15.99 in the stems. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) identified five distinct clusters among the collected genotypes. Subsequent analysis of variance and principal components analysis (PCA) revealed that the flowers of G8 (G8F) from Tehran to Lavasan exhibited the highest total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (FRAP). Given these findings, G8F was chosen for further optimization in the study. The RSM was designed based on a Box-Behnken design (BBD) to determine the optimal extraction conditions, including extraction temperature (30-80 °C), extraction time (5-15 min), and ethanol concentration (25-75%, ethanol to water, v/v). The responses measured were total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, and Ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The optimal extraction conditions for all responses or desirability indices were X1: 80 °C, X2: 15 min, and X3: 53.14%, which resulted in TPC (99.32 mg GAE.g-1 DW), TFC (3.00 mg Qu.g-1 DW), TAC (1.12 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy-g) g-1 DW), FRAP (110.22 µmol Fe+2/g DW), and DPPHsc (88.20%). The R2 values (0.91-0.99) indicated that the RSM models were acceptable.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Genotipo , Fenoles , Extractos Vegetales , Rheum , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/análisis , Rheum/química , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/química , Flavonoides/análisis , Flavonoides/química , Flores/química , Tallos de la Planta/químicaRESUMEN
Coal plays a crucial role in Indonesia's foreign exchange and East Kalimantan's revenue sharing, yet its environmental impacts, including soil acidification, raises concerns. Reclamation measures involve revegetation with pioneer plants such as Macaranga sp., known for their medicinal properties. However, the pharmacological properties of these plants are influenced by secondary metabolites, which depend on soil parameters such as pH and nutrient levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity, secondary metabolites, and antioxidant activities of Macaranga tanarius leaf extracts from post-coal mining area (MTPCMA) and non-mining area (MTNMA) alongside soil parameters. Acute toxicity of M. tanarius leaf extracts and soils were assessed using the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT). Phytochemical screening was done using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), determining total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC). The DPPH radical scavenging assay was used to assess the antioxidant activity. A comparative analysis between MTPCMA and MTNMA was conducted using Student t-test. The data showed no significant difference in toxicity between MTPCMA and MTNMA leaf extracts (LC50 of 100-1000 µg/mL) (p=0.062), and soils from both areas were non-toxic (LC50 of >1000 µg/mL). Although heavy metal concentrations were higher in PCMA than in NMA soil (p<0.001), secondary metabolite compounds and TFC in both extracts were not significantly different (p=0.076). Both extracts contained flavonoids and polyphenols with antioxidant activity and terpenoids without antioxidant activities. The DPPH radical scavenging test suggested insignificant antioxidant activity between MTPCMA and MTNMA extracts (p=0.237). In conclusion, non-toxic soils in post-mining land and insignificant differences between MTPCMA and MTNMA extracts suggest good soil nutrient availability, highlighting the success of land recovery after 10 years of revegetation with M. tanarius.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Artemia , Extractos Vegetales , Indonesia , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Animales , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/toxicidad , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Artemia/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/química , Minas de Carbón , Suelo/química , Pruebas de Toxicidad Aguda , Fitoquímicos/análisis , Fitoquímicos/toxicidad , Flavonoides/análisis , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Metabolismo SecundarioRESUMEN
Background: Plant-derived drugs are often preferred over synthetic drugs because of their superior safety profiles. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids-major plant components-possess antioxidant properties. Limited research has been conducted on the bioactive compounds and biochemical properties of Bellevalia pseudolongipes (Asparagaceae), an important pharmacological species endemic to Turkey. Therefore, the chemical composition and antioxidant properties of B. pseudolongipes were investigated in this study. Methods: The chemical composition of B. pseudolongipes was analyzed using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry, and radical scavenging and antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) tests. Results: Thirty-eight compounds were identified, including trans-cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, vitexin, schaftoside, orientin, and narirutin. B. pseudolongipes showed high antioxidant activity in antioxidant activity tests. Conclusion: These findings provide novel insights into the potential utility of B. pseudolongipes in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries, highlighted by its significant antioxidant capacity.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Espectrometría de Masas , Fitoquímicos , Extractos Vegetales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/química , Fitoquímicos/análisis , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Cromatografía Liquida/métodos , Flavonoides/análisis , Flavonoides/química , Turquía , Fenoles/análisis , Fenoles/química , Ácidos Sulfónicos/química , Ácidos Sulfónicos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Compuestos de Bifenilo/química , BenzotiazolesRESUMEN
The taste profile of oolong tea is intricately shaped by origins and roasting. Herein, a comprehensive approach integrating non-targeted metabolomics, quantitative analysis and sensory evaluations was employed to analyze the taste profile of oolong tea. 25 selected representative oolong teas, including Southern Fujian (MN), Northern Fujian (MB), and Taiwan (TW), were meticulously were classified into SX-RG-DD, GS, and TGY based on the chemical taste phenotypes. A total of 314 non-volatile compounds were identified, among which 87 and 77 compounds, including catechin, theaflavins, flavonoids and amino acids were screened as critical taste metabolites responsible for regions and roasting degree, respectively. The reduction of bitter and astringent, coupled with the enhancement of umami, sweet and sweet aftertaste exhibited a correlation with the decrease in (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), while the increase in catechin (C). These findings provide insights for further research on optimizing tea quality and refining processing techniques.
Asunto(s)
Biflavonoides , Camellia sinensis , Catequina , Metabolómica , Gusto , Té , Té/química , Metabolómica/métodos , Catequina/análisis , Catequina/análogos & derivados , Humanos , Biflavonoides/análisis , Camellia sinensis/química , Masculino , Flavonoides/análisis , Aromatizantes/análisis , Femenino , Aminoácidos/análisis , Adulto , ChinaRESUMEN
Mung beans were pretreated with a combination of ultrasonic and calcium ion to enhance the polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity during germination. Changes in polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity during germination, along with underlying mechanisms, were investigated. Both single ultrasound and combined ultrasound-Ca2+ pretreatments significantly increased the polyphenol content and enhanced the antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05) of mung beans depending on germination period. Among 74 polyphenolic metabolites identified in germinated mung beans, 50 were differential. Notably, 23 of these metabolites showed a significant positive correlation with antioxidant activity. Ultrasound pretreatment promoted flavonoid biosynthesis, whereas ultrasound-Ca2+ pretreatment favored the tyrosine synthesis pathway. Polyphenol composition and accumulation changes were mainly influenced by metabolic pathways like flavonoid, isoflavonoid, anthocyanin, and flavone/flavonol biosynthesis. The results suggest that ultrasound alone or combined with calcium ion pretreatments effectively enhance mung bean polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity during germination.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Calcio , Germinación , Polifenoles , Semillas , Vigna , Germinación/efectos de los fármacos , Polifenoles/metabolismo , Vigna/crecimiento & desarrollo , Vigna/metabolismo , Calcio/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Semillas/metabolismo , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Flavonoides/análisis , Antocianinas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Tempe, a fermented soybean food rich in polyphenols including isoflavones, is valued for its health benefits, notably its antioxidants. Concerns about glyphosate residues in crops have led to increased demand for organic soy products, including tempe. The study aimed to investigate the metabolomic profiles of tempe and its bioactive potentials prior to and following in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Conventional soybean (CS), conventional tempe (CT), conventional tempe digesta (CTD), organic soybean (OS), organic tempe (OT) and organic tempe digesta (OTD) were analysed for various assays. The study observed a significant decrease in the total phenolic and flavonoid levels for conventional and organic samples in tempe extracts (CT, OT) compared to tempe digesta (CTD, OTD). Organic tempe digesta has a higher total phenolic content (CTD = 22.55 µg GAE/g, OTD = 41.36 µg GAE/g) and flavonoid content (CTD = 4.64 µg QE/g, OTD = 10.06 µg QE/g) compared to conventional tempe digesta. However, there is a significant difference in the bioaccessibility of phenolic (CT = 74.77 %, OT = 59.20 %) and flavonoid (CT = 49.4 %, OT = 57.52 %) in both organic and conventional tempe. Tempe consistently surpasses soybean in antioxidant assays such as DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. Organic tempe digesta exhibits the most elevated levels of antioxidants. Using GNPS and the SIRIUS database, 34 metabolites were annotated according to the criteria of having a VIP score > 1.5, a log2(FC) > 1, and a p-value < 0.05. From the list, 26 metabolites demonstrated a positive correlation with antioxidant activity, DPPH, and FRAP. Molecular networking enables the visualization of 12 prominent isoflavones, namely daidzein, daidzin, genistein, genistin, glycitein, glycitin, 6â³-O-malonyldaidzin, 6â³-O-acetylgenistin, 6â³-O-acetyldaidzin, and 7,8,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone. Interestingly, aglycone isoflavones are abundant in organic tempe digesta while glycoside isoflavones are abundant in organic and conventional soybeans. Overall, the findings indicate that tempe digesta exhibits distinct metabolic patterns and bioactive potentials.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Digestión , Flavonoides , Metabolómica , Alimentos de Soja , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Humanos , Flavonoides/análisis , Células HCT116 , Alimentos de Soja/análisis , Glycine max/química , Fenoles/análisis , Polifenoles/análisis , Alimentos Fermentados/análisis , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , FermentaciónRESUMEN
Recently, the growth of consumer demand for functional foods with potential nutritional and health benefits led to rapid growth of analytical tools for profiling of bioactive metabolites and assure quality. Bee propolis is one of the most important bee products owing to its myriad health value. As a gummy exudate produced in beehives after harvesting from different plant species, bee propolis contains bioactive secondary metabolites. The current study aims to profiling the chemical composition of propolis samples from Nigeria using HPLC-UV-ELSD and with the aid of NMR-based analysis for assignment of metabolites classes abundant in Nigerian propolis. Red Nigerian propolis samples were subjected to phytochemical analysis using HPLC-UV-ELSD and NMR. Further chromatographic separation of promising fractions was performed by column chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. Screening of the antitrypanosomal and cytotoxic activities against Trypanosoma brucei and human leukemia cell lines (U937), respectively, was performed. The performance of LC-MS permitted identification of the different components from which 13 compound were identified and allowed combination of fractions to afford 9 fractions from which two isoflavonoids were isolated and identified using 1D and 2D NMR analysis with MS as isosativan and Medicarpin. Red Nigerian propolis crude extract showed the highest inhibitory activity at 6.5 µg/ml compared to moderate activity for the isolated compounds with MIC of 7.6 µg/ml and 12.1 µg/ml for medicarpin and isosativan, respectively. Moreover, the fraction RN-6 from the total extract showed the potent cytotoxic effect with IC50 = 26.5 µg/ml compared to standard diminazen which showed IC50 = 29.5 µg/ml.
Asunto(s)
Antiprotozoarios , Flavonoides , Fitoquímicos , Própolis , Trypanosoma brucei brucei , Própolis/química , Própolis/farmacología , Antiprotozoarios/farmacología , Antiprotozoarios/química , Humanos , Trypanosoma brucei brucei/efectos de los fármacos , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/farmacología , Flavonoides/análisis , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/química , Nigeria , Animales , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Línea Celular Tumoral , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , AbejasRESUMEN
Ginkgo biloba is a famous economic tree. Ginkgo leaves have been utilized as raw materials for medicines and health products due to their rich active ingredient composition, especially flavonoids. Since the routine measurement of total flavones is time-consuming and destructive, rapid, non-destructive detection of total flavones in ginkgo leaves is of significant importance to producers and consumers. Hyperspectral imaging technology is a rapid and non-destructive technique for determining the total flavonoid content. In this study, we discuss five modeling methods, and three spectral preprocessing methods are discussed. Bayesian Ridge (BR) and multiplicative scatter correction (MCS) were selected as the best model and the best pretreatment method, respectively. The spectral prediction results based on the BR + MCS treatment were very accurate (RTest2 = 0.87; RMSETest = 1.03 mg/g), showing a high correlation with the analytical measurements. In addition, we also found that the more and deeper the leaf cracks, the higher the flavonoid content, which helps to evaluate leaf quality more quickly and easily. In short, hyperspectral imaging is an effective technique for rapid and accurate determination of total flavonoids in ginkgo leaves and has great potential for developing an online quality detection system for ginkgo leaves.
Asunto(s)
Flavonoides , Ginkgo biloba , Hojas de la Planta , Ginkgo biloba/química , Hojas de la Planta/química , Flavonoides/análisis , Aprendizaje Profundo , Imágenes Hiperespectrales/métodos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Teorema de BayesRESUMEN
Research on lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus L.) revealed a variety of active molecules and examined their biological characteristics. However, most of these studies were conducted on wild varieties, while cultivated plants were addressed less. This study aimed to characterize the biomolecules and biological activities of lemon grass growing under North African conditions in Morocco. Phenolic compound profiles of aqueous (AE), ethanol (EE), and methanol (ME) extracts and their fractions were obtained with steric exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G50 gel and identified by LC-MS/MS. Then, total polyphenols (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), and antioxidant activities (FRAP: scavenging value and TAC: Total Antioxidant Capacity) of the fraction were evaluated, as well as the antimicrobial activity. The obtained results showed that the ME contained eight major compounds (i.e., apigenine-7-O-rutinoside and myricitine-3-O-rutinoside). The AE showed the presence of five molecules (i.e., kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide), while EE showed the presence of three molecules (i.e., quercetine-3-O-rutinoside). Regarding the chemical characterization, the highest value of total phenolic content (TPC) was obtained in AE (25) (4.60 ± 0.29 mg/g), and the highest value of total flavonoid content (TFC) was obtained in ME (29) (0.7 ± 0.08 mg/g). Concerning the antioxidant activity, the highest FRAP was obtained in ME (29) (97.89%), and the highest total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was obtained in ME (29) (89.89%). Correlation between FRAP, TPC, and TFC was noted only in fractions of AE and ME. All tested extracts of C. citratus and their fractions showed a significant antimicrobial effect. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was recorded for ME against E. coli. Extracts' biological activities and their fractions were governed by their active molecules. These data are new and clarify a novel aspect of bioactive molecules in the extracts of cultivated C. citratus. Equally, throughout this research, we clarified the relationship between identified molecules and their biological properties, including antioxidant and anti-microbial activities, which is new for the study area. This study is suggested as a reference for comparative studies and other assays of other biological activities for the study plant.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Cymbopogon , Flavonoides , Extractos Vegetales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Cymbopogon/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/farmacología , Flavonoides/análisis , Marruecos , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Antiinfecciosos/química , Peso Molecular , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Polifenoles/química , Polifenoles/farmacología , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/farmacología , Fenoles/análisis , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Cromatografía LiquidaRESUMEN
Morus alba L. is a tradition medical and edible plant. It is rich in many important bioactive components. However, there is a dearth of systematic information about the components. Here, the Mori Cortex, Mori Folium, Mori Fructus, and Mori Ramulus were studied. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) is used to study primary and secondary metabolites. Eight hundred two metabolites were identified and classified into 10 different categories in total. Correlation analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis, and principal component analysis of metabolites showed that different parts of the sample could be significantly different. In different medicinal parts, alkaloids accounted for 4.0%, 3.6%, 5.1%, and 4.5%; flavonoids accounted for 0.7%, 27.2%, 5.6%, 1.2%; terpenes accounted for 20.1%, 2.1%, 2.6%, 2.5%. Furthermore, the abundance of phenols, phenylpropanoids, and lipids metabolites sequentially accounted for 2.3-4.4%, 0.5-1.8%, and 2.4-5.3%. These results have improved our understanding of metabolites and provided a reference for research on the medicinal and edible value of Morus alba L. In addition, the study reveals the correlation between the components of Traditional Chinese medicine and the basic theory of TCM properties and reinterprets the ancient wisdom in the world's traditional herbs through the perspective of modern science.
Asunto(s)
Metabolómica , Morus , Morus/química , Morus/metabolismo , Metabolómica/métodos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Plantas Medicinales/metabolismo , Plantas Medicinales/química , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Flavonoides/análisis , Metaboloma , Espectrometría de Masas , Análisis de Componente Principal , Alcaloides/metabolismo , Alcaloides/análisis , Alcaloides/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Fenoles/metabolismo , Fenoles/análisis , Fenoles/química , Terpenos/metabolismo , Terpenos/análisisRESUMEN
The chemical compounds found in propolis vary according to plant sources, species, and geographical regions. To date, Indonesian propolis has not yet become standardized in terms of its chemical constituents. Thus, this study aimed to identify the presence of marker compounds and determine whether different classes of Indonesian propolis exist. In this study, yields, total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidants were measured. Identification of chemical compounds was carried out with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Metaboanalyst 6.0 was employed in conducting principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) using the results of the FTIR and LC-MS/MS. The propolis with the highest TFC, TPC, and antioxidant activity was Geniotrigona thoracica from North Sumatra. The results of propolis compound mapping based on region with discriminant analysis revealed that types of propolis from Java have similar characteristics. Then, based on species, the types of propolis from Tetragonula laeviceps and Heterotrigona itama have special characteristics; the samples from these species can be grouped according to similar characteristics. In conclusion, 10 potential marker compounds were identified in Indonesian propolis, enabling regional and species-specific varieties of Indonesian propolis to be classified based on chemical composition mapping.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Metabolómica , Própolis , Própolis/química , Abejas , Indonesia , Metabolómica/métodos , Antioxidantes/química , Animales , Polifenoles/química , Polifenoles/análisis , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Análisis de Componente Principal , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/análisis , Cromatografía Liquida , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Análisis Discriminante , Análisis de los Mínimos CuadradosRESUMEN
The present investigation was performed to figure out the chemical constituents and biological potential of polar extracts (AcOEt and BuOH) from Achillea ligustica, a medicinal species of the Asteraceae family. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) was utilized to conduct a preliminary analysis of the phytochemical profiles of the AcOEt and BuOH extracts. The analysis revealed the existence of twenty compounds in the AcOEt extract and twenty-two in the BuOH extract, classified into various types of secondary metabolites. Subsequently, the exudate from the plant yielded five flavonoids, including two 6-methoxyflavonols identified for the first time in this genus. The isolation of compounds from AcOEt and BuOH extracts was achieved through the combined use of column chromatography (silica gel and Sephadex LH-20) and preparative TLC chromatography. The structures have been elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, alongside comparisons with research data. Our study measured the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and carried out a comprehensive range of antioxidant tests using DPPH, GOR, CUPRAC, reducing power, and O-phenanthroline assays. Both extracts exhibited considerable antioxidant potential and contained high levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The photoprotective effect of the AcOEt and BuOH extracts was evaluated in vitro by measuring the sun protection factor. Both extracts exhibited a high capacity for UV radiation absorption. Consequently, this plant presents an intriguing prospect for future research focused on incorporating it into photoprotective cosmetic products and pharmaceutical formulations.
Asunto(s)
Achillea , Antioxidantes , Flavonoides , Fenoles , Extractos Vegetales , Achillea/química , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/análisis , Fenoles/farmacología , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/farmacología , Flavonoides/análisis , Fitoquímicos/química , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Protectores Solares/química , Protectores Solares/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Geoffroea decorticans, commonly known as Chañar, is a native Chilean plant widely used in folk medicine for its expectorant, pain relief, and antinociceptive properties. This study explored the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and protective effects of its ethanolic (EE) and aqueous (EA) seed extracts against oxidative stress induced by copper sulfate, using both in vitro and in vivo approaches. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the extracts. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) identified significant components such as phytol, alpha-tocopherol, vitexin, and rutin, with the EE being particularly rich in phytol and vitexin. Antioxidant assays-measuring the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging, and copper and iron chelation-confirmed their potent antioxidant capabilities. Both extracts were non-cytotoxic and provided protection against CuSO4-induced oxidative stress in the 3T3 cell line. Additionally, the use of Tenebrio molitor as an invertebrate model underscored the extracts' antioxidant and protective potentials, especially that of the EE. In conclusion, this study highlights the significant antioxidant and protective properties of Chañar seed extracts, particularly the ethanolic extract, in both in vitro and in vivo models.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Estrés Oxidativo , Extractos Vegetales , Semillas , Tenebrio , Animales , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Semillas/química , Ratones , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Fenoles/análisis , Fenoles/farmacología , Flavonoides/farmacología , Flavonoides/análisis , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta PresiónRESUMEN
AIM: The aim of the present investigation is to study HPLC process to evaluate Some Active Flavonoids in Ethyl Acetate Extract of Leaves of Butea monosperma Linn. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using a soxhlation device, the leaves of Butea monosperma Linn. were extracted in stages. Each powdered batch (500g) was extracted in stages with polarity-graded solvents such as petroleum ether (Pet. Et) (60-80º), chloroform (CHCl3), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) using a soxhlet extractor. Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenols, and steroids, among other chemical families of components, were identified through qualitative phytochemical screenings of each extract. To make a 10 g/ml stock, standard phenolic markers like quercetin, rutin, catechin, gallic acid, and chlorogenic acid were dissolved in methanol. Phytoconstituents were separated and identified from extracts using various solvents and combinations of solvents, which were chosen after consulting the literature. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the revealed that the leaves contain steroid, triterpenoids, fatty acid and alkaloids. While the ethyl acetate extract found to contain therapeutically important phytoconstitutes such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. Bioactive extracts of Butea monosperma were found to include flavonoids and phenolic substances. In ethyl acetate extract, various flavonoids and phenolic compounds were discovered. CONCLUSION: This is a preliminary report on the identification of phytochemical and HPLC evaluation of ethyl acetate extract of leaves of Butea monosperma Linn. and to unravel the mechanisms driving bioactive qualities and the existence of putative synergy among these substances, more research is needed on the isolation and characterization of individual Flavonoids or phenolic compounds.
Asunto(s)
Acetatos , Flavonoides , Extractos Vegetales , Hojas de la Planta , Flavonoides/análisis , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/aislamiento & purificación , Hojas de la Planta/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Acetatos/química , Solventes/química , Fitoquímicos/química , Fitoquímicos/análisis , Fitoquímicos/aislamiento & purificación , Taninos/análisis , Taninos/aislamiento & purificación , Taninos/químicaRESUMEN
Coix seed, a prevalent medicinal and food-homologous plant, is extensively consumed in Asia. It has various pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Coix seed oil, as its main component, is widely produced. However, during the industrial production process of Coix seed oil, substantial byproducts are produced, namely, defatted Coix seeds, which are also worth researching. Currently, it remains unclear whether there will be differences in defatted Coix seeds obtained from different geographical locations, with previous studies reporting that phenolic compounds in defatted Coix seeds have a significant utilization value. In this study, firstly, the TPC and TFC of samples collected in three temperature zones were detected. Subsequently, UPLC-Q-TOF/MS was used to analyze the samples, and a metabolomics data processing strategy and chemometric analysis method were established. We have confirmed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in 30 batches of Coix seed from different temperature zones in China, and concluded that the overall quality of Coix seed from different batches is relatively stable. With the established strategy, 12 characteristic chemical markers were identified, and 5 valuable phenolic chemical markers were selected for distinguishing the origin of Coix seed and evaluating the quality of defatted Coix seed. Among them, proanthocyanidin A2 has the highest content in defatted Coix seed in subtropical regions, while the content of caffeic acid, naringin, rutin, and chlorogenic acid decreases from north to south. The strategy proposed in this study may provide some basis for the quality control and rational use of defatted Coix seeds.