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OBJECTIVE: To understand the burden of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) among children living in low-income countries who present to the hospital with febrile illness and to determine the role of handheld echocardiography (HHE) in uncovering subclinical carditis as a major manifestation of ARF. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study carried at the Pediatric Hospital in Al Obeid, North Kordofan, Sudan, from September 2022 to January 2023 and including febrile children 3 through 18 years of age with or without clinical features of ARF and without another cause for their fever (not excluding malaria). History, examination, blood investigations, and HHE were done. ARF was diagnosed according to the Jones criteria. Clinical ARF was diagnosed if there was a major clinical Jones criterion and silent ARF if the only major Jones criteria was subclinical carditis. RESULTS: The study cohort included 400 children with a mean age of 9 years. Clinical ARF was diagnosed in 95 patients (95/400, 24%), most of whom presented with a joint major manifestation (88/95, 93%). Among the 281 children who did not present with a clinical manifestation of ARF, HHE revealed rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in 44 patients (44/281, 16%); 31 of them fulfilled criteria for silent ARF (31/281, 11%). HHE increased the detection of ARF by 24%. HHE revealed mild RHD in 41 of 66 (62%) and moderate or severe RHD in 25 of 66 (38%) patients. Both sensitivity and specificity of HHE compared with standard echocardiography were 88%. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant burden of ARF among febrile children in Sudan. HHE increased the sensitivity of diagnosis, with 11% of children having subclinical carditis as their only major manifestation (ie, silent ARF). RHD-prevention policies need to prioritize decentralization of echocardiography to improve ARF detection.

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In patients with Chronic Rheumatic Carditis, active carditis is an often underdiagnosed condition. Rheumatic attacks promote the aggravation of existing lesions, leading to a deterioration of the patient's clinical condition. Thus, reducing the morbidity and mortality of the disease depends, in part, on controlling relapses through secondary prophylaxis. Underdiagnosis is due in part to the occurrence of subclinical rheumatic attacks. This study was carried out with data from patients who were diagnosed with Chronic Rheumatic Carditis and who underwent cardiac surgery for valve replacement or repair, without clinical or laboratory evidence of rheumatic outbreak. A fragment of myocardium was sent for histopathological analysis. Data on the frequency of histopathological alterations compatible with a rheumatic outbreak were analyzed. After analysis, 80% of patients showed changes compatible with inflammatory activity. Of these, 87.5% had lymphocytic infiltrate; 25% had Aschoff's nodules. The most frequent histopathological findings of chronic disease were myocardial hypertrophy in 56.7% of patients and fibrosis in 53.3% (AU).

Nos pacientes com Cardite Reumática Crônica, a cardite em atividade é uma condição frequentemente subdiagnos-ticada. Os surtos reumáticos promovem o agravamento das lesões já existentes, levando a uma deterioração da condição clínica do paciente. Dessa forma a redução da morbimortalidade da doença depende, em parte, do contro-le de recidivas a partir da profilaxia secundária. O subdiagnóstico deve-se em parte a ocorrência de surtos reumáti-cos subclínicos. Este estudo foi realizado com dados dos pacientes que tiveram o diagnóstico de Cardite Reumática Crônica e foram submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca para troca ou plastia valvar, sem evidência clínica ou laboratorial de surto reumático. Um fragmento de miocárdio foi enviado para análise histopatológica. Foram analisados os dados de frequência de alterações histopatológicas compatíveis com surto reumático. Após análises, 80% dos pacientes apresentaram alterações compatíveis com atividade inflamatória. Desses, 87,5% apresentavam infiltrado linfocitá-rio; 25% apresentavam nódulos de Aschoff. Os achados histopatológicos de doença crônica mais frequentes foram hipertrofia miocárdica em 56,7% pacientes e fibrose em 53,3% (AU).

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PURPOSE: To present electroretinogram findings in extensive macular atrophy with pseudodrusen (EMAP) and describe associated systemic factors. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS: Data on medical history, visual symptoms, multimodal imaging findings, and visual field were collected from the medical records of patients with extensive macular atrophy with pseudodrusen who attended a visual electrophysiology laboratory. Electrophysiological tests, including full-field electroretinogram, multifocal electroretinogram and photopic negative response, were performed. RESULTS: Eighteen patients (10 [56%] females, age 49-66 years) were included. Of these, 17 (94%) had a history of rheumatic fever in childhood and/or adolescence, 7 (39%) had cardiovascular disease, 4 (22%) had autoimmune disease, and 10 (56%) had inflammatory conditions. The primary visual complaints were nyctalopia (95%), followed by visual field loss (67%) and dyschromatopsia (67%). The key retinal findings included retinal pigmented epithelium atrophy in the macular region and subretinal drusenoid deposits. Regarding electrophysiological results, 100% of patients had abnormalities on multifocal electroretinogram, 94% displayed alterations in photopic negative response, and 78% showed changes in the full-field electroretinogram. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, electrophysiologic evaluation demonstrated diffuse retinal dysfunction affecting all layers of the retina in patients with EMAP. The disease is associated with immune-mediated systemic conditions, chiefly rheumatic fever.

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OBJECTIVE: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in significant changes in the frequency of many diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the changes in the frequency and clinical features of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) in this period and determine the effect of health measures taken against COVID-19 on this change. METHODS: The cases with initial attack of ARF between January 2016 and March 2022 in Ataturk University, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, were determined from the clinic's database, and case per month ratios were calculated for each period, retrospectively. Also the frequency of the clinical manifestations was compared among patients before and during the outbreak. RESULTS: Frequency of the major clinical manifestations among patients before and during the outbreak was similar. On average, the number of cases reported per month in the years 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019 are, respectively, 1.75, 2, 2.25, and 2.58. In the first 3 months of 2020, the average number of cases reported per month was 3.67. After the advent of the pandemic, in the period from April to December 2020 and from January to September 2021, an average of 0.56 and 0.22 cases were reported per month, respectively. The frequency of clinical features between patients diagnosed before and during the outbreak was similar. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated an important decrease in frequency of ARF, but no change in the clinical features of the disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is thought that this is the result of health measures taken for COVID-19. Children with an increased risk of acute rheumatic fever should be encouraged in terms of wearing mask, social distance, and cleaning, especially during the seasons when upper respiratory tract infections are common. Thus, a permanent decrease in the incidence of ARF and its recurrences may be achieved.

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Background: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is the most serious manifestation of rheumatic fever, which may also affect the brain. The current study assessed the prevalence of neuropsychiatric manifestations in patients with RHD, including clinical features associated with basal ganglia motor dysfunction (BGMD). Methods: We conducted neurologic and psychiatric assessments in consecutive patients with RHD referred to a tertiary center for heart valve diseases. Echocardiography was performed to assess the pattern of valvular involvement and RHD severity. Validated questionnaires for the evaluation of cognition, depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) were applied. BGMD was clinically defined by the presence of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Results: Fifty patients with age of 43.2 ± 10.8 years, 84% female, were included. Mitral valve was affected in 47 patients (94%), and 21 of them (42%) also had aortic valve involvement. Chorea (22%), chronic tics (18%), OCS (48%), major depression (34%), generalized anxiety disorder (54%), cognitive complaints (66%), migraine (52%) and seizures (18%) were frequently reported. The factors associated with BGMD were age (p = 0.018), major depression (p = 0.013), and Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive (Y-BOCS) score (p = 0.011). The severity of heart disease was not associated with BGMD. Conclusions: Neuropsychiatric manifestations are frequent in RHD patients, which may persist up to three decades after acute rheumatic fever. Age, major depression and severity of OCS were independently associated with BGMD. These manifestations deserve a close attention of clinicians and researchers dealing with adult patients with RHD.

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Background: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) disproportionately affects low-income and middle-income countries. Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have been less represented in scientific literature. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, burden and implemented screening and prevention strategies of RHD in LAC. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, LILACS, and SciELO from 1990 to April 2021. Observational and experimental studies that described data on the epidemiology, burden, or prevention/screening strategies of RHD, regardless of age or language, were included. The risk of bias was assessed by previously published tools depending on their study design. Pre-specified data were independently extracted and presented by each topic (epidemiology, burden, prevention/screening). PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021250043. Results: Forty-eight studies out of 1692 non-duplicate records met the eligibility criteria. They were mainly from Brazil, observational in design, and hospital-based. Data on the epidemiology of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) was not recent (most before 2000) with studies describing decreasing incidence through the years. The prevalence of RHD was described in six studies, ranging from 0.24 to 48 per 1,000 among studies evaluating schoolchildren. Nine studies described data based on admissions, ranging from 0.04% to 7.1% in single-center studies. Twenty-four studies assessed the burden of RHD with most of them reporting mortality rates/proportions and complications such as the need for intervention, atrial fibrillation, or embolism. Six preventive strategies were identified that included educational, register-based, and/or secondary prophylaxis strategies. Three well-established echocardiographic screening studies in Brazil and Peru were identified. Conclusions: Most ARF/RHD research in LAC comes from a single country, Brazil where preventive/screening efforts have been conducted. There was a paucity of data from several countries in the region, reflecting the need for epidemiological studies from more countries in LAC which will provide a better picture of the current situation of ARF/RHD and guide the implementation of preventive strategies.

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INTRODUÇÃO: A cardiomiopatia de takotsubo (ct) é um quadro de disfunção sistólica súbita e transitória do ventrículo esquerdo. Sua fisiopatologia envolve muitos mecanismos, sendo o mais aceito a hiperativação catecolaminérgica desencadeada por um estresse físico, emocional ou cirúrgico. A apresentação mais comum é associada a um balonamento apical por hipercinesia da região basal ventricular, havendo, porém, variantes conforme o local de maior acometimento. Enquanto a Miocardite Reumática Aguda é entidade pouco lembrada como etiologia de disfunção de ventrículo esquerdo. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 58 anos, histórico de febre reumática e Valvotomia Percutânea com Balão há 12 anos, além fibrilação atrial; em pós operatório de troca valvar biológica em posição mitral, realiza Ecocardiograma Transtorácico (ECOTT) no primeiro pós operatório (PO), com prótese normofuncionante, fração de ejeção (FE) de 58%, ausência de alterações segmentares ou derrame pericárdico. Evoluiu no terceiro PO, com edema agudo de pulmão súbito e choque cardiogênico, refratário as medidas clinicas e necessidade de ventilação invasiva. Realizado novo ECOTT evidenciando disfunção grave do ventrículo esquerdo, FE 22%, protese normofunciante, associada a alterações segmentares como discreta hipercinesia dos segmentos basais e hipocinesia dos segmentos médios e apicais do ventrículo esquerdo, sendo interrogada a possibilidade de CT ou de Miocardite por Atividade Reumática. Paciente apresentou alterações eletrocardiográficas como nova inverção de onda T de V1-V4, Troponina Ultrassensível de 3.200 (referência < 11) e NT-pro BNP de 42.000. Cineangiocoronariografia mostrou ausência de lesões obstrutivas relevantes. Após manejo clinico de choque cardiogênico, foi introduzido medicamentos que aumentem a sobrevida de Insuficiência Cardíaca de FE Reduzida. Após 2 semanas quadro agudo, foi submetida a Ressonância Magnética cardíaca (RMC) com ausência de realce tardio ou edema celular, FE 53% e ausência de déficits segmentares, sem outros achados relevantes. Discussão: Faz-se necessário aventar a hipótese de Miocardite Reumática Aguda frente a nova disfunção do ventrículo esquerdo. Sua investigação envolve RMC e/ou Cintilografia com Galio e o tratamento baseado em corticoterapia. CONCLUSÃO: O relato descrito se destaca por demonstrar um diagnóstico diferencial entre CT e Atividade de Cardirte Reumática. Para tanto, o ECOTT e a RMC foram fundamentais para o diagnóstico e manejo adequado.

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BACKGROUND: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) complicating acute rheumatic fever (ARF) remains an important health problem in developing countries. No definitive diagnostic test for ARF exists and the role of Doppler echocardiography (DEC) for long-term prognostic evaluation following ARF is not well established. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prognostic value of DEC in patients with ARF as a predictor of chronic valve dysfunction. METHODS: Prospectively enrolled patients with clinical ARF had a DEC performed soon after diagnosis and repeated at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months and thereafter at every 1-2 years. We defined chronic valve dysfunction by ≥ 3 of the following: increased valve thickening, commissure fusion, subvalvular thickening, reduced leaflet mobility, non-trivial mitral and/or aortic regurgitation. We performed univariate analysis and developed multivariate logistic regression models to identify variables that may influence evolution to RHD. p <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: We evaluated 70(57% men) patients, 10.8±5.6 years-old during the ARF episode and followed for 95±26 months. Chronic valve dysfunction was identified in 36(51.4%) which fulfilled criteria for RHD and 10(27.8%) of them died or underwent valve surgery. Univariate analysis showed that mitral valve thickening and presence of mitral regurgitation at baseline DEC, were associated with RHD(p<0.01). Multivariate logistic regression showed that only mitral valve thickness either as a continuous (Odds-Ratio:5.8;95%CI:1.7-19.7) or as a categorical variable (Odds-Ratio:4.04;95%CI:1.06-15.3) was an independent predictor of chronic valve dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Mitral leaflets thickening documented at the time of diagnosis of ARF is a consistent prognostic marker for the subsequent evolution to RHD.

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INTRODUÇÃO: O átrio esquerdo gigante é uma condição intimamente relacionada à doença cardíaca reumática. Geralmente, é consequência da associação entre dupla lesão mitral e a pancardite decorrente do acometimento da febre reumática. RELATO DO CASO: Homem de 48 anos é encaminhado ao ambulatório da instituição por dispneia progressiva, no momento da primeira consulta em CF II, e investigação de valvopatia mitral. Possuía histórico de fibrilação atrial permanente em anticoagulação com Varfarina. À ausculta, possuía sopro holossistólico 5+/6+ em foco mitral com frêmito. Realizou radiografia de tórax, que evidenciou área cardíaca de grande volume (imagem). Em ecocardiograma transtorácico, apresentou átrio esquerdo com 133 mm de tamanho, e 598ml/m2 de volume, valva mitral com cúspides espessadas, calcificadas, cúspide posterior fixa e fusão comissural. Presença de estenose e insuficiência mitral moderadas. Dada sequência à investigação com Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca, que mostrou volume atrial direito de 617 ml, e volume atrial esquerdo de 2374 ml. No manejo, foi optado por tratamento clínico pela ausência de sintomas compressivos causados pelo AE e impossibilidade de transplante cardíaco pelo contexto sócio-cognitivo do paciente. O quadro evoluiu com difícil manejo volêmico, e necessidade de aumento progressivo de diureticoterapia. Em última consulta no serviço, apresentava CF III, mantendo anticoagulação com varfarina, sem ocorrência de evento tromboembólico. DISCUSSÃO: O caso relatado aborda uma situação clínica rara após os avanços na prevenção e manejo da febre reumática, no entanto, que acarreta importante perda funcional. O aumento biatrial evidenciado, segundo registros, é um dos maiores já descritos no Brasil.

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FUNDAMENTO: Apesar da constante renovação e do aprimoramento das próteses valvares cardíacas, a decisão sobre substituição por prótese biológica ou mecânica permanece controversa. OBJETIVO: Comparar pacientes submetidos à cirurgia para troca valvar aórtica utilizando substituto biológico ou mecânico. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, do tipo coorte histórica por análise de prontuário. Foram selecionados 202 operados entre 2004 e 2008, com seguimento médio de 10 anos. O nível de significância estatística adotado foi de 5%. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de aproximadamente 50 anos para ambos os grupos, com a maioria (70%) do sexo masculino. A probabilidade de sobrevida livre de óbito e reoperação foi significativamente maior nos pacientes com prótese mecânica (HR=0,33; IC 95%=0,13-0,79; p=0,013). Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação à mortalidade tardia. Por outro lado, o risco de reoperação foi significativamente maior em pacientes tratados com prótese biológica em comparação com a prótese mecânica (HR=0,062; IC 95%=0,008-0,457; p=0,006). O risco de eventos adversos composto de acidente vascular encefálico (AVE), sangramento, endocardite, trombose e regurgitação paraprotética foi semelhante entre os grupos (HR=1,20; IC 95%=0,74-1,93; p=0,44). O risco de sangramento foi significativamente maior em pacientes tratados com prótese mecânica (HR=3,65; IC 95%=1,43-9,29; p=0,0064), porém não houve sangramento fatal. CONCLUSÃO: Não há diferença de mortalidade em 10 anos entre os dois grupos. Há aumento significativo no risco de reoperação ao se optar por próteses biológicas, principalmente para os menores de 30 anos de idade. Já os pacientes portadores de prótese mecânica têm maior risco de sangramento não fatal.

BACKGROUND: Despite constant improvement and refinement of the prostheses, the decision between mechanical and biological valves for aortic valve replacement is still controversial. OBJECTIVE: To compare outcomes of aortic valve replacement with bioprosthesis and mechanical prosthesis. METHODS: This was an observational, historical cohort study with review of medical records. A total of 202 patients who underwent heart valve replacement surgery between 2004 and 2008 were selected, with a mean follow-up of 10 years. The level of significance set at 5%. RESULTS: Mean age of patients was approximately 50 years; most patients were male (70%). Overall mortality- and reoperation-free survival was significantly higher in patients with mechanical prosthesis (HR=0.33; 95%CI=0.13-0.79; p=0.013). No difference was found in late mortality between the two groups. On the other hand, the risk of reoperation was significantly higher in patients with bioprosthesis than mechanical prosthesis (HR=0.062; 95%CI=0.008-0.457; p=0.006). The risk of composite adverse events ­ stroke, bleeding, endocarditis, thrombosis and paravalvular leak ­ was similar between the groups (HR=1.20; 95%CI= 0.74-1.93; p=0.44). The risk of bleeding was significantly higher in patients with mechanical prosthesis (HR=3.65; 95%CI= 1.43-9.29; p = 0.0064), although no case of fatal bleeding was reported. CONCLUSION: No difference in 10-year mortality was found between the groups. The risk of reoperation significantly increases with the use of bioprosthesis, especially for patients younger than 30 years. Patients with mechanical prosthesis are at increased risk of nonfatal bleeding.

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Objetivo: analisar informações presentes na literatura sobre a citada patologia com enfoque odontológico, baseando-se em evidências atuais, a fim de estruturar uma conduta clínica, métodos preventivos e terapêuticos. Revisão de literatura: executou-se busca na literatura em dezembro de 2020, por meio dos descritores pré-estabelecidos, nos bancos de dados LILACS e PubMed/MEDLINE, além de complementações utilizando o Google Scholar. Foram encontrados 563 artigos, refinados em 10, juntamente ao uso de 3 livros. Considerações finais: a partir dos achados, constatou-se que a realização de uma anamnese criteriosa durante a primeira consulta faz-se imprescindível, por auxiliar na compreensão dos aspectos fisiopatológicos do paciente, os quais irão determinar o emprego ou não de fármacos, principalmente antes de procedimentos invasivos. Em contrapartida, verificou-se a negligência desse assunto no âmbito odontológico, pelo fato de existirem poucos estudos relacionados ao manejo clínico de pacientes com Febre Reumática (FR), sendo necessárias maiores pesquisas, com o fito de construir-se uma conduta clínica adequada, reduzindo-se os riscos e a incidência de tal enfermidade.(AU)

Objective: to analyze information in the literature about mentioned pathology with a dental focus, based on current evidence in order to structure a clinical conduct, preventive and therapeutic methods. Literature Review: literature searches were performed in December 2020, using pre-established descriptors, in the databases LILACS and PubMed/MEDLINE, in addition to complementations using Google Scholar. About 563 articles were found, refined in 10, along with the use of 3 books. Final Considerations: From the findings, it was found that the performance of a careful anamnesis during the first consultation is essential, as it helps to understand the patient's pathophysiological aspects, which will determine the use of drugs, mainly, before invasive procedures. On the other hand, this matter was neglected in the Dental field, due to the fact that there are few studies related to the clinical management of patients with Rheumatic Fever (RF), and further research is necessary, with the aim of building an adequate clinical conduct, reducing the risks and the incidence of such a disease.(AU)

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Sydenham chorea, also known as St. Vitus dance, is a major clinical criterion for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever. Clinically, it results in a combination of movement disorders and complex neuropsychiatric symptoms. Cardiac damage due to rheumatic fever may also predispose to neurologic complications later in life. Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is associated with heart remodeling, cardiac arrhythmias, and ischemic stroke. Furthermore, chronically damaged heart valves are predisposed to infection. Septic brain embolism, a known complication of infective endocarditis, may result in brain ischemia, hemorrhage, and spread of the infection to the brain.

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Rheumatic fever (RF) and chronic rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are complications of oropharyngeal infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Despite the importance of the complement system against infections and autoimmunity diseases, studies on the role of the lectin pathway in RF and RHD are scarce. Thus, our aim was to evaluate the association of ficolin-3 serum levels, FCN3 polymorphisms and haplotypes with the susceptibility to RF and RHD. We investigated 179 patients with a history of RF (126 RHD and 53 RF only) and 170 healthy blood donors as control group. Ficolin-3 serum concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Three FCN3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs rs532781899, rs28362807 and rs4494157) were genotyped through the sequence-specific PCR method. Lower ficolin-3 serum levels were observed in RF patients when compared to controls (12.81 µg/mL vs. 18.14 µg/mL respectively, p < 0.0001, OR 1.22 [1.12-1.34]), and in RHD in comparison to RF only (RFo) (12.72 µg/mL vs. 14.29 µg/mL respectively, p = 0.016, OR 1.38 [1.06-1.80]). Low ficolin-3 levels (<10.7 µg/mL) were more common in patients (39.5 %, 30/76) than controls (20.6 %, 13/63, p = 0.018, OR = 2.51 [1.14-5.31]), and in RHD (44.4 %, 28/63) than RFo (15.4 %, 2/13, p = 0.007, OR = 3.08 [1.43-6.79]). On the other hand, FCN3 polymorphism/haplotypes were not associated with ficolin-3 serum levels or the disease. Low ficolin-3 levels might be associated with RF, being a potential marker of disease progression.

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Resumen Objetivo: Revisar las características demográficas, clínicas y ecocardiográficas, así como el abordaje quirúrgico de pacientes con fiebre reumática menores de 18 años, durante un periodo de diez años. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, en el cual se incluyeron pacientes menores de 18 años, con diagnóstico de fiebre reumática entre los años 2006 a 2016. Resultados: Se incluyeron 22 niños con edades entre los 10 a los 14 años, de los cuales 59% (13/22) eran mujeres; 13,6% (3/22) provenían de Arauca y el 18,1% (4/22) eran indígenas. Se diagnosticó carditis en el 63,6% (14/22) seguido de poliartralgia y fiebre en un 59% (13/22) y 54% (12/22) respectivamente; así mismo, se detectó corea de Sydenham y eritema marginado 4,5% (1/22). Se determinó compromiso severo de válvula mitral en el 72,7% (16/22). 15 pacientes fueron llevados a cirugía; se realizó reemplazo valvular mitral en 13,3% (2/15), plastia mitral y tricúspide en el 40% (6/15), plastia mitral, tricúspide y aórtica en el 6,66%(1/15) y reemplazo aórtico en el 5,2% (1/15). Un paciente requirió oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea. La mortalidad fue del 0% (0/22). Conclusiones: Se observó que la fiebre reumática ocasionó grave compromiso cardiaco, que requirió un alto grado de intervención quirúrgica. Las poblaciones rurales e indígenas se beneficiarían notablemente de una prevención primordial, primaria y secundaria, al igual que de un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study is to review the demographic, clinical, and cardiac ultrasound characteristics, as well as the surgical approach, of patients less than 18 years-old with rheumatic fever. Materials and methods: A descriptive, retrospective study was conducted that included patients less than 18 years-old diagnosed with rheumatic fever between the years 2006 to 2016. Results: The study included a total of 22 children with ages between 10 and 14 years, of whom 59% were female. It was recorded that 13.6% (3/22) were from Arauca Department (Colombia), and 18.1% (4/22) were indigenous. Carditis was diagnosed in 63.6% (14/22), followed by polyarthralgia and fever in 59% (13/22) and 54% (12/22), respectively. Sydenham's chorea and marginal erythema was also detected in 4.5% (1/22). The severity of mitral valve involvement was determined in 72.7% (16/22). Of the 15 patients that had surgery, 13.3% (2/15) had a mitral valve replacement, mitral and tricuspid repair in 40% (6/15), mitral, tricuspid, and aortic repair in 6.66%, respectively (1/15), and aortic replacement in 5.2% (1/15). One patient required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. There was no mortality. Conclusions: It was observed that rheumatic fever led to serious cardiac compromise that required a high rate of surgical interventions. Rural and indigenous population would notably benefit from basic, primary, and secondary prevention, as well as a timely diagnosis and treatment.

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RESUMEN Introducción: La valvuloplastia mitral percutánea con balón actualmente es el primer procedimiento terapéutico que se contempla en el mundo desarrollado para los pacientes con estenosis mitral reumática e indicación para ello, y se realiza en el Cardiocentro de Santiago de Cuba desde julio de 2008. Objetivos: Describir los resultados de la valvuloplastia mitral percutánea con balón en los pacientes estudiados. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional y descriptivo, unicéntrico, que incluyó a 91 pacientes tratados mediante este procedimiento en el Cardiocentro de Santiago de Cuba, desde julio de 2008 hasta junio de 2019. Se evaluaron variables clínico-epidemiológicas, ecocardiográficas y hemodinámicas, así como el resultado inmediato del procedimiento. Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes jóvenes (60,4% entre 15-44 años), del sexo femenino (86,8%), con antecedentes de fiebre reumática (48,4%), en clase funcional III (64,8%) de la NYHA (New York Heart Association) y en ritmo sinusal (86,8%). Se logró un aumento promedio del área valvular de más del doble (0,99 vs. 2,12 cm2) del valor inicial y una reducción de la presión auricular mayor de 50% (25,0 vs.11, 76 mmHg), lo que permitió evaluar de satisfactorio el tratamiento en el 95,6% de los pacientes. Se identificó una asociación significativa (Prueba de Fisher ≤ 0,05) entre la puntuación de Wilkins ≤ 8 y el resultado satisfactorio del procedimiento. Conclusiones: Los resultados de la aplicación de la valvuloplastia mitral percutánea con balón en el centro fueron satisfactorios y congruentes con los referidos nacional e internacionalmente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty has flourished as a mainstream therapy (mostly in developed countries) for treating patients with medical indication and those suffering from rheumatic mitral stenosis. This procedure is performed at the Cardiocentro in Santiago de Cuba since July 2008. Objectives: To describe the results of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in the study participants. Methods: A descriptive, single-centered and observational study including 91 patients treated by this procedure was conducted at the Cardiocentro in Santiago de Cuba from July 2008 to June 2019. Clinical/epidemiological, echocardiographic and hemodynamic variables were assessed, as well as immediate procedure outcomes. Results: Young individuals (60.4% between 15-44 years), female (86.8%), with a history of rheumatic fever (48.4%), NYHA (New York Heart Association) functional class III (64.8%) and sinus rhythm (86.8%) predominated. An average increase in valve area of over double (0.99 vs. 2.12 cm2) the initial value and a reduction in atrial pressure of more than 50% (25 vs. 11.76 mmHg) was achieved; thus evidencing that the treatment was effective in 95.6% of the patients. A significant association (Fisher Test ≤ 0.05) was identified between Wilkins score ≤ 8 and satisfactory outcome of the procedure. Conclusions: The results of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in the medical center were successful and consistent with those achieved nationally and internationally.

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As crianças que evoluem para cardiopatia reumática passam a conviver com limitações, tornam-se comumente restritas no desempenho de atividade do cotidiano. OBJETIVO: Verificar a existência de correlação entre o desempenho no teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M) e do degrau de três minutos (TD3) e a pontuação do child health assessment questionnaire (CHAQ) em criança com febre reumática. MÉTODOS: Estudo seccional sem grupo de comparação, descritivo e exploratório, realizado com 15 crianças. Foram avaliadas através dos testes submáximos, o TC6M e o TD3 e a avaliação da capacidade física sob a percepção do cuidador foi realizada por meio da aplicação do CHAQ. RESULTADOS: A média de idade 13,7 anos, desvio padrão 1,9 anos. A maioria dos acompanhantes eram mães, 66,7%, e uma parcela considerável dos cuidadores apresentou baixo nível socioeconômico e de escolaridade. O valor obtido na distância percorrida através do TC6M demonstrou um baixo desempenho, mediana (intervalo interquartil) 420 (101) metros que também foi observado no teste do degrau de três minutos, mediana (intervalo interquartil) 68 (6,5) degraus. Em relação ao questionário CHAQ foi observado ausência de comprometimento da capacidade física diante da percepção dos responsáveis com escore final do questionário de 0,1. A correlação entre o questionário e o teste de caminhada de seis minutos (correlação de Sperman = - 0,21) e, entre o questionário e o teste do degrau de três minutos, (correlação de Sperman = - 0,39). CONCLUSÃO: Não foi encontrada correlação dos testes submáximos, em relação à capacidade física obtida através da percepção dos responsáveis avaliada através do questionário. Esse resultado chama a atenção para a importância do fisioterapeuta inserir na sua prática clínica, nesse perfil de pacientes os testes submáximos.

Children who develop rheumatic heart disease live with limitations, they become commonly restricted in the performance of everyday activities. OBJECTIVE: To verify the correlation between performance between two submaximal exercise tests and the questionnaire score in children with chronic rheumatic disease. METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive and exploratory study with 15 children. They were evaluated through the submaximal tests, the 6MWT and TD3 and the physical capacity assessment under the caregiver's perception was performed through the application of the questionnaire of CHAQ. RESULTS: Mean age 13.7 years, standard deviation 1.9 years. Most of the companions were mothers, 66.7%, and a considerable portion of the caregivers had low socioeconomic and educational levels. The value obtained in the distance covered by the 6MWT demonstrated a low performance, median (interquartile range) 420 (101) meters, which was also observed in the three-minute step test, median (interquartile range) 68 (6.5) steps. Regarding the CHAQ questionnaire, there was an absence of impairment of physical capacity in view of the perception of those responsible with a final score of 0.1. The correlation between the questionnaire and the six-minute walk test (Sperman correlation = -0.21) and between the questionnaire and the three-minute step test (Sperman's correlation = -0.39). CONCLUSION: No correlation was found between submaximal tests, in relation to the physical capacity obtained through the perception of those responsible, assessed through the questionnaire. This result draws attention to the importance of the physiotherapist inserting submaximal tests in his clinical practice.

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