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A Febre Aftosa é uma enfermidade infectocontagiosa aguda com potencial de transmissibilidade extremamente alto entre os animais susceptíveis, podendo, em cerca de uma semana ou menos, acometer a totalidade dos componentes de um rebanho afetado. Acomete animais biungulados, além de ruminantes silvestres, camelídeos e elefantes. É considerada zoonose, porém com raros casos em humanos e em situações muito especiais. A importância do controle da doença deriva das implicações socioeconômicas, sendo o maior prejuízo relacionado ao mercado internacional de produtos de origem animal.

Foot-and-mouth disease is an acute infectious disease with extremely high potential for transmissibility among susceptible animals, and may, in about a week or less, affect the component components of an affected bank. Accompanies biungulate animals, as well as wild ruminant animals, camelids and elephants. It is considered zoonosis, but with rare cases in humans and in very special situations. The importance of disease control derived from socioeconomic implications, being the biggest loss related to the international market for products of animal origin.

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A Febre Aftosa é uma enfermidade infectocontagiosa aguda com potencial de transmissibilidade extremamente alto entre os animais susceptíveis, podendo, em cerca de uma semana ou menos, acometer a totalidade dos componentes de um rebanho afetado. Acomete animais biungulados, além de ruminantes silvestres, camelídeos e elefantes. É considerada zoonose, porém com raros casos em humanos e em situações muito especiais. A importância do controle da doença deriva das implicações socioeconômicas, sendo o maior prejuízo relacionado ao mercado internacional de produtos de origem animal.(AU)

Foot-and-mouth disease is an acute infectious disease with extremely high potential for transmissibility among susceptible animals, and may, in about a week or less, affect the component components of an affected bank. Accompanies biungulate animals, as well as wild ruminant animals, camelids and elephants. It is considered zoonosis, but with rare cases in humans and in very special situations. The importance of disease control derived from socioeconomic implications, being the biggest loss related to the international market for products of animal origin.(AU)

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Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) can lead to sanitary barriers to international trade and involves highinvestments for control and great losses in the event of an outbreak. This study investigated the impactscaused by FMD on the exports of fresh beef from Brazil after the 2005 outbreak and the observanceof the regionalization principle of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and PhytosanitaryMeasures (SPS) by countries member of the WTO that were listed as the top 10 beef importingcountries in 2004. The FMD outbreak that began in 2005 did not limit the increase in exports of freshbeef from Brazil, but impacted negatively on exports from Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraná States.The disease did not impact exports to the United States, Japan or Mexico, since these markets were closed to Brazil. Saudi Arabia, Russia and Iran were not members of the WTO in October 2005 andtherefore had no obligation to respect the principle of regionalization, though Russia respected it.Among the other major importers of 2004, the Netherlands, Egypt, Italy, United Kingdom, France,Germany and Spain respected the principle of regionalization of the SPS Agreement. Chile did notrespect the principle and the occurrence of the disease closed the market to Brazilian fresh beef.

para seu controle e graves prejuízos em casos de surto. Este trabalho investigou os impactos causadospela febre aftosa nas exportações de carne bovina in natura do Brasil após o surto de 2005, além documprimento do Princípio da Regionalização do Acordo sobre a Aplicação de Medidas Sanitáriase Fitossanitárias (SPS) pelos países membros da OMC, que compunham a lista dos 10 maioresimportadores dessa carne em 2004. Foi realizada análise descritiva das exportações de carne bovinacongelada e resfriada (carne bovina in natura), considerando-se os anos de 2004 a 2006, para os 10maiores importadores desses produtos do Brasil e do mundo em 2004. Verificou-se que o surto nãoimpediu o aumento das exportações de carne bovina in natura do Brasil, mas impactou negativamenteas exportações do Mato Grosso do Sul e Paraná. A doença não causou impacto nas exportações paraos Estados Unidos, Japão e México. Arábia Saudita, Rússia e Irã não eram Membros da OMC emoutubro de 2005 e, portanto, não tinham a obrigação de respeitar o Princípio da Regionalização,ainda que a Rússia o tenha feito. Dentre os demais grandes importadores de 2004, os Países Baixos,Egito, Itália, Reino Unido, França, Alemanha e Espanha respeitaram o Princípio da Regionalizaçãodo Acordo SPS. O Chile não respeitou o Princípio da Regionalização e a ocorrência da doença fechouaquele mercado à carne bovina brasileira in natura.

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Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) can lead to sanitary barriers to international trade and involves highinvestments for control and great losses in the event of an outbreak. This study investigated the impactscaused by FMD on the exports of fresh beef from Brazil after the 2005 outbreak and the observanceof the regionalization principle of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and PhytosanitaryMeasures (SPS) by countries member of the WTO that were listed as the top 10 beef importingcountries in 2004. The FMD outbreak that began in 2005 did not limit the increase in exports of freshbeef from Brazil, but impacted negatively on exports from Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraná States.The disease did not impact exports to the United States, Japan or Mexico, since these markets were closed to Brazil. Saudi Arabia, Russia and Iran were not members of the WTO in October 2005 andtherefore had no obligation to respect the principle of regionalization, though Russia respected it.Among the other major importers of 2004, the Netherlands, Egypt, Italy, United Kingdom, France,Germany and Spain respected the principle of regionalization of the SPS Agreement. Chile did notrespect the principle and the occurrence of the disease closed the market to Brazilian fresh beef.(AU)

para seu controle e graves prejuízos em casos de surto. Este trabalho investigou os impactos causadospela febre aftosa nas exportações de carne bovina in natura do Brasil após o surto de 2005, além documprimento do Princípio da Regionalização do Acordo sobre a Aplicação de Medidas Sanitáriase Fitossanitárias (SPS) pelos países membros da OMC, que compunham a lista dos 10 maioresimportadores dessa carne em 2004. Foi realizada análise descritiva das exportações de carne bovinacongelada e resfriada (carne bovina in natura), considerando-se os anos de 2004 a 2006, para os 10maiores importadores desses produtos do Brasil e do mundo em 2004. Verificou-se que o surto nãoimpediu o aumento das exportações de carne bovina in natura do Brasil, mas impactou negativamenteas exportações do Mato Grosso do Sul e Paraná. A doença não causou impacto nas exportações paraos Estados Unidos, Japão e México. Arábia Saudita, Rússia e Irã não eram Membros da OMC emoutubro de 2005 e, portanto, não tinham a obrigação de respeitar o Princípio da Regionalização,ainda que a Rússia o tenha feito. Dentre os demais grandes importadores de 2004, os Países Baixos,Egito, Itália, Reino Unido, França, Alemanha e Espanha respeitaram o Princípio da Regionalizaçãodo Acordo SPS. O Chile não respeitou o Princípio da Regionalização e a ocorrência da doença fechouaquele mercado à carne bovina brasileira in natura.(AU)

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This study presents a multi-disciplinary decision-support tool, which integrates geo-statistics, social network analysis (SNA), spatial-stochastic spread model, economic analysis and mapping/visualization capabilities for the evaluation of the sanitary and socio-economic impact of livestock diseases under diverse epidemiologic scenarios. We illustrate the applicability of this tool using foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Peru as an example. The approach consisted on a flexible, multistep process that may be easily adapted based on data availability. The first module (mI) uses a geo-statistical approach for the estimation (if needed) of the distribution and abundance of susceptible population (in the example here, cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and camelids) at farm-level in the region or country of interest (Peru). The second module (mII) applies SNA for evaluating the farm-to-farm contact patterns and for exploring the structure and frequency of between-farm animal movements as a proxy for potential disease introduction or spread. The third module (mIII) integrates mI-II outputs into a spatial-stochastic model that simulates within- and between-farm FMD-transmission. The economic module (mIV) connects outputs from mI-III to provide an estimate of associated direct and indirect costs. A visualization module (mV) is also implemented to graph and map the outputs of module I-IV. After 1000 simulated epidemics, the mean (95% probability interval) number of outbreaks, infected animals, epidemic duration, and direct costs were 37 (1, 1164), 2152 (1, 13, 250), 63 days (0, 442), and US$ 1.2 million (1072, 9.5 million), respectively. Spread of disease was primarily local (<4.5km), but geolocation and type of index farm strongly influenced the extent and spatial patterns of an epidemic. The approach is intended to support decisions in the last phase of the FMD eradication program in Peru, in particular to inform and support the implementation of risk-based surveillance and livestock insurance systems that may help to prevent and control potential FMD virus incursions into Peru.

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The paper presents results from two economic analyses of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in Bolivia. Both recommended a programme to eradicate the disease, but one reported a negative economic return while the later study found a positive and robust return. To investigate the reasons for these differences the paper presents information on cattle movement and how this relates to the epidemiological situation of FMD in Bolivia. This analysis identifies two important trade routes: southern and central cattle trade routes and two FMD endemic areas: the humid tropical areas of the Departments of the Beni and Santa Cruz, and the semi-arid subtropical area to the south east of the country known as the Bolivian Chaco. The farm-level incentives to control FMD in the endemic areas, where cattle are kept in extensive systems, are negative and the main losses caused by the disease occur four to six years after an outbreak. Given this situation it is suggested that resources being used to eradicate the disease in Bolivia should be concentrated in these endemic areas where convincing cattle owners of the need to control FMD is particularly difficult. It is also suggested that the eradication programme should coordinate its activities with neighbouring countries.

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FMD was diagnosed in Uruguay and in most of the South American countries in 1870. In 1961 the first law was issued to enforce the control of the disease. In 1990 a new regulation was approved which determined the process to eradicate FMD. The last clinical case was on June 18th 1990, and in 1996 the OIE declared Uruguay a free country without vaccination. In 2001 FMD was re-introduced, with an outbreak of 2057 animals which were controlled throughout four months of strong activity which ended with two vaccinations of all livestock. On May 22nd 2003, the OIE recognized Uruguay as a country 'free with vaccination'.

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The objective of eliminating foot and mouth disease (FMD) in Brazil has been mainly motivated by the constant preoccupation of Brazilian authorities, livestock breeders and the meat industry with avoiding economic losses due to export restrictions. In 1934, the first national sanitary legislation was enacted, and the Pan-American Foot and Mouth Disease Center in Rio de Janeiro was inaugurated in 1951, with international participation. An overview is given of the past campaigns against FMD, the legislation, policies and field activities. The reasons for the failure of the past campaigns are discussed. The structure of the existing campaign and the present epidemiological situation are explained, and the further possibilities of being recognized as an FMD-free country are discussed.

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The safety of beef with respect to foot and mouth disease (FMD) is determined by the level of risk which the exporting region poses through disease prevalence, the reliability of the surveillance system of the region, the efficacy of the prevention and control measures, the efficiency of the Veterinary Services and the support of the private sector. The South American continent has been regionalised in accordance with these criteria. Today there are approximately 90 million cattle in a territory of over 5 million km2 comprising regions classified as having a very low to low level risk for FMD with regard to the export of animals and animal products. Another 50 million cattle live in regions classified as posing a moderate risk. These risk categories reflect varying levels of risk. The harvest of beef in the meat-exporting regions of South America includes a series of risk mitigation measures, from the origin of the source herd to the final packing of the beef. These measures reduce the unrestricted risk estimate by almost six orders of magnitude. Therefore, the final risk of FMD for the global trade of beef originating from the low risk regions in South America is extremely small.

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Objetivando-se reavaliar as áreas endêmicas primárias de febre aftosa em Minas Gerais, partiu-se do pressuposto que as formas de organizaçäo da produçäo pecuária säo determinantes na configuraçäo dos ecossistemas da enfermidade. A caracterizaçäo dos principais componentes estruturais do ecossistema regional, visando estabelecer relaçöes entre tais componentes e o comportamento epidemiológico da enfermidade, foi realizada através da análise de indicadores econômicos, demográficos e ecológicos. Constatou-se que a regiäo endêmica primária apresenta três conglomerados distintos, sendo o primeiro formado pela microrregiäo homogênea de Chapadöes do Paracatu, classificada como regiäo extrativa extensiva de cria. O segundo conglomerado abrange as microrregiöes homogêneas de Pastoril de Almenara, Pastoril de Pedra Azul e Teófilo Otoni, caracterizadas como áreas pré-empresariais de cria. O último conglomerado é composto pela microrregiäo de Pastoril de Nanuque, definida como área de ciclo completo para corte, microrregiäo homogênea de Mantena e parte da microrregiäo de Mata de Caratinga, ambas sinalizando para formas familiares de ciclo completo. Reafirmou-se que as áreas endêmicas primárias mantém o vírus de forma contínua e persistente em funçäo da dinâmica populacional bovinas nestas regiöes

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