RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Pathogens use multiple mechanisms to disrupt cell functioning in their host and allow pathogenesis. These mechanisms involve communication between the pathogen and the host cell through protein-protein interactions. METHODS: Protein-protein interactions chains referred to as signal transduction pathways are the processes by which a chemical or physical signal transmits through a cell as series of molecular events so the pathogen needs to intercept these molecular pathways at few positions to induce pathogenesis such as pathogen viability, infection or hypersensitivity. RESULTS: The pathogen nodes of interception are not necessarily the most immunogenic; so that novel immunogenicity-improvement strategies need to be developed thought a chemical conjugation of the pathogen-carrier nodes to develop an efficient immune response in order to block pathogenesis. On the other hand, if pathogen-carriers are immunogens; toleration ought to be induced by this conjugation avoiding hypersensitivity. Thus, this paper addresses the biological plausibility of plant-phenolics as pathogen-carrier immunogenicity modulator haptens. CONCLUSION: The plant-phenolic compounds have in their structure functional groups such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, ester, or ether, capable of reacting with the amino or carbonyl groups of the amino acids of a pathogen-carrier to form conjugates. Besides, the varied carbon structures these phenolic compounds have; it is possible to alter the pathogen-carrier related factors that determine the immunogenicity: 1) Structural complexity, 2) Molecular size, 3) Structural heterogeneity, 4) Accessibility to antigenic determinants or epitopes, 5) Optical configuration, 6) Physical state, or 7) Molecular rigidity.
Asunto(s)
Inmunidad Adaptativa/efectos de los fármacos , Haptenos/inmunología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , Fenoles/inmunología , Plantas/inmunología , Inmunidad Adaptativa/inmunología , Aminoácidos/química , Aminoácidos/inmunología , Animales , Células Presentadoras de Antígenos/efectos de los fármacos , Células Presentadoras de Antígenos/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunidad Innata/inmunología , Fenoles/química , Plantas/química , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor to which animals and humans are highly exposed. Many reports have established a relationship between BPA exposure and breast cancer incidence, especially during critical periods of development. However, its effects on the immune response in testicular tumour growth have not yet been described. Thus, we wanted to analyse the effect of perinatal BPA exposure in pregnant female mice and the immune response modulation and tumour growth in an intratesticular cancer model in offspring male mice. Pregnant female mice were exposed to a dose of 250 mg/kg/day/body weight of BPA in their drinking water. In adulthood, male offspring underwent intrascrotal inoculation with 4T1 cancer cells. On day 21 after inoculation, mice were euthanised, and serum was obtained to measure BPA levels using HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry. The percentages of immune cell populations in peripheral lymph nodes (PLN), the spleen and tumours were evaluated by flow cytometry. In addition, the tumour expression of IL-10, TNF-α and TGF-ß was analysed by RT-PCR. Of note, we found detectable circulating levels of BPA in the offspring of mothers exposed to it while pregnant. Remarkably, BPA treatment promoted tumour growth by about 75% compared to mice coming from female mice that did not receive the compound. Perinatal exposure to BPA modulated the percentages of different immune cells in the spleen and PLN. In addition, the expression of inflammatory-related cytokines (IL-10 and TNF-α) in the tumours was significantly enhanced compared to control and vehicle groups. In conclusion, the perinatal BPA administration in pregnant female mice modulated different cellular and molecular immune components that resulted in outstanding testicular tumour size in male offspring.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Ocupacionales del Aire/inmunología , Compuestos de Bencidrilo/inmunología , Contaminación Ambiental/efectos adversos , Fenoles/inmunología , Neoplasias Testiculares/inducido químicamente , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Exposición Materna , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Embarazo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
A eficacia antimicrobiana dos conservantes agregados aos produtos acondicionados na forma de dose multipla deve ser avaliada. No caso dos produtos imunobiologicos o conservante tem a funcao de manter a esterilidade durante o processo produtivo pelo fato de nao ser passivel de esterilizacao em sua unidade final. Alem disso ha necessidade de reesterilizacao quimica do contaminante eventualmente introduzido no frasco-ampola por ocasiao da retirada sucessiva das doses. Neste trabalho foram avaliados 4 produtos - Toxoide Tetanico e Vacina Triplice contendo tiomersal, e Vacina Contra a Febre Tifoide e Soro Antitetanico contendo fenol - atraves da prova de desafio mediante inoculacao de 4 microorganismos padroes. De acordo com os criterios de interpretacao adotados pela Farmacopeia Americana 21ª edicao (USP XXI) e Federacao Farmaceutica Internacional (FIP), os produtos no geral atenderam as exigencias, com excecao de alguns itens referentes a reducao da carga viavel de bacterias em tempos determinados, embora tenha sido constatada a esterilizacao do inoculo dos 4 germes entre 14 e 70 dias