RESUMEN
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by neuroinflammation, progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons, and accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) into insoluble aggregates called Lewy pathology. The Line 61 α-Syn mouse is an established preclinical model of PD; Thy-1 is used to promote human α-Syn expression, and features of sporadic PD develop at 9-18 months of age. To accelerate the PD phenotypes, we injected sonicated human α-Syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) into the striatum, which produced phospho-Syn (p-α-Syn) inclusions in the substantia nigra pars compacta and significantly increased MHC Class II-positive immune cells. Additionally, there was enhanced infiltration and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells in the midbrain. We then used this new model, Line 61-PFF, to investigate the effect of inhibiting the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, which is critical for regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. After administration of the JAK1/2 inhibitor AZD1480, immunofluorescence staining showed a significant decrease in p-α-Syn inclusions and MHC Class II expression. Flow cytometry showed reduced infiltration of CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells, CD19+ B-cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and endogenous microglia into the midbrain. Importantly, single-cell RNA-Sequencing analysis of CD45+ cells from the midbrain identified 9 microglia clusters, 5 monocyte/macrophage (MM) clusters, and 5 T-cell (T) clusters, in which potentially pathogenic MM4 and T3 clusters were associated with neuroinflammatory responses in Line 61-PFF mice. AZD1480 treatment reduced cell numbers and cluster-specific expression of the antigen-presentation genes H2-Eb1, H2-Aa, H2-Ab1, and Cd74 in the MM4 cluster and proinflammatory genes such as Tnf, Il1b, C1qa, and C1qc in the T3 cluster. Together, these results indicate that inhibiting the JAK/STAT pathway suppresses the activation and infiltration of innate and adaptive cells, reducing neuroinflammation in the Line 61-PFF mouse model.
Asunto(s)
Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias , Enfermedad de Parkinson , Factores de Transcripción STAT , Transducción de Señal , alfa-Sinucleína , Animales , Ratones , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias/metabolismo , Enfermedades Neuroinflamatorias/tratamiento farmacológico , alfa-Sinucleína/metabolismo , alfa-Sinucleína/genética , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción STAT/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factores de Transcripción STAT/genética , Enfermedad de Parkinson/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Parkinson/patología , Enfermedad de Parkinson/inmunología , Humanos , Ratones Transgénicos , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Quinasas Janus/antagonistas & inhibidores , Trastornos Parkinsonianos/metabolismo , Trastornos Parkinsonianos/patología , Trastornos Parkinsonianos/inmunología , Pirimidinas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Rationale: Food allergy is a prevalent disease in the U.S., affecting nearly 30 million people. The primary management strategy for this condition is food avoidance, as limited treatment options are available. The elevation of pathologic IgE and over-reactive mast cells/basophils is a central factor in food allergy anaphylaxis. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the potential therapeutic mechanisms of a small molecule compound called formononetin in regulating IgE and mast cell activation. Methods: In this study, we determined the inhibitory effect of formononetin on the production of human IgE from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of food-allergic patients using ELISA. We also measured formononetin's effect on preventing mast cell degranulation in RBL-2H3 and KU812 cells using beta-hexosaminidase assay. To identify potential targets of formononetin in IgE-mediated diseases, mast cell disorders, and food allergies, we utilized computational modeling to analyze mechanistic targets of formononetin from various databases, including SEA, Swiss Target Prediction, PubChem, Gene Cards, and Mala Cards. We generated a KEGG pathway, Gene Ontology, and Compound Target Pathway Disease Network using these targets. Finally, we used qRT-PCR to measure the gene expression of selected targets in KU812 and U266 cell lines. Results: Formononetin significantly decreased IgE production in IgE-producing human myeloma cells and PBMCs from food-allergic patients in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. Formononetin decreased beta-hexosaminidase release in RBL-2H3 cells and KU812 cells. Formononetin regulates 25 targets in food allergy, 51 in IgE diseases, and 19 in mast cell diseases. KEGG pathway and gene ontology analysis of targets showed that formononetin regulated disease pathways, primary immunodeficiency, Epstein-Barr Virus, and pathways in cancer. The biological processes regulated by formononetin include B cell proliferation, differentiation, immune response, and activation processes. Compound target pathway disease network identified NFKB1, NFKBIA, STAT1, STAT3, CCND1, TP53, TYK2, and CASP8 as the top targets regulated at a high degree by formononetin. TP53, STAT3, PTPRC, IL2, and CD19 were identified as the proteins mostly targeted by formononetin. qPCR validated genes of Formononetin molecular targets of IgE regulation in U266 cells and KU812 cells. In U266 cells, formononetin was found to significantly increase the gene expression of NFKBIA, TP53, and BCL-2 while decreasing the gene expression of BTK TYK, CASP8, STAT3, CCND1, STAT1, NFKB1, IL7R. In basophils KU812 cells, formononetin significantly increased the gene expression of NFKBIA, TP53, and BCL-2 while decreasing the gene expression of BTK, TYK, CASP8, STAT3, CCND1, STAT1, NFKB1, IL7R. Conclusion: These findings comprehensively present formononetin's mechanisms in regulating IgE production in plasma cells and degranulation in mast cells.
Asunto(s)
Hipersensibilidad a los Alimentos , Inmunoglobulina E , Isoflavonas , Quinasas Janus , Leucocitos Mononucleares , Mastocitos , Factores de Transcripción STAT , Transducción de Señal , Isoflavonas/farmacología , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina E/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina E/metabolismo , Mastocitos/inmunología , Mastocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Mastocitos/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Leucocitos Mononucleares/efectos de los fármacos , Leucocitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Leucocitos Mononucleares/inmunología , Hipersensibilidad a los Alimentos/inmunología , Hipersensibilidad a los Alimentos/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Masculino , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Femenino , Adulto , Degranulación de la Célula/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Persona de Mediana EdadAsunto(s)
Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales , Proteínas con Dominio LIM , Neoplasias de la Boca , Transducción de Señal , Humanos , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas con Dominio LIM/metabolismo , Proteínas con Dominio LIM/antagonistas & inhibidores , Neoplasias de la Boca/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Boca/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Boca/patología , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas del Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Proteínas del Citoesqueleto/antagonistas & inhibidores , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/química , Quinasas Janus/antagonistas & inhibidores , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción STAT/antagonistas & inhibidores , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos AntitumoralesRESUMEN
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a highly prevalent autoimmune disorder. The pathogenesis of the disease is complex and involves various cellular populations, including fibroblast-like synoviocytes, macrophages, and T cells, among others. Identification of signalling pathways and molecules that actively contribute to the development of the disease is crucial to understanding the mechanisms involved in the chronic inflammatory environment present in affected joints. Recent studies have demonstrated that the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway regulates the behaviour of immune cells and contributes to the progression of RA. Several JAK inhibitors, such as tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, and filgocitinib, have been developed, and their efficacy and safety in patients with RA have been comprehensively investigated in a number of clinical trials. Consequently, JAK inhibitors have been approved and registered as a treatment for patients with RA. In this review, we discuss the involvement of JAK/STAT signalling in the pathogenesis of RA and summarise the potential beneficial effects of JAK inhibitors in cells implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. Moreover, we present the most important phase 3 clinical trials that evaluated the use of these agents in patients.
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Artritis Reumatoide , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus , Quinasas Janus , Humanos , Artritis Reumatoide/tratamiento farmacológico , Artritis Reumatoide/inmunología , Artritis Reumatoide/metabolismo , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Quinasas Janus/antagonistas & inhibidores , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Animales , Antirreumáticos/uso terapéutico , Antirreumáticos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Lung cancer (LC) is a major inducer of cancer-related death. We aim to reveal the effect of Calsequestrin2 (CASQ2) on macrophage polarization and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway in LC. Hub genes were determined from protein-protein interaction networks based on GSE21933 and GSE1987 data sets using bioinformatic analysis. Expression of hub genes was verified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Cell Counting Kit-8, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, wound-healing, colony formation, and transwell assays were performed to assess the impact of CASQ2 on LC cells. A xenograft mouse model was evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin, immunohistochemistry, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining to investigate the effect of CASQ2 on LC. The role of CASQ2 in regulating macrophage polarization and JAK/STAT pathway was evaluated by western blot andRT-qPCR. We screened out 155 common differentially expressed genes in GSE21933 and GSE1987 data sets. Myomesin-2, tyrosine kinase, sex determining region Y-box 2, platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1, matrix metallopeptidase 9, claudin-5, caveolin-1, CASQ2, recombinant ATPase, Ca++ transporting, cardiac muscle, slow twitch 2 (ATP2A2), and ankyrin repeat domain 1 were identified as the hub genes with high prediction value. CASQ2 was selected as a pivotal regulator of LC. In vitro experiments and xenograft models revealed that CASQ2 overexpression suppressed proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion of LC cells, and tumor growth in vivo. Additionally, overexpression of CASQ2 promoted the expression of M1 macrophage markers (cluster of differentiation 80 [CD80], interleukin [IL]-12, inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]), while decreasing the expression of M2 macrophage markers (CD163, IL-10, Arg1) in tumor-associated macrophages and xenograft tissues. Finally, we found that overexpression of CASQ2 inhibited JAK/STAT pathway. CASQ2 is a novel biomarker, which can alleviate LC via inhibiting M2 tumor-associated macrophage polarization and JAK/STAT pathway.
Asunto(s)
Quinasas Janus , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Factores de Transcripción STAT , Macrófagos Asociados a Tumores , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Humanos , Animales , Ratones , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Quinasas Janus/genética , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción STAT/genética , Macrófagos Asociados a Tumores/metabolismo , Macrófagos Asociados a Tumores/patología , Transducción de Señal , Ratones Desnudos , Proteínas de Unión al Calcio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al Calcio/genética , Línea Celular TumoralRESUMEN
Cytokine storm syndromes (CSSs) comprise a group of severe and often fatal hyperinflammatory conditions driven by the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by activated cells of the immune system. Many of the CSS-associated cytokines mediate their downstream effects by signaling through the Janus kinases (JAKs) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). In addition, several of these cytokines are produced downstream of JAK/STAT pathway activation. Therefore, targeting JAK/STAT signaling using small molecule JAK inhibitors has become an increasingly appealing therapeutic option to dampen hyperinflammation in patients with CSSs. Application of JAK inhibitors in preclinical CSS models has shown improvements in multiple sequelae of hyperinflammation, and there is growing clinical evidence supporting the efficacy of JAK inhibition in patients with these conditions. Although generally well tolerated, JAK inhibitor use is not without potential for toxicity, especially in settings like CSSs where end-organ dysfunction is common. More prospective clinical trials incorporating JAK inhibitors, alone or in combination with other immunomodulatory therapies, are necessary to determine the optimal dosing, schedule, efficacy, and tolerability of these agents for patients experiencing CSSs.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Liberación de Citoquinas , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus , Quinasas Janus , Humanos , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/efectos adversos , Síndrome de Liberación de Citoquinas/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndrome de Liberación de Citoquinas/inmunología , Quinasas Janus/antagonistas & inhibidores , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Animales , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción STAT/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
Cell volume as a characteristic of changes in response to external environmental cues has been shown to control the fate of stem cells. However, its influence on macrophage behavior and macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses have rarely been explored. Herein, through mediating the volume of macrophages by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG), we demonstrated the feasibility of fine-tuning cell volume to regulate macrophage polarization towards anti-inflammatory phenotypes, thereby enabling to reverse macrophage-mediated inflammation response. Specifically, lower the volume of primary macrophages can induce both resting macrophages (M0) and stimulated pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1) to up-regulate the expression of anti-inflammatory factors and down-regulate pro-inflammatory factors. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that macrophage polarization resulting from changing cell volume might be mediated by JAK/STAT signaling pathway evidenced by the transcription sequencing analysis. We further propose to apply this strategy for the treatment of arthritis via direct introduction of PEG into the joint cavity to modulate synovial macrophage-related inflammation. Our preliminary results verified the credibility and effectiveness of this treatment evidenced by the significant inhibition of cartilage destruction and synovitis at early stage. In general, our results suggest that cell volume can be a biophysical regulatory factor to control macrophage polarization and potentially medicate inflammatory response, thereby providing a potential facile and effective therapy for modulating macrophage mediated inflammatory responses. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cell volume has recently been recognized as a significantly important biophysical signal in regulating cellular functionalities and even steering cell fate. Herein, through mediating the volume of macrophages by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG), we demonstrated the feasibility of fine-tuning cell volume to induce M1 pro-inflammatory macrophages to polarize towards anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, and this immunomodulatory effect may be mediated by the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. We also proposed the feasible applications of this PEG-induced volume regulation approach towards the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), wherein our preliminary results implied an effective alleviation of early synovitis. Our study on macrophage polarization mediated by cell volume may open up new pathways for immune regulation through microenvironmental biophysical clues.
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Inflamación , Quinasas Janus , Macrófagos , Factores de Transcripción STAT , Transducción de Señal , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/patología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Inflamación/patología , Ratones , Polietilenglicoles/farmacología , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , MasculinoRESUMEN
RNA interference (RNAi) drives powerful antiviral immunity in plants and animals so that many viruses must express viral suppressor of RNAi (VSR) to establish virulent infection. However, little is known about the immune responses conferring resistance against viruses that have evolved the counter-defensive strategy to suppress antiviral RNAi. In this study, we discover that Drosophila cells infected with Drosophila C virus (DCV), a natural viral pathogen of Drosophila known to harbor a potent VSR, exhibit heightened expression of circular RNA circZfh1. circZfh1 confers virus resistance in the presence of viral suppression of antiviral RNAi. Furthermore, we validate that circZfh1 encodes a 274-amino acid protein, CRAV, essential for its antiviral activity. Notably, CRAV differs from its parental Zfh1 gene in a different reading frame, with the C-terminal 69 amino acids unique to CRAV. Our analysis also reveals the presence of CRAV in species within the melanogaster subgroup, with the C-terminal unique fragment undergoing accelerated evolution. Expression of CRAV upregulates the expression of the cytokine Upd3, which binds to its receptor, stimulating the JAK-STAT pathway and enhancing the immune response to DCV infection. Notably, CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of circZfh1 significantly enhances DCV replication in vitro and in vivo, with circZfh1-knockout adult flies displaying heightened disease susceptibility to DCV. In summary, our findings unveil a Drosophila protein-coding circular RNA that activates an innate immune signaling pathway crucial for virus resistance following the suppression of antiviral RNAi by viruses, thereby elucidating a novel counter-defensive strategy.IMPORTANCEEukaryotic hosts possess a complex, multilayered immune system that guards against pathogen invasion. In fruit flies, RNA interference (RNAi) drives robust antiviral immunity, prompting many viruses to express viral suppressors of RNAi (VSRs) to establish virulent infections. However, little is known about immune responses that confer resistance against viruses with potent VSRs. In this study, we discovered that Drosophila cells infected with Drosophila C virus (DCV), a natural viral pathogen possessing a potent VSR, upregulated the expression of circular RNA circZfh1. circZfh1 exhibits DCV-specific antiviral activity, encoding a 274-amino acid protein, CRAV, crucial for its antiviral effects. As a different reading frame from its parental Zfh1 gene, the C-terminal 69 amino acids are unique to CRAV, undergoing faster evolution. CRAV activates the JAK-STAT pathway, enhancing the immune response to DCV infection. Therefore, our work uncovers a new strategy for suppressing viral counter-defense through protein-coding circular RNA in fruit flies.
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Dicistroviridae , Proteínas de Drosophila , Drosophila melanogaster , Quinasas Janus , ARN Circular , Factores de Transcripción STAT , Animales , ARN Circular/genética , ARN Circular/inmunología , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Quinasas Janus/genética , Quinasas Janus/inmunología , Drosophila melanogaster/inmunología , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/virología , Dicistroviridae/genética , Dicistroviridae/inmunología , Factores de Transcripción STAT/genética , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción STAT/inmunología , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Proteínas de Drosophila/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata/genética , Transducción de Señal , Interferencia de ARN , Drosophila/genética , Drosophila/inmunología , Drosophila/virología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/inmunología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/genéticaRESUMEN
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses a group of non-specific chronic intestinal inflammatory conditions of unclear etiology. The current treatment and long-term management primarily involve biologics. Nevertheless, some patients experience treatment failure or intolerance to biologics [1], making these patients a primary focus of IBD research. The Janus kinase (JAK)-Signal Transducers and Activator of Transcription (STAT) signal transduction pathway is crucial to the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses [2], and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD. JAK inhibitors alleviate IBD by suppressing the transmission of JAK-STAT signaling pathway. As the first small-molecule oral inhibitor for IBD, JAK inhibitors greatly improved the treatment of IBD and have demonstrated significant efficacy, with tofacitinib and upadacitinib being approved for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) [3]. JAK inhibitors can effectively alleviate intestinal inflammation in IBD patients who have failed to receive biologics, which may bring new treatment opportunities for refractory IBD patients. This review aims to elucidate the crucial roles of JAK-STAT signal transduction pathway in IBD pathogenesis, examine its role in various cell types within IBD, and explore the research progress of JAK inhibitors as therapeutic agents, paving the road for new IBD treatment strategies.
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Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus , Quinasas Janus , Factores de Transcripción STAT , Transducción de Señal , Humanos , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción STAT/antagonistas & inhibidores , Quinasas Janus/antagonistas & inhibidores , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Animales , Piperidinas/uso terapéutico , Piperidinas/farmacología , Pirimidinas/uso terapéutico , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Colitis Ulcerosa/tratamiento farmacológico , Compuestos Heterocíclicos con 3 AnillosRESUMEN
Cytokines play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, with over 50 cytokines undergoing signal transduction through the Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. Recent studies have solidly confirmed the pivotal role of STATs in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, this review provides a detailed summary of the immunological functions of STATs, focusing on exploring their mechanisms in various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Additionally, with the rapid advancement of structural biology in the field of drug discovery, many STAT inhibitors have been identified using structure-based drug design strategies. In this review, we also examine the structures of STAT proteins and compile the latest research on STAT inhibitors currently being tested in animal models and clinical trials for the treatment of immunological diseases, which emphasizes the feasibility of STATs as promising therapeutic targets and provides insights into the design of the next generation of STAT inhibitors.
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Enfermedades Autoinmunes , Inflamación , Factores de Transcripción STAT , Humanos , Enfermedades Autoinmunes/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Autoinmunes/metabolismo , Animales , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción STAT/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Estructura MolecularRESUMEN
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by facial erythema and telangiectasia. Despite ongoing research, the pathogenesis of rosacea remains incompletely understood, and current therapies are not entirely satisfactory. The JAK/STAT signaling pathway plays an essential role in immunoregulation, inflammation, and neurovascular regulation. Inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway appears to hold promise as a potential therapy for rosacea. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib on rosacea and to preliminarily explore its therapeutic mechanism. To this end, a rosacea-like mouse model was induced using LL37 and treated with a 2% tofacitinib emulsion. The results demonstrated that topical application of tofacitinib significantly ameliorated rosacea-like phenotype, reduced the infiltration of CD4+ T cells and mast cells, and suppressed dermal angiogenesis. RT-qPCR analysis revealed a reduction in mRNA expression levels of STAT1, STAT4, and STAT5a in skin lesions following topical tofacitinib treatment. Additionally, three patients diagnosed with erythematotelangiectatic rosacea (ETR) were included in the study and treated with oral tofacitinib, leading to a significant improvement in erythema and flushing symptoms. These findings collectively suggest that tofacitinib alleviates LL37-induced rosacea-like skin inflammation in mice and rosacea skin lesions by inhibiting the JAK/STAT signaling pathway.
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Piperidinas , Pirimidinas , Rosácea , Transducción de Señal , Adulto , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Persona de Mediana Edad , Administración Oral , Administración Tópica , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/farmacología , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de las Cinasas Janus/administración & dosificación , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Quinasas Janus/antagonistas & inhibidores , Mastocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Mastocitos/inmunología , Mastocitos/metabolismo , Piperidinas/farmacología , Piperidinas/uso terapéutico , Piperidinas/administración & dosificación , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Pirimidinas/administración & dosificación , Pirimidinas/uso terapéutico , Pirroles/farmacología , Pirroles/administración & dosificación , Rosácea/tratamiento farmacológico , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/patología , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción STAT/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factor de Transcripción STAT1/metabolismoRESUMEN
The Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway serves as a paradigm for signal transduction from the extracellular environment to the nucleus. It plays a pivotal role in physiological functions, such as hematopoiesis, immune balance, tissue homeostasis, and surveillance against tumors. Dysregulation of this pathway may lead to various disease conditions such as immune deficiencies, autoimmune diseases, hematologic disorders, and cancer. Due to its critical role in maintaining human health and involvement in disease, extensive studies have been conducted on this pathway, ranging from basic research to medical applications. Advances in the structural biology of this pathway have enabled us to gain insights into how the signaling cascade operates at the molecular level, laying the groundwork for therapeutic development targeting this pathway. Various strategies have been developed to restore its normal function, with promising therapeutic potential. Enhanced comprehension of these molecular mechanisms, combined with advances in protein engineering methodologies, has allowed us to engineer cytokines with tailored properties for targeted therapeutic applications, thereby enhancing their efficiency and safety. In this review, we outline the structural basis that governs key nodes in this pathway, offering a comprehensive overview of the signal transduction process. Furthermore, we explore recent advances in cytokine engineering for therapeutic development in this pathway.
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Citocinas , Quinasas Janus , Factores de Transcripción STAT , Transducción de Señal , Humanos , Quinasas Janus/genética , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Quinasas Janus/química , Factores de Transcripción STAT/genética , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción STAT/química , Transducción de Señal/genética , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Ingeniería de ProteínasRESUMEN
B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia is a hematologic neoplasm that poses a serious health concern in childhood. Genetic aberrations, such as mutations in the genes IL-7, IL7R, JAK1, JAK2, TLSP, CRLF2, and KTM2A or gene fusions involving BCR::ABL1, ETV6::RUNX1, and PAX5::JAK2, often correlate with the onset of this disease. These aberrations can lead to malfunction of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, which is implicated in various important biological processes, including those related to immunology. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the malfunction of the JAK-STAT pathway holds potential for research on drugs targeting its components. Available drugs that interfere with the JAK-STAT pathway include fludarabine, ruxolitinib, and fedratinib.
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Quinasas Janus , Factores de Transcripción STAT , Transducción de Señal , Humanos , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción STAT/genética , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Niño , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras B/metabolismo , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras B/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras B/patología , MutaciónRESUMEN
As a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium, Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK) participates in the immune response in many cancers. Our study focused on the factors and molecular mechanisms of AKK affecting immune escape in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). We cultured AKK bacteria, prepared AKK outer membrane protein Amuc_1100 and constructed a subcutaneous graft tumour mouse model. A549, NCI-H1395 cells and mice were respectively treated with inactivated AKK, Amuc_1100, Ruxolitinib (JAK inhibitor) and RO8191 (JAK activator). CD8+ T cells that penetrated the membrane were counted in the Transwell assay. The toxicity of CD8+ T cells was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase assay. Western blot was applied to determine JAK/STAT-related protein and PD-L1 expression, whilst CCL5, granzyme B and INF-γ expression were assessed through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The proportion of tumour-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and the levels of granzyme B and INF-γ were determined by flow cytometry. AKK markedly accelerated A549 and NCI-H1395 recruiting CD8+ T cells and enhanced CD8+ T cell toxicity. Amuc_1100 purified from AKK exerted the same promoting effects. Besides, Amuc_1100 dramatically suppressed PD-L1, p-STAT and p-JAK expression and enhanced CCL5, granzyme B and INF-γ expression. Treatment with Ruxolitinib accelerated A549 and NCI-H1395 cells recruiting CD8+ T cells, enhanced CD8+ T cell toxicity, CCL5, granzyme B and INF-γ expression, and inhibited PD-L1 expression. In contrast, the RO8191 treatment slowed down the changes induced by Amuc_1100. Animal experiments showed that Amuc_1100 was found to increase the number of tumour-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, increase the levels of granzyme B and INF-γ and significantly inhibit the expression of PD-L1, p-STAT and p-JAK, which exerted an antitumour effect in vivo. In conclusion, through inhibiting the JAK/STAT signalling pathway, AKK outer membrane protein facilitated the recruitment of CD8+ T cells in LUAD and suppressed the immune escape of cells.
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Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón , Akkermansia , Proteínas de la Membrana Bacteriana Externa , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos , Quinasas Janus , Transducción de Señal , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Animales , Ratones , Humanos , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/inmunología , Proteínas de la Membrana Bacteriana Externa/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana Bacteriana Externa/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana Bacteriana Externa/inmunología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/inmunología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de EnfermedadRESUMEN
Identification of monogenic causes of immune dysregulation provides insight into human immune response and signaling pathways associated with autoimmunity. Here, Jeanpierre et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20232337) identify new germline variants in the gene encoding PTPN2 associated with loss of regulatory function, enhanced JAK/STAT signaling, and early-onset autoimmunity.
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Quinasas Janus , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatasa no Receptora Tipo 2 , Factores de Transcripción STAT , Transducción de Señal , Humanos , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatasa no Receptora Tipo 2/genética , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatasa no Receptora Tipo 2/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción STAT/genética , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Quinasas Janus/genética , Autoinmunidad , Mutación de Línea GerminalRESUMEN
The intestinal epithelium ensures uptake of vital nutrients and acts as a barrier between luminal contents and the underlying immune system. In inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis (UC), this barrier is compromised, and patients experience debilitating symptoms. Here, we perform single-cell RNA profiling of epithelial cells and outline patterns of cell fate decisions in healthy individuals and UC patients. We demonstrate that patterns of hierarchical behavior are altered in UC patients and identify unique cellular states associated with Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) activation in ulcerated and non-ulcerated areas of the colonic epithelium. These transcriptional changes could be recapitulated in human colonic organoids, wherein cytokine-mediated activation of JAK/STAT led to the emergence of cell populations with augmented regenerative properties. Altogether, our findings indicate that intricate relationships between epithelial and cytokine signaling regulate cell fate during epithelial tissue regeneration in humans and have important implications for the understanding of UC biology.
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Colitis Ulcerosa , Mucosa Intestinal , Quinasas Janus , Factores de Transcripción STAT , Transducción de Señal , Humanos , Colitis Ulcerosa/metabolismo , Colitis Ulcerosa/patología , Colitis Ulcerosa/genética , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Organoides/metabolismo , Análisis de la Célula Individual , Colon/metabolismo , Colon/patología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Diferenciación CelularRESUMEN
Many tissue-specific adult stem cell lineages maintain a balance between proliferation and differentiation. Here, we study how the H3K4me3 methyltransferase Set1 regulates early-stage male germ cells in Drosophila. Early-stage germline-specific knockdown of Set1 results in temporally progressive defects, arising as germ cell loss and developing into overpopulated early-stage germ cells. These germline defects also impact the niche architecture and cyst stem cell lineage non-cell-autonomously. Additionally, wild-type Set1, but not the catalytically inactive Set1, rescues the Set1 knockdown phenotypes, highlighting the functional importance of the methyltransferase activity of Set1. Further, RNA-sequencing experiments reveal key signaling pathway components, such as the JAK-STAT pathway gene Stat92E and the BMP pathway gene Mad, which are upregulated upon Set1 knockdown. Genetic interaction assays support the functional relationships between Set1 and JAK-STAT or BMP pathways, as both Stat92E and Mad mutations suppress the Set1 knockdown phenotypes. These findings enhance our understanding of the balance between proliferation and differentiation in an adult stem cell lineage. The phenotype of germ cell loss followed by over-proliferation when inhibiting a histone methyltransferase also raises concerns about using their inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Diferenciación Celular , Proteínas de Drosophila , Drosophila melanogaster , Células Germinativas , N-Metiltransferasa de Histona-Lisina , Transducción de Señal , Animales , Masculino , Diferenciación Celular/genética , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Transducción de Señal/genética , N-Metiltransferasa de Histona-Lisina/metabolismo , N-Metiltransferasa de Histona-Lisina/genética , Células Germinativas/metabolismo , Células Germinativas/citología , Drosophila melanogaster/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Células Madre/metabolismo , Células Madre/citología , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción STAT/genética , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Quinasas Janus/genética , Proliferación Celular/genética , Linaje de la Célula/genética , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión GénicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Linderae Radix (LR), the dried root of Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm., is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used for thousands of years for promoting Qi circulation, soothing the liver, and treating diarrhea and dysentery. Previous studies have found that ethanol extract of LR plays an anti-ulcerative colitis (UC) role by regulating Th17/ Treg balance. Water extract is the classic clinical application form of LR, but the effect of water extract of LR (LRWE) on UC and its underlying mechanism is still unclear. PURPOSE: Purpose: UC is a gastrointestinal disease characterized by intestinal inflammation, mucosal injury, and fibrosis, and it is one of the high-risk factors for colon cancer. However, there is still a lack of remedies with satisfactory effects. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and the potential mechanism of LRWE against UC. METHODS: LRWE samples were prepared using a reflux extraction method. Colitis in mice was induced by administering 2.5 % DSS water solution to evaluate the therapeutic effect of LRWE by assessing disease activity score, colon length, and fecal morphology. H&E staining, TEM, Masson staining, and AB-PAS staining were applied to observe histopathological changes in the colon tissues. Differentially expressed genes in colon tissues were analyzed by transcriptomics. Cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining. The expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and IL-1ß, as well as the expression of p-STAT1, p-JAK2, p-STAT3, Bax, and Bcl-2, were detected by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. The expression of occludin, Bcl-2, Bax, and JAK/STAT signaling pathway-related vital proteins were quantified by Western blot (WB). RESULTS: LRWE alleviated body weight loss, colon shortening, DAI scores, pathological changes, and ultrastructural features of colon tissue in mice with colitis. It also inhibited the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß) and increased IL-10 levels. Additionally, it protected the intestinal barrier by upregulating the expression of Occludin and Mucin-2. Mechanistically, LRWE could inhibit the activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathway by reducing the protein expression of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, p-STAT1, Bcl2, and Bax, thus reducing the inflammatory responses and inhibiting cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION: LRWE has a protective effect on DSS-induced UC. This effect is related to the inhibition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, the improvement of intestinal inflammation, and the reduction of intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis.
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Colitis Ulcerosa , Lindera , Raíces de Plantas , Transducción de Señal , Animales , Colitis Ulcerosa/tratamiento farmacológico , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Raíces de Plantas/química , Masculino , Lindera/química , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Colon/efectos de los fármacos , Colon/patología , Colon/metabolismo , Sulfato de Dextran , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/metabolismo , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Transcripción STAT1/metabolismo , Janus Quinasa 2/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Factores de Transcripción STAT/metabolismo , Quinasas Janus/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BLRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Heat stroke (HS) generated liver injury is a lethal emergency that occurs when the body is exposed to temperatures up to 40 °C for a few hours. PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic prospects of Catalpol (CA) from the blood-cooling herb Rehamanniae Radix on liver injury by HS. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A murine HS model (41 ± 0.5 °C, 60 ± 5 % relative humidity) and two cell lines (lipopolysaccharide + 42 °C) were used to assess the protective effects of CA on physiological, pathological, and biochemical features in silico, in vivo, and in vitro. RESULTS: CA treatment significantly improved survival rates in vivo and cell viability in vitro over those of the untreated group. Additionally, CA treatment reduced core body temperature, enhanced survival time, and mitigated liver tissue damage. Furthermore, CA treatment also reduced the activities of AST and ALT enzymes in the serum samples of HS mice. Molecular docking analysis of the 28 overlapping targets between HS and CA revealed that CA has strong binding affinities for the top 15 targets. These targets are primarily involved in nine major signaling pathways, with the JAK-STAT pathway being highly associated with the other eight pathways. Our findings also indicate that CA treatment significantly downregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines both in vivo and in vitro while upregulating the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, CA treatment reduced the levels of JAK2, phospho-STAT5, and phospho-STAT3 both in vivo and in vitro, which is consistent with its inhibition of the apoptotic markers p53, Bcl2, and Bax. CONCLUSIONS: Heat stroke-induced liver injury was inhibited by CA through the downregulation of JAK/STAT signaling.