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We recently demonstrated that the substitution of the autolysis loop (residues 143 to 154 in the chymotrypsin numbering system) of activated protein C (APC) with the corresponding loop of factor Xa (fXa) renders the APC mutant (APC/fX143-154) susceptible to inhibition by antithrombin (AT) in the presence of pentasaccharide. Our recent results further indicated, that in addition to an improvement in the reactivity of APC/fX143-154 with AT, both the amidolytic and anti-factor Va activities of the mutant APC have also been significantly increased. Since the autolysis loop of APC is five residues longer than the autolysis loop of fXa, it could not be ascertained whether this loop in the mutant APC specifically interacts with the activated conformation of AT or if a shorter autolysis loop is responsible for a global improvement in the catalytic activity of the mutant protease. To answer this question, we prepared another APC mutant in which the autolysis loop of the protease was replaced with the corresponding loop of trypsin (APC/Tryp143-154). Unlike an approximately 500-fold improvement in the reactivity of APC/fX143-154 with AT in the presence of pentasaccharide, the reactivity of APC/Tryp143-154 with the serpin was improved approximately 10-fold. These results suggest that both the length and structure of residues of the autolysis loop are critical for the specificity of the coagulation protease interaction with AT. Further factor Va inactivation studies with the APC mutants revealed a similar role for the autolysis loop of APC in the interaction with its natural substrate.

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We recently demonstrated that the substitution of the autolysis loop (residues 143 to 154 in the chymotrypsin numbering system) of activated protein C (APC) with the corresponding loop of factor Xa (fXa) renders the APC mutant (APC/fX143-154) susceptible to inhibition by antithrombin (AT) in the presence of pentasaccharide. Our recent results further indicated, that in addition to an improvement in the reactivity of APC/fX143-154 with AT, both the amidolytic and anti-factor Va activities of the mutant APC have also been significantly increased. Since the autolysis loop of APC is five residues longer than the autolysis loop of fXa, it could not be ascertained whether this loop in the mutant APC specifically interacts with the activated conformation of AT or if a shorter autolysis loop is responsible for a global improvement in the catalytic activity of the mutant protease. To answer this question, we prepared another APC mutant in which the autolysis loop of the protease was replaced with the corresponding loop of trypsin (APC/Tryp143-154). Unlike an ~500-fold improvement in the reactivity of APC/fX143-154 with AT in the presence of pentasaccharide, the reactivity of APC/Tryp143-154 with the serpin was improved ~10-fold. These results suggest that both the length and structure of residues of the autolysis loop are critical for the specificity of the coagulation protease interaction with AT. Further factor Va inactivation studies with the APC mutants revealed a similar role for the autolysis loop of APC in the interaction with its natural substrate.

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A proteína C (PC) é um anticoagulante natural, cuja ação consiste em clivar os fatores Va e VIIIa e, desta forma, limita a formação da trombina. O fator V Leiden (F V Leiden) é resultante da mutação G1691A no gene do fator V e leva a resistência à ação da proteína C ativada (rPCA). A detecção de Fator V Leiden é usualmente feita por método molecular, através da reação em cadeia dapolimerase e polimorfismo de restrição (PCR-RFLP). Esta técnica é bastante complexa e não está, ainda, ao alcance dos laboratórios de menor porte. No entanto, a rPCA pode ser avaliada por método coagulométrico, accessível a todos os laboratórios. O objetivo do presenteestudo foi avaliar a eficácia do método coagulométrico para detecção da resistência hereditária à proteína C ativada, comparando-se os resultados obtidos por esse método e pela detecção de Fator V Leiden por PCR-RFLP. Os participantes deste estudo foram selecionadosdentre indivíduos portadores de mutação de importância em trombofilia, porém assintomáticos, pertencentes a famílias de pacientes que já sofreram evento trombótico (portadores de mutações de importância em trombofilia). O primeiro grupo (grupo I) foi composto por não-portadores da mutação G1691A (n=57) e o segundo (grupo II) por portadores da mutação G1691A (no gene do FV)em heterozigose (n=25). O teste molecular foi feito por reação em cadeia da polimerase, seguida da digestão com endonucleases de restrição (PCR-RFLP) e o método coagulométrico, utilizando-se o conjunto diagnósticoCOATEST APC RESISTANCE V da CHROMOGENIX.Os resultados obtidos demonstraram uma grande concordância entre a identificação do FV Leiden por PCR e detecção de rPCA por método coagulométrico utilizando plasma deficiente em FV. Todos os portadores da mutação G1691A (no gene do FV) apresentaram resistência à proteína Cativada e essa resistência não foi observada entre os não-portadores. Esses resultados permitem concluir que o teste coagulométrico com diluição em plasma deficiente em FV,...

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Bothrojaracin (BJC) is a 27 kDa snake venom protein from Bothrops jararaca that has been characterized as a potent ligand (KD = 75 nM) of human prothrombin (Monteiro RQ, Bock PE, Bianconi ML, Zingali RB, Protein Sci 2001; 10: 1897-904). BJC binds to the partially exposed anion-binding exosite I (proexosite I) forming a stable 1:1, non-covalent complex with the zymogen whereas no interaction with fragment 1 or 2 domains is observed. In addition, BJC interacts with thrombin through exosites I and II (KD = 0.7 nM), and influences but does not block the proteinase catalytic site. In the present work we studied the effect of BJC on human prothrombin activation by factor Xa in the absence or in the presence of its cofactors, factor Va and phospholipids. In the absence of phospholipids, BJC strongly inhibited (80%) the zymogen activation by factor Xa in the presence but not in the absence of factor Va, suggesting a specific interference in the cofactor activity. In the presence of phospholipid vesicles (75% phosphatidylcholine, 25% phosphatidylserine), BJC also inhibited (35%) prothrombin activation by factor Xa in the presence but not in the absence of factor Va. BJC showed a higher inhibitory effect (70%) towards thrombin formation by prothrombinase complex assembled on phospholipid vesicles composed by 95% phosphatidylcholine, 5% phosphatidylserine. Activation of prothrombin by platelet-assembled prothrombinase complex (factor Xa, factor Va and thrombin-activated platelets) showed that hirudin (SO3-) and BJC efficiently inhibit the thrombin formation (43% and 84%, respectively). Taken together, our results suggest that proexosite I blockage decreases the productive recognition of prothrombin as substrate by factor Xa-factor Va complex and prothrombinase complex. Furthermore, data obtained with human platelets suggest that proexosite I may play an important role in the physiological activation of prothrombin.

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O fator V da coagulaçäo, quando ativado, participa como um co-fator essencial na ativaçäo da pró-trombina pelo fator X ativado. O fator V ativado é inativado pela proteína C ativada, numa reaçäo potencializada pela proteína S. Uma mutaçäo no éxon 10 (Arg 506 Gln) do gene do fator V dß origem a uma molécula do fator V que näo é adequadamente inativada pela proteína C ativada, o que causa a chamada resistência à proteína C ativada.

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A simple and fast method for the quantitative determination of protein C activity in plasma is here described. The first step consists in the conversion of protein C in the test sample into activated protein C by means of an activator isolated from Southern Copperhead venom. Subsequently, the degradation of factor Va, in presence of protein C-deficient plasma, is measured by the prolongation of the prothrombin time which is proportional to the amount of protein C in the sample. The dose-response curve showed a linear relationship from 6 to 150% protein C activity and the inter- and intra-assay reproducibility was 3.5% and 5.6% respectively. In normal subjects, a mean of protein C level of 98 +/- 15% of normal pooled plasma was found. Comparison with the anticoagulant assay in samples of patients with oral anticoagulant, liver cirrhosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation and severe preeclampsia revealed an excellent correlation (r = 0.94, p less than 0.001). Also, a similar correlation (r = 0.93, p less than 0.001) existed between amidolytic assay and the method here proposed for all the samples studied without including the oral anticoagulant group. These results allowed us to infer that this method evaluates the ability of protein C to interact with protein S, phospholipids, calcium ions and factor Va.

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