RESUMEN

Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is a wild berry species that is prevalent in northern Europe. It is renowned and well-documented for its nutritional and bioactive properties, especially due to its anthocyanin content. However, an overview of biological systems governing changes in other crucial quality traits, such as size, firmness, and flavours, has received less attention. In the present study, we investigated detailed metabolomic and proteomic profiles at four different ripening stages of bilberry to provide a comprehensive understanding of overall quality during fruit ripening. By integrating omics datasets, we revealed a novel global regulatory network of plant hormones and physiological processes occurring during bilberry ripening. Key physiological processes, such as energy and primary metabolism, strongly correlate with elevated levels of gibberellic acids, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid in unripe fruits. In contrast, as the fruit ripened, processes including flavour formation, cell wall modification, seed storage, and secondary metabolism became more prominent, and these were associated with increased abscisic acid levels. An indication of the increase in ethylene biosynthesis was detected during bilberry development, raising questions about the classification of non-climacteric and climacteric fruits. Our findings extend the current knowledge on the physiological and biochemical processes occurring during fruit ripening, which can serve as a baseline for studies on both wild and commercially grown berry species. Furthermore, our data may facilitate the optimization of storage conditions and breeding programs, as well as the future exploration of beneficial compounds in berries for new applications in food, cosmetics, and medicines.

Asunto(s)

Frutas , Metabolómica , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas , Proteómica , Vaccinium myrtillus , Frutas/metabolismo , Frutas/genética , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteómica/métodos , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Vaccinium myrtillus/metabolismo , Vaccinium myrtillus/genética , Vaccinium myrtillus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Etilenos/metabolismo , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Giberelinas/metabolismo , Ácido Salicílico/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Leaf senescence and abscission in autumn are critical phenological events in deciduous woody perennials. After leaf fall, dormant buds remain on deciduous woody perennials, which then enter a winter dormancy phase. Thus, leaf fall is widely believed to be linked to the onset of dormancy. In Rosaceae fruit trees, DORMANCY-ASSOCIATED MADS-box (DAM) transcription factors control bud dormancy. However, apart from their regulatory effects on bud dormancy, the biological functions of DAMs have not been thoroughly characterized. In this study, we revealed a novel DAM function influencing leaf senescence and abscission in autumn. In Prunus mume, PmDAM6 expression was gradually up-regulated in leaves during autumn toward leaf fall. Our comparative transcriptome analysis using two RNA-seq datasets for the leaves of transgenic plants overexpressing PmDAM6 and peach (Prunus persica) DAM6 (PpeDAM6) indicated Prunus DAM6 may up-regulate the expression of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and signaling as well as leaf abscission. Significant increases in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate accumulation and ethylene emission in DEX-treated 35S:PmDAM6-GR leaves reflect the inductive effect of PmDAM6 on ethylene biosynthesis. Additionally, ethephon treatments promoted autumn leaf senescence and abscission in apple and P. mume, mirroring the changes due to PmDAM6 overexpression. Collectively, these findings suggest that PmDAM6 may induce ethylene emission from leaves, thereby promoting leaf senescence and abscission. This study clarified the effects of Prunus DAM6 on autumn leaf fall, which is associated with bud dormancy onset. Accordingly, in Rosaceae, DAMs may play multiple important roles affecting whole plant growth during the tree dormancy induction phase.

Asunto(s)

Etilenos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Hojas de la Planta , Proteínas de Plantas , Senescencia de la Planta , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Prunus , Prunus/genética , Prunus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Prunus/fisiología , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Hojas de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Etilenos/metabolismo , Senescencia de la Planta/genética , Latencia en las Plantas/genética , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Dominio MADS/genética , Proteínas de Dominio MADS/metabolismo , Estaciones del Año , Prunus persica/genética , Prunus persica/crecimiento & desarrollo , Prunus persica/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Transcription factors (TFs) are crucial for regulating fruit ripening in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). The GRAS (GAI, RGA, and SCR) TFs are involved in various physiological processes, but their role in fruit ripening has seldom been reported. We have previously identified a gene encoding GRAS protein named SlFSR (Fruit Shelf-life Regulator), which is implicated in fruit ripening by regulating cell wall metabolism; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that SlFSR proteins are localized to the nucleus, where they could bind to specific DNA sequences. SlFSR acts downstream of the master ripening regulator RIN and could collaborate with RIN to control the ripening process by regulating expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes. In SlFSR-CR (CRISPR/Cas9) mutants, the initiation of fruit ripening was not affected but the reduced ethylene production and a delayed coloring process occurred. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and promoter analysis reveal that SlFSR directly binds to the promoters of two key ethylene biosynthesis genes (SlACO1 and SlACO3) and activates their expression. However, SlFSR-CR fruits displayed a significant down-regulation of key rate-limiting genes (SlDXS1 and SlGGPPS2) in the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, which may account for the impaired lycopene synthesis. Altogether, we propose that SlFSR positively regulates ethylene biosynthesis and lycopene accumulation, providing valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying fruit ripening.

Asunto(s)

Etilenos , Frutas , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Licopeno , Proteínas de Plantas , Solanum lycopersicum , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolismo , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Etilenos/metabolismo , Etilenos/biosíntesis , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Frutas/metabolismo , Frutas/genética , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Licopeno/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética

RESUMEN

Various cancer treatment approaches that inhibit the activity of the programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis, a key player in tumor immune evasion, have been developed. We show that the immunomodulatory small tellurium complexes AS101 (ammonium trichloro(dioxoethylene-o,o')tellurate) and SAS (octa-O-bis(R,R)-tartarate ditellurane) suppress PD-L1 expression in a variety of human and mouse malignant cells via the modulation of α4ß1 very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) integrin activity. Consequently, the expression of pAkt and its downstream effector pNFκB are inhibited. Additionally, SAS promotes the death of mouse malignant cells by activated syngeneic splenocytes or CD8+ T cells, preventing the development of chemoresistance in malignant cells. Moreover, AS101 and SAS may increase, at least in part, chemosensitivity through inhibition of the VLA-4/IL-10/PD-L1 pathway. Additionally, AS101 or SAS treatment of B16/F10 melanoma-bearing mice decreased tumor cell PD-L1 expression, leading to increased CD8+ T-cell infiltration into the tumors and tumor shrinkage. Combination treatment with an αPD-1 antibody and either tellurium compound significantly increased the antitumor efficacy of immunotherapy. Overall, VLA-4 integrin signaling is critical for tumor immune evasion and is a potential target for cancer treatment. Finally, AS101 or SAS, biologically active tellurium compounds, can effectively enhance the therapeutic efficacy of αPD-1-based cancer immunotherapy.

Asunto(s)

Antígeno B7-H1 , Integrina alfa4beta1 , Telurio , Animales , Ratones , Humanos , Telurio/farmacología , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Integrina alfa4beta1/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/metabolismo , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/efectos de los fármacos , Etilenos

RESUMEN

Dropping during transportation is a critical issue for tomato fruits, as it triggers ethylene production and affects quality parameters, leading to lower quality and a reduced storage life. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the physiological alterations in tomato fruits subjected to dropping. This study involved tomatoes harvested at green and red stages, subjected to the following five dropping treatments: 0 cm, 10 cm, 30 cm, 50 cm, and 100 cm. The results revealed that dropping from 100 cm induced the highest ethylene production, particularly in green fruits, where production began within one hour and peaked within 48 h. Red fruits exhibited a dose-dependent response to mechanical stress, with a notable decrease in ethylene production starting from the second week post-dropping, suggesting a regulatory mechanism. CO2 production peaked at 350.1 µL g-1 h-1 in green fruits and 338.2 µL g-1 h-1 in red fruits one day after dropping from 100 cm. Dropping also significantly influenced fruit color, firmness, electrolyte leakage, and vitamin C content. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinct changes in metabolite profiles, with methionine and ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate), key ethylene precursors, increasing in response to dropping, particularly in red fruits. These findings underscore the critical role of mechanical stress in modulating fruit physiology, with implications for post-harvest handling practices aimed at enhancing fruit quality and shelf life.

Asunto(s)

Etilenos , Frutas , Solanum lycopersicum , Solanum lycopersicum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolismo , Solanum lycopersicum/fisiología , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Frutas/metabolismo , Etilenos/metabolismo , Almacenamiento de Alimentos/métodos , Ácido Ascórbico/metabolismo , Dióxido de Carbono/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Melon fruit flavor is one of the most valuable traits for consumers. Aroma, formed by volatile organic compounds (VOCs), is a major component of flavor but has been neglected in breeding programs because of its complex regulation. Although the genetic regulation of VOCs biosynthesis is not fully understood, several advances have been recently achieved. VOCs originate from the degradation of fatty acids, aminoacids and terpenes, and the role of newly described enzymes, transcription factors and putative regulators is here discussed. Furthermore, ethylene plays a key role in fruit aroma production in melon, triggering the conversion of green-flavored aldehydes into fruity-flavored esters. A current challenge is to understand the ethylene-independent regulation of VOCs formation. Environmental conditions and human processing can also shape the melon volatile profile, and future research should focus on studying the effect of climate change in aroma formation.

Asunto(s)

Cucurbitaceae , Frutas , Odorantes , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/metabolismo , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/química , Odorantes/análisis , Cucurbitaceae/metabolismo , Cucurbitaceae/química , Cucurbitaceae/genética , Cucurbitaceae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Frutas/química , Frutas/metabolismo , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Aromatizantes/metabolismo , Aromatizantes/química , Etilenos/metabolismo , Gusto , Humanos , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas

RESUMEN

The crosstalk of phytohormones in the regulation of growth and development and the response of plants to environmental stresses is a cutting-edge research topic, especially in crop species. In this paper, we study the role and crosstalk between abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), and jasmonate (JA) in the control of germination and seedling growth in water or in standard nutrient solution and under salt stress (supplemented with 100-200 mM NaCl). The roles of ET and JA were studied using squash ET- and JA-deficient mutants aco1a and lox3a, respectively, while the crosstalk between ET, JA, and ABA was determined by comparing the expression of the key ABA, JA, and ET genes in wild-type (WT) and mutant genotypes under standard conditions and salt stress. Data showed that ET and JA are positive regulators of squash germination, a function that was found to be mediated by downregulating the ABA biosynthesis and signaling pathways. Under salt stress, aco1a germinated earlier than WT, while lox3a showed the same germination rate as WT, indicating that ET, but not JA, restricts squash germination under unfavorable salinity conditions, a function that was also mediated by upregulation of ABA. ET and JA were found to be negative regulators of plant growth during seedling establishment, although ET inhibits both the aerial part and the root, while JA inhibits only the root. Both aco1a and lox3a mutant roots showed increased tolerance to salt stress, a phenotype that was found to be mainly mediated by JA, although we cannot exclude that it is also mediated by ABA.

Asunto(s)

Ácido Abscísico , Cucurbita , Ciclopentanos , Etilenos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Germinación , Oxilipinas , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas , Estrés Salino , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Germinación/efectos de los fármacos , Etilenos/metabolismo , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Cucurbita/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cucurbita/genética , Cucurbita/metabolismo , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Plantones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantones/metabolismo , Plantones/genética , Plantones/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética

RESUMEN

Plant senescence is a highly coordinated process that is intricately regulated by numerous endogenous and environmental signals. The involvement of phytic acid in various cell signaling and plant processes has been recognized, but the specific roles of phytic acid metabolism in Arabidopsis leaf senescence remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that in Arabidopsis thaliana the multiple inositol phosphate phosphatase (AtMINPP) gene, encoding an enzyme with phytase activity, plays a crucial role in regulating leaf senescence by coordinating the ethylene signal transduction pathway. Through overexpressing AtMINPP (AtMINPP-OE), we observed early leaf senescence and reduced chlorophyll contents. Conversely, a loss-of-function heterozygous mutant (atminpp/+) exhibited the opposite phenotype. Correspondingly, the expression of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) was significantly upregulated in AtMINPP-OE but markedly decreased in atminpp/+. Yeast one-hybrid and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that the EIN3 transcription factor directly binds to the promoter of AtMINPP. Genetic analysis further revealed that AtMINPP-OE could accelerate the senescence of ein3-1eil1-3 mutants. These findings elucidate the mechanism by which AtMINPP regulates ethylene-induced leaf senescence in Arabidopsis, providing insights into the genetic manipulation of leaf senescence and plant growth.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Etilenos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Ácido Fítico , Hojas de la Planta , Transducción de Señal , Etilenos/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Hojas de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Ácido Fítico/metabolismo , Senescencia de la Planta/genética , Monoéster Fosfórico Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Monoéster Fosfórico Hidrolasas/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética

RESUMEN

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is widely used for the quality preservation of postharvest horticultural plants. However, the molecular mechanism of how ClO2 works is not clear. The purpose of this study was to understand ethylene-related molecular signaling in ClO2-treated fresh-cut cauliflower florets. Transcriptome analysis was used to investigate ethylene-related gene regulation. A total of 182.83 Gb clean data were acquired, and the reads of each sample to the unique mapped position of the reference genome could reach more than 85.51%. A sum of 2875, 3500, 4582 and 1906 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 0 d, 4 d, 8 d and 16 d between the control group and ClO2-treated group, respectively. DEGs were enriched in functions such as 'response to oxygen-containing compounds' and 'phosphorylation', as well as MAPK signaling pathway, plant hormone transduction pathway and so on. Genes, including OXI1, MPK3, WRKY22 and ERF1, which are located at the junction of wounding, pathogen attack, pathogen infection or ethylene signal transduction pathways, were up-regulated in response to stress. ETR and CTR1 (both up-regulated), as well as three down-regulated genes, including BolC5t34953H (a probable NAC), BolC1t05767H (a probable NAC) and BolC2t06548H (a probable ERF13), might work as negative regulators for ethylene signal transduction. In conclusion, ethylene-related genes and pathways are involved in ClO2 treatment, which might enhance stress resistance and have a negative feedback mechanism.

Asunto(s)

Brassica , Compuestos de Cloro , Etilenos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Óxidos , Proteínas de Plantas , Transcriptoma , Etilenos/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Compuestos de Cloro/farmacología , Brassica/genética , Brassica/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica/métodos , Transducción de Señal/genética , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

The ethylene-regulated hypocotyl elongation of Arabidopsis thaliana involves many transcription factors. The specific role of MYC transcription factors in ethylene signal transduction is not completely understood. The results here revealed that two MYCs, MYC2 and MYC3, act as negative regulators in ethylene-suppressed hypocotyl elongation. Etiolated seedlings of the loss-of-function mutant of MYC2 or MYC3 were significantly longer than wild-type seedlings. Single- or double-null mutants of MYC2 and MYC3 displayed remarkably enhanced response to ACC(1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate), the ethylene precursor, compared to wild-type seedlings. MYC2 and MYC3 directly bind to the promoter zone of ERF1, strongly suppressing its expression. Additionally, EIN3, a key component in ethylene signaling, interacts with MYC2 or MYC3 and significantly suppresses their binding to ERF1's promoter. MYC2 and MYC3 play crucial roles in the ethylene-regulated expression of functional genes. The results revealed the novel role and functional mechanism of these transcription factors in ethylene signal transduction. The findings provide valuable information for deepening our understanding of their role in regulating plant growth and responding to stress.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Etilenos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Hipocótilo , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Factores de Transcripción , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Etilenos/metabolismo , Hipocótilo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hipocótilo/genética , Hipocótilo/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Factores de Transcripción Básicos con Cremalleras de Leucinas y Motivos Hélice-Asa-Hélice/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción Básicos con Cremalleras de Leucinas y Motivos Hélice-Asa-Hélice/genética , Plantones/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantones/genética , Plantones/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Factores de Transcripción con Cremalleras de Leucina de Carácter Básico/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción con Cremalleras de Leucina de Carácter Básico/genética , Factores de Terminación de Péptidos , Transactivadores

RESUMEN

Ethylene-Responsive Factor (ERF) is a key element found in the middle and lower reaches of the ethylene signal transduction pathway. It is widely distributed in plants and plays important roles in plant growth and development, hormone signal transduction, and various stress processes. Although there is research on AP/ERF family members, research on AP2/ERF in Osmanthus fragrans is lacking. Thus, in this work, AP2/ERF in O. fragrans was extensively and comprehensively analyzed. A total of 298 genes encoding OfAP2/ERF proteins with complete AP2/ERF domains were identified. Based on the number of AP2/ERF domains and the similarity among amino acid sequences between AP2/ERF proteins from A. thaliana and O. fragrans, the 298 putative OfAP2/ERF proteins were divided into four different families, including AP2 (45), ERF (247), RAV (5), and SOLOIST (1). In addition, the exon-intron structure characteristics of these putative OfAP2/ERF genes and the conserved protein motifs of their encoded OfAP2/ERF proteins were analyzed, and the results were found to be consistent with those of the population classification. A tissue-specific analysis showed the spatiotemporal expression of OfAP2/ERF in the stems and leaves of O. fragrans at different developmental stages. Specifically, 21 genes were not expressed in any tissue, while high levels of expression were found for 25 OfAP2/ERF genes in several tissues, 60 genes in the roots, 34 genes in the stems, 37 genes in young leaves, 34 genes in old leaves, 32 genes in the early flowering stage, 18 genes in the full flowering stage, and 37 genes in the late flowering stage. Quantitative RT-PCR experiments showed that OfERF110a and OfERF110b had the highest expression levels at the full-bloom stage (S4), and this gradually decreased with the senescence of petals. The expression of OfERF119c decreased first and then increased, while the expression levels of OfERF4c and OfERF5a increased constantly. This indicated that these genes may play roles in flower senescence and the ethylene response. In the subsequent subcellular localization experiments, we found that ERF1-4 was localized in the nucleus, indicating that it was expressed in the nucleus. In yeast self-activation experiments, we found that OfERF112, OfERF228, and OfERF23 had self-activation activity. Overall, these results suggest that OfERFs may have the function of regulating petal senescence in O. fragrans.

Asunto(s)

Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Familia de Multigenes , Oleaceae , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas , Factores de Transcripción , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Oleaceae/genética , Oleaceae/metabolismo , Oleaceae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción AP-2/genética , Factor de Transcripción AP-2/metabolismo , Etilenos/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos

RESUMEN

Ethylene response factors have been shown to be involved in the effects of plant developmental processes and to regulate stress tolerance. The aim of this study was to recognize the regulatory mechanisms of ethylene response factors on tobacco plant height. In this study, a gene-edited mutant (ERF10-KO) and wild type (WT) were utilized as experimental materials. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses were used to investigate the regulatory mechanism of NtERF10 gene editing on plant height in tobacco. Here, through the analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 2051 genes were upregulated and 1965 genes were downregulated. We characterized the different ERF10-KO and WT plant heights and identified key genes for photosynthesis, the plant hormone signal transduction pathway and the terpene biosynthesis pathway. NtERF10 was found to affect the growth and development of tobacco by regulating the expression levels of the PSAA, PSBA, GLY17 and GGP3 genes. Amino acid metabolism was analyzed by combining analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). In addition, we found that members of the bHLH, NAC, MYB, and WRKY transcription factor families have vital roles in regulating plant height. This study not only provides important insights into the positive regulation of the ethylene response factor NtERF10 on plant height during plant growth and development but also provides new research ideas for tobacco molecular breeding.

Asunto(s)

Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Nicotiana , Proteínas de Plantas , Factores de Transcripción , Nicotiana/genética , Nicotiana/crecimiento & desarrollo , Nicotiana/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/genética , Etilenos/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/crecimiento & desarrollo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/metabolismo , Transcriptoma

RESUMEN

Methionine (Met) can inhibit plant diseases caused by phytopathogens. However, the effect of Met on gray mold resulted from Botrytis cinerea in tomato is still unclear. This study showed 5 mM Met alleviated disease development of gray mold, enhanced chitinase (CHI) and ß-1, 3-glucanase (GNS) activities and the expression of SlCHI, SlGNS, SlPR1 and SlNPR1 in tomatoes, rather than inhibited the growth of B. cinerea directly. Moreover, ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction before pathogen inoculating were induced by 5 mM Met. Interestingly, Met reduced the nitrosylation levels of ACS4 and ACO6, enhanced the activities of nitric oxide synthase, nitrite reductase (NR) and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) and the expression of SlNR and SlGSNOR. Tomatoes treated with aminoethoxyvinylglycine and carboxy-PTIO exhibited lower resistance to B. cinerea. These results indicate 5 mM Met promoted ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction to facilitate NO synthesis and metabolism, enhancing the resistance of tomatoes to B. cinerea.

Asunto(s)

Botrytis , Etilenos , Metionina , Óxido Nítrico , Enfermedades de las Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas , Transducción de Señal , Solanum lycopersicum , Solanum lycopersicum/microbiología , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolismo , Solanum lycopersicum/química , Botrytis/efectos de los fármacos , Botrytis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Etilenos/farmacología , Etilenos/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Metionina/metabolismo , Metionina/farmacología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética

RESUMEN

KEY MESSAGE: Auxin (AUX) promotion of apple fruit ripening is ethylene-dependent, and AUX-MdARF17-MdERF003 plays a role in AUX-promoted ethylene synthesis in apple. Phytohormones play important roles in plant growth and fleshy fruit ripening, and the phytohormone auxin (AUX) can either promote or inhibit the ripening of fleshy fruits. Although AUX can influence ethylene (ETH) synthesis in apple (Malus domestica) fruits by affecting ETH system II, this mechanism remains to be explored. Here, we identified an ETH response factor (ERF) family transcription factor, MdERF003, whose expression could be activated by naphthalene acetic acid. The transient silencing of MdERF003 inhibited ETH synthesis in fruits, and MdERF003 could bind to the MdACS1 promoter. To explore the upstream target genes of MdERF003, we screened the MdARF family members by yeast one-hybrid assays of the MdERF003 promoter, and found that the transcription factor MdARF17, which showed AUX-promoted expression, could bind to the MdERF003 promoter and promote its expression. Finally, we silenced MdERF003 in apple fruits overexpressing MdARF17 and found that MdERF003 plays a role in MdARF17-promoted ETH synthesis in apple. Thus, AUX-MdARF17-MdERF003 promotes ETH synthesis in apple fruits.

Asunto(s)

Etilenos , Frutas , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Ácidos Indolacéticos , Malus , Proteínas de Plantas , Factores de Transcripción , Malus/genética , Malus/metabolismo , Etilenos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Frutas/genética , Frutas/metabolismo , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente

RESUMEN

Ethylene response factors (ERFs) have been associated with biotic stress in Arabidopsis, while their function in non-model plants is still poorly understood. Here we investigated the role of potato ERF StPti5 in plant immunity. We show that StPti5 acts as a susceptibility factor. It negatively regulates potato immunity against potato virus Y and Ralstonia solanacearum, pathogens with completely different modes of action, and thereby has a different role than its orthologue in tomato. Remarkably, StPti5 is destabilised in healthy plants via the autophagy pathway and accumulates exclusively in the nucleus upon infection. We demonstrate that StEIN3 and StEIL1 directly bind the StPti5 promoter and activate its expression, while synergistic activity of the ethylene and salicylic acid pathways is required for regulated StPti expression. To gain further insight into the mode of StPti5 action in attenuating potato defence responses, we investigated transcriptional changes in salicylic acid deficient potato lines with silenced StPti5 expression. We show that StPti5 regulates the expression of other ERFs and downregulates the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway as well as several proteases involved in directed proteolysis. This study adds a novel element to the complex puzzle of immune regulation, by deciphering a two-level regulation of ERF transcription factor activity in response to pathogens.

Asunto(s)

Etilenos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Enfermedades de las Plantas , Inmunidad de la Planta , Proteínas de Plantas , Potyvirus , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Ralstonia solanacearum , Ácido Salicílico , Solanum tuberosum , Solanum tuberosum/microbiología , Solanum tuberosum/inmunología , Solanum tuberosum/genética , Solanum tuberosum/virología , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Etilenos/metabolismo , Ralstonia solanacearum/fisiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/virología , Ácido Salicílico/metabolismo , Potyvirus/fisiología , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Unión Proteica , Complejo de la Endopetidasa Proteasomal/metabolismo , Autofagia , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Heat stress in summer causes softening disorder in papaya but the molecular mechanism is not clear. In this study, papaya fruit stored at 35 °C showed a softening disorder termed rubbery texture. Analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome identified numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) between the fruit stored at 25 °C and 35 °C. The DEGs and DAMs related to lignin biosynthesis were upregulated, while those related to ethylene biosynthesis, sucrose metabolism, and cell wall degradation were downregulated under heat stress. Co-expression network analysis highlighted the correlation between the DEGs and metabolites associated with lignin biosynthesis, ethylene biosynthesis, and cell wall degradation under heat stress. Finally, the correlation analysis identified the key factors regulating softening disorder under heat stress. The study's findings reveal that heat stress inhibited papaya cell wall degradation and ethylene production, delaying fruit ripening and softening and ultimately resulting in a rubbery texture.

Asunto(s)

Carica , Frutas , Metaboloma , Proteínas de Plantas , Transcriptoma , Carica/genética , Carica/metabolismo , Carica/crecimiento & desarrollo , Carica/química , Frutas/metabolismo , Frutas/genética , Frutas/química , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Respuesta al Choque Térmico , Calor , Pared Celular/metabolismo , Pared Celular/genética , Pared Celular/química , Etilenos/metabolismo

RESUMEN

This work utilizes a handheld electrospinning device to prepare a novel nanofibrous composite membrane in situ for packaging freshness. It can realize pick-and-pack and is easy to operate. The nanofibrous membrane is based on PVB as the matrix material, adding Camellia oil (CO) and ZnO-TiO2 composite nanoparticles (ZT) as the active material. The antimicrobial property of the CO and the photocatalytic activity of the nanoparticles give the material good antimicrobial and ethylene degradation functions. Meanwhile, this nanofibrous membrane has good mechanical properties, suitable moisture permeability and good optical properties. The nanofibrous membrane are suitable for both climacteric and non- climacteric fruits. Its use as a cling film extends the shelf life of strawberries by 4 days and significantly slows the ripening of small tomatoes. Therefore, this nanofibrous membrane has great potential for application in the field of fruit preservation.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Etilenos , Embalaje de Alimentos , Conservación de Alimentos , Frutas , Nanofibras , Aceites de Plantas , Titanio , Óxido de Zinc , Titanio/química , Titanio/farmacología , Frutas/química , Conservación de Alimentos/instrumentación , Conservación de Alimentos/métodos , Etilenos/química , Etilenos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/química , Embalaje de Alimentos/instrumentación , Aceites de Plantas/química , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Óxido de Zinc/química , Óxido de Zinc/farmacología , Nanofibras/química , Fragaria/química , Solanum lycopersicum/química

RESUMEN

In seeding plants, biosynthesis of the phytohormone ethylene, which regulates processes including fruit ripening and senescence, is catalyzed by 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase. The plant pathogen Pseudomonas savastanoi (previously classified as: Pseudomonas syringae) employs a different type of ethylene-forming enzyme (psEFE), though from the same structural superfamily as ACC oxidase, to catalyze ethylene formation from 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) in an arginine dependent manner. psEFE also catalyzes the more typical oxidation of arginine to give L-Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C), a reaction coupled to oxidative decarboxylation of 2OG giving succinate and CO2. We report on the effects of C3 and/or C4 substituted 2OG derivatives on the reaction modes of psEFE. 1H NMR assays, including using the pure shift method, reveal that, within our limits of detection, none of the tested 2OG derivatives is converted to an alkene; some are converted to the corresponding ß-hydroxypropionate or succinate derivatives, with only the latter being coupled to arginine oxidation. The NMR results reveal that the nature of 2OG derivatization can affect the outcome of the bifurcating reaction, with some 2OG derivatives exclusively favoring the arginine oxidation pathway. Given that some of the tested 2OG derivatives are natural products, the results are of potential biological relevance. There are also opportunities for therapeutic or biocatalytic regulation of the outcomes of reactions catalyzed by 2OG-dependent oxygenases by the use of 2OG derivatives.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas Bacterianas , Etilenos , Ácidos Cetoglutáricos , Pseudomonas , Pseudomonas/enzimología , Pseudomonas/metabolismo , Ácidos Cetoglutáricos/metabolismo , Ácidos Cetoglutáricos/química , Etilenos/metabolismo , Etilenos/química , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Proteínas Bacterianas/química , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Liasas/metabolismo , Liasas/química , Liasas/genética , Arginina/metabolismo , Arginina/química , Oxidación-Reducción

RESUMEN

MAIN CONCLUSION: phytoglobin1 positively regulates root bending in hypoxic Arabidopsis roots through regulation of ethylene response factors and auxin transport. Hypoxia-induced root bending is known to be mediated by the redundant activity of the group VII ethylene response factors (ERFVII) RAP2.12 and HRE2, causing changes in polar auxin transport (PAT). Here, we show that phytoglobin1 (Pgb1), implicated in hypoxic adaptation through scavenging of nitric oxide (NO), can alter root direction under low oxygen. Hypoxia-induced bending is exaggerated in roots over-expressing Pgb1 and attenuated in those where the gene is suppressed. These effects were attributed to Pgb1 repressing both RAP2.12 and HRE2. Expression, immunological and genetic data place Pgb1 upstream of RAP2.12 and HRE2 in the regulation of root bending in oxygen-limiting environments. The attenuation of slanting in Pgb1-suppressing roots was associated with depletion of auxin activity at the root tip because of depression in PAT, while exaggeration of root bending in Pgb1-over-expressing roots with the retention of auxin activity. Changes in PIN2 distribution patterns, suggestive of redirection of auxin movement during hypoxia, might contribute to the differential root bending responses of the transgenic lines. In the end, Pgb1, by regulating NO levels, controls the expression of 2 ERFVIIs which, in a cascade, modulate PAT and, therefore, root bending.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Ácidos Indolacéticos , Oxígeno , Raíces de Plantas , Transducción de Señal , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/genética , Raíces de Plantas/fisiología , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/fisiología , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Oxígeno/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Etilenos/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Transporte Biológico , Proteínas de Unión al ADN

RESUMEN

The environmental contamination by extremophile Aspergillus species, i.e., Aflatoxin B1, is hardly controllable in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, which lack handling resources and controlled storage facilities. Acute aflatoxicosis poisoning from aflatoxin-prone dietary staples could cause acute hepatic necrosis, acute liver failure, and death. Here, as the cheaper, more straightforward, and facile on-site diagnostic kit is needed, we report an ultraviolet-excitable optical aptasensor based on a fluorinated ethylene propylene film strip. Molecular dynamics on the aptamer.AFB1 complex revealed that the AFB1 to the aptamer increases the overall structural stability, suggesting that the aptamer design is suitable for the intended application. Under various influencing factors, the proposed label-free strategy offers a fast 20-min on-site fabrication simplicity and 19-day shelf-life. The one-pot incubation provides an alternative to catalytic detection and exhibited 4 times reusability. The recovery of crude brown sugar, processed peanuts, and long-grain rice were 102.74 ± 0.41 (n = 3), 86.90 ± 3.38 (n = 3), and 98.50 ± 0.42 (n = 3), comparable to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detector results. This study is novel owing to the peculiar UV-active spectrum fingerprint and the convenient use of hydrophobic film strips that could promote breakthrough innovations and new frontiers for on-site/forensic detection of environmental pollutants.

Asunto(s)

Aptámeros de Nucleótidos , Técnicas Biosensibles , Aptámeros de Nucleótidos/química , Técnicas Biosensibles/métodos , Rayos Ultravioleta , Aflatoxina B1/análisis , Aflatoxina B1/química , Etilenos/química , Humanos , Aspergillus , Envenenamiento por Aflatoxinas , Polímeros de Fluorocarbono